★啟用管理類專業聯考 冪學2015年管理類專業 Section UseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)OneofthemostpopularevisionshowsinAmericathisautumniscalled“HowtoGetAwaywithMurder”,aboutalawprofessorandherstudents,who e_1_inamysteriouskilling.Mostcable_2_willfindthetitleanappropriatedescriptionoftheir_3_experience._4_potatoesaredtospendaround$90amonthfortheirsubscription.Theyreceiveover160channels,mostofwhichthey_5_straightpast.Byoneestimatethecostofacablesubscriptionhasmorethan_6_since2000.Thismonththeplottooka_7_.HBO,apremiumcablechannel,announcedthat,startingnextyear,itwould_8_aservice,previouslyonlyavailablethroughpay-evision_9_,toanyonewithaninternetconnection.Thereareothersignsthata“lighter”bundlemaybeavailablesoon.EarlierthisyearDISH,asaliteprovider,_10_herightstosellDisney’scontent,includingESPN,asportschannel,aspartofaninternet-deliveredevisionservice.Viewershavelongwantedtopayonlyforthechannelstheywatch,notthe_11_thatcablecompaniesfoistuponthem.evisionexecutiveshave_12_,rightlyfearingthatngawaywiththebundlecould_13_abusinesswithannual_14_ofaround$150billion.Unlikenewspapersandthemusicindustry,whichsawtheirbusinesses_15_withtheriseoftheinternet,changehascomegradually.SofartheTVindustryhasbeenastoryofpowerfulandrichcharacters_16_onkeethingsjustastheyare.evisionnetworksmakemoneyfromadvertisementsandthe_17_paidbyevisionoperatorstocarrythem.Uptonow,theyhavemostlyrefusedtomaketheircurrentshowsavailableontheinternettoanyonebuttheirsubscribers.Likeprisonersinajailcell,network-ownersandpay-evisiondistributorsmadeapactnottoselleachotherout,andworkedto_18_abusinessthathasbeenextremely_19_forallofthem.TheyhaveturnedNetflixandAmazonintosomeoftheirbiggest“customers”,sellingoldshowsthatwouldscarcelymakethemanotherpennyandkeebacktheirnewestcontentandsports.Thishas_20_thatnoonlinefirm eaperfectre1.A.B.C.D.2.A.B.C.D.3.A.B.C.D.4.A.B.C.D.5.A.B.C.D.6.A.B.C.D.7.A.B.C.D.8.A.B.C.D.9.A.B.C.D.10.A.B.C.D.11.A.B.C.D.12.B.C.D.13.A.fallB.stayC.separateD.tear14.A. C.D.15.A.B.C.D.16.A.BC.D.17.A.B.C.D.18.A.B.C.D.19.A.B.C.D.20.A.B.C.D.SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40’schiefexecutiveLarryPagehasadmittedthatthe hasoutgrownitsmissionstatementto“organisetheworld’sinformationandmakeituniversallyaccessibleanduseful”fromthelaunchofthe in1998,buthassaidhedoesn’tyetknowhowtoredefineit.Pageinsiststhattheisstillfocusedonthealtruisticprinciplesthatitwasfoundedonin1998withtheoriginalmissionstatement,whenheandco-founderSergeyBrinwereaimingbigwith“societalgoals”to“organisetheworld’sinformationandmakeituniversallyaccessibleanduseful”.Questionedastowhetherneedstoalteritsmissionstatement,whichwastwinnedwiththemantra“don’tbeevil,forthenextstage growth”inaninterviewwiththeTimes,Pageresponded:“We’reinabitofunchartedterritory.We’retryingtofigureitout.Howdoweusealltheseresources…andhaveamuchmorepositiveimpactontheworld?”hasunprecedentedresourcesbroughtaboutbyitssearchandwebadvertisingdominance,whichhasseencountries euneasyinthefaceofa thatwieldssomuchinfluenceoverauniversalresourcesuchastheinternet.Ithasfacedanti-monopolyprobesbytheEuropeancommissionandmostrecentlypressurefromEuropeoverthe“righttobeforgotten”dtoremovesearchlistingstoinformationdeemedtobeoutdatedandnotinthepublicinterest.Pagesaidheaimstousetheresourcesathisdisposaltogofarbeyondtoday’stechnologyandmarket,creatingspursintotomorrow’stechnologyspacesfromartificialinligenceandroboticstohealth,diseaseandbiotechnologyleadbyBrinandhis“moonshot”Xlabs,fromwhich’sself-drivingcars,smartglassesandnanotechnologypillsprouted.“Wedobenefitfromthefactthatoncewesaywe’regoingtodoit,peoplebelievewecandoit,becausewehavetheresources,”saidPage.“helpsinthatway:therearen’tmanyfundingmechanismslikeWhilesomeaspectsof’smoonshotresearchhaveseemedlogicalextensionsofthe existinginterests—artificialinligencefitsperfectlywithadvancedsearch—somehavedrawnconcernsthatthe isoverstepitsbounds.Researchareasinbiotechnology,healthandmedicine,forinstance,havebeentraditionallyfundedbypublicmoneywithuniversitiesandotherresearchcentres,atleastintheirinfancy,ratherthanprivatecompanies.Wecaninferfromparagraph1 A.’soriginalgoalisunfitforitsover-fastB.decidestomakeaC.isthenumberonesearchD.isreluctanttoadoptanewTheword“uncharted”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaning Wecanlearnfromparagraph3 manycountriesareresistenttotheincreasingpoweroftheEuropeancommissionhasissuedaheavyfineonGoolgehasaggreedtodeleteout-of-datehaslostcontroloverthesoureceofinformationFromparagraph4wecanjudgethatPage’stone A.alittleB.slightlyC.veryD.abitThelastparagraphillustrates moonshotresearchisunderprivatecompaniesgainanadvantageoffund-publicfundsusuallyflowintouniversitiesandresearchhasinitiatedartificialin Wal-Marthasmanagedtoout-musclecompetitorsinthegrocerybusinessbyusingitsconsiderablesizetopromiselowprices.Nowtheretailernstousethesamestrategytoupendthemarketfororganicfoods.Wal-MartannouncedThursdaythatitwillsoonbeginstockingshelvesatabout2,000locations,includingthoseintheWashington,D.C.,region,with100kitchenitems,suchascannedvegetables,spices,etc.,producedbyorganicfood WildOats.Thoseproductswon’tcarrythesamepricemarkupsfoundonotherorganic-labelfood,allowingWal-Marttocontinueitscompete-on-pricestrategythathasmadeitaparadiseforcost-consciousshoppersandapainforretailerswhooftenlowertheirpricestocompete.“Therewillbenopremiumforthecustomertopurchaseorganicproducts,”saidJackSinclair,executiveviceofgroceryatWal-MartU.S.“Theywillbeabletopurchaseorganicatnon-organicprices.”“Ourcustomershavebeenaskingforthis,”headded,citingaWal-Mart-conductedsurveythatfound91percentofcustomerswouldbuyorganicproductsiftheycostless.Wal-Martisabletoreducethecostoforganicproductsbecauseitcanbuyfoodinsuchlargetiesandtapitsexistingdistributionchannelsinawaythateliminatesmiddlementhatwouldotherwisedriveupcosts,Sinclairsaid.The alsocangiveanorganicfoodmanufacturersuchasWildOatsgreatercertaintyabouttheamountoffooditwillneedovertime,thuseliminatingsomeoftheunpredictabilityandriskthatcomewithinvestinginorganicfoodproduction.“Ifwecangiveourscaletothatinvestmentandlonger-termnningtothatinvestment,whichWal-Martcanuniquelydo,itallowsustobringthepricedownwhileincreasingefficiency,”SinclairA2012studybytheHartmanGroup,aconsumerresearchfirm,foundthat75percentofU.S.consumershadusedorganicproductsinthepastthreemonths.Thatfigurepointstothefactthatorganicfoodhas elessexpensiveandmorereadilyavailableinrecentyears,saidAmySousa,aseniorresearchyst.“It’snotjusttheWholeFoodsoftheworld.They’refindingmoreandmoreorganicfoodsatSafewayandKroger,andthey’rehappyaboutthat,becausenoteverybodyfeelstheyhavetheresourcestoshopatastorelikeWholeFoods,”Sousasaid.Evenasthecostoforganicfoodhascomedown,inpartbecausemoreindustrialfarmersarerespondingtodemand,Sousasaidpriceremainsaprimaryreasonconsumerspassitup.“Definiymoreconsumersfeelliketheyhaveaccesstocertaintypesoforganicproductsandthat’stherealitythatpriceshavecomedownoncertainthings,”Sousasaid.“Butconsistentlytheycominaboutthepricedifferentialandmanyreportwantingtobuyorganicandnotbeingabletoaffordit.”Theword“upend”inparagraph1mostprobably Inordertomaintainitscompetitivenessonorganicproducts,Wal-Martdecides introducemoreadvancedstockshelvesatitsmanycedifferentpricetagsfromothermakeitselfanidealceforOneofthestrategiesthatWal-Martadoptstoreducethecostoforganicproductsis makefulluseofitscurrentdistributiondemandmiddlementoreduceseekmoreinvestmentsinorganicraiseefficiencyinFromthelastparagraphwecan manyconsumersstillcominaboutthehigherpriceoforganicorganicfoods echeaperthaninthemoreindustrialfarmersareengagedintheproductionoforganicthepriceoforganicfoodsmustbefurtherreducedtoattractmoreWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizetheWal-MartwillcooperatewithitsConsumerswillfindmoreandmoreorganicfoodsinVariousstrategiesadoptedbyWal-MarttolowerthepriceoforganicWal-MartwillexpanditsinvestmentinorganicWithtwoandahalfyearsleftinoffice,BarackObamawantstoshedhisimageasawhoishostiletobusiness.InaninterviewwithTheEconomistlastweekaboardAir One,whichwassupposedtofocusonforeign,MrObamaintroducedthesubjectofbusinessandlaunchedastridentdefenceofhisrecord.Bosses,heargued,havenotgivenhimduecreditforrunningtheeconomywell.Andratherthangrumblingabouttheburdenofregulationandcastinghimasaclasswarrior,chiefexecutivesshouldthinkharderaboutsocietyasawhole.Thefullinterviewishere.ButMrObama’simpatiencewithMainStreetisinteresting,becausethefeelingismutual.Hisadministrationprovokesquietfuryfrommanycorporateleaders:evenDemocrat-votingbossesmoanaboutaWhiteHousethat“doesn’tgetit”.SomeciteabentonredistributionandredtapeasareasonnottoinvestinAmerica.Butwhoiscorrect?The’sstrongestcardismacroeconomic.MrObamapointstosuchmeasuresashighstockmarketvalues,recordcorporateprofitsandjobgrowth.Howmuchofthishecanclaimcreditforisaquestiondebatedbyeconomists.But,giventhemessthatheinherited,itishardtoclaimthathehasdonebadly.Indeed,CEOstendtogivefairlyhighmarkstohiseconomicteam:theymaynothaveenjoyedbeinglecturedaboutKeynesianstimulusbyLarrySummersandTimGeithner,bothnowdeparted,buttheysensedtheeconomistsknewtheirsubject.Themaincomintsfrombusinessarethreefold.First,MrObamararelymissesachancetocastthemasthebadguys.InaspeechinKansasCityjustbeforetheinterview,heraisedwhoopsbylambasting“unpatriotic”companieswhich(perfectlylegally)registertheirheadquartersoverseasfortaxpurposes—or,asheputsit,“stashtheirmoneyoffshore”.AfairerstancewouldbethatAmerica’scorporate-taxsystemisamess,whichthedeservespartoftheblameforfailingtofix.Thesecondelementismore al.Inface-to-facemeetings,theWhiteHouse’sstartingpointiscontempt.Bossesexchangehorrorstoriesaboutbeingherdedinforphoto-opportunitiesorbeinginvitedtotheWhiteHousetosuggestideas—onlytofindthemselvesaccusedofspecialpleading.SoonerorlatertheCEOsmentionValerieJarrett,whomanydepictasthecommissaroftheWestThethirdcomintisover-regulation.BusinessesmoanthattheWhiteHousehas eared-tapemachine.MrObamarespondsthatbusinesseswillalwaysfindsomeregulationsinconvenient,whichisfair.Askedaboutthecrushingcomplexityofflagshiplawspassedonhiswatch,suchastheDodd-FrankfinancialreformsortheAffordableCareAct(“Obamacare”),heisdefensive.Givenablankcanvasandacalmerpoliticalenvironment,theycouldhavebeen“farmoreelegant”.Butdemocracyis“messy”,heFromparagraph1welearn businessleadersaretoblameforpoorObamademandsbusinessleaderstotakemoreObamausedtobeveryhumanetobusinessbossescanrelyonthefortheirWecaninferfromparagraphs2and3 bossesandObamaaredissatisfiedwitheachbossescominofthe’sKeynesianstimulusisoutofObamafavorsmacroeconomicInKansaCity,Obamacriticizedsomecompanies theirpoortaxcallinghimabadlayingoffAmericanpromotingprosperityofotherWecanlearnfromparagraph5 businessleadersareuneasywiththeWhiteHouse’sbusinessleadersareofteninvitedforphoto-ValerieJarrettisadmiredbybusinessbusinessleaders tosuggestpublicTheappropriatetitleforthistextmay harmony:mutualhostility:likeasettlement:ontheobligation:fairGrandpoliticaltheatreunfoldedinAustinonJune25th.WendyDavis,astatesenatorinpinktrainers,stagedan11-hourfilibusterintheTexasSenate.Hergoalwastopreventthepassageofalawthatwouldlimitwomen’saccesstoabortion.Thecapitolwaspackedwithcheeringsupporterswearingorangeinsolidarity.Therewasadramaticstand-offafteracolleaguehelpedwithabackbrace(thefilibusterrulesrequiredhertokeepstandingwithoutassistance).TweetersnominatedConnieBritton,thestarof“Nashville”,adramaaboutcountrymusic,toyMsDavisinafutureMsDavisprevailed.SenateRepublicansdidnotpasstheabortionbillbeforethelegislature’sspecialsessionendedatmidnight.ButaHollywoodendingisunlikely.OnJune26thRickPerry,ernor,recalledthelegislatureforanothervoteonJulyFortyyearsagotheSupremeCourtstruckdownstatelawsbanningabortioninRoevWade.Sincethenpro-lifershavesoughtwaystocurbabortionswithoutfloutingRoe.In2011statespassed92restrictionsonabortionservices,comparedwithapreviousrecordof34suchlawsin2005,accordingtotheGuttmacherInstitute,apro-choicethink-.Lastyearstatespassed43restrictions.Theserulestakemanyforms,fromparental-consentlawsforminorstomandatorywaitingperiods.Kansashasbeenimaginative:inAprilitpassedalawrequiringthoseseekingabortionstobecounselledontheriskoffoetalpainandbreastcancer.ArkansaspassedalawinMarchbanningabortionafter12weeksofpregnancy;NorthDakotathenbannedabortionsafterasfewassix.AjudgehasalreadyblockedArkansas’slaw.Awomen’s-rightsgroupchallengedNorthDakota’sbanonJune25th.ThebillinTexasseekstobanabortionsafter20weeks,torequirethatabortionistshaveadmittingprivilegesatalocalhospitalandthatclinicsmeetthesamestandardsassurgicalcentres.Criticssaythis someclinicstoshut.Andsoitmay:MsDavis’sorange-cladfanswillstruggletowinindeep-redTexas.Accordingtothetext,WendyDavisintends winsometurnagainstalawofyaroleinafuturesupportalawofWhatcanbeinferredfromparagraphHollywood usuallyendinMs.Davishaswonthe ernorisunwillingtoadmithisMs. esTheword“pro-lifers”inparagraph3isclosestinmeaning Accordingtoparagraph4,whichstatementisArkansasallowsashorterperiodforKansashasissuedaparental-consentNorthDakotawarnspregnantwomenofpotentialArkansassaysnotoabortionsafterthreemonths’Thelastparagraphillustrates someclinicsareinferiorinmedicalMs.DaviswillwinherfightinsurgcialcentresdonotadmitTexasisstricterinanti-PartDirections:Inthispart,youwillreadatext.ThenchoosesuitabletitlesfromthelistofA-Gforparagraphsmarked41-45.Therearetwoextrachoices.(10points)educatedpeoplechoosepartnerswithsimilarnewbirthsshowadiiferentpictureD.high-degreemenarethefavoriteofwomenconceptionofmarriageseesasignificantunderlyingreasonsforthemarriagebadly-offpeopleprefertobeForthefirsttimein50years,theeducationalbalanceamongmarriedcoupleshastippedtowardswomen.Wivesaremorelikelytobethebettereducatedpartnerthantheotherwayaround.Thetrendisparticularlysharpamongnewlyweds;in2012almost40%ofcollegeeducatedwomenweremarriedtoaguywithoutadegree.Thisisabigreversalfromthe30yeartrendbetween1960and1990,whenitwasthemenwhoweremarryingdown,educationallyspeaking.Thedifferenceisnotyethuge;Pewresearchers,usingdatafromtheAmericanCommunitySurveyandtheDecennialCensus,foundthatin2012,21%ofwiveshadadvancedfurtheracademicallythantheirspouses,while20%ofhusbandswerethemoreeducatedones.Butitappearstobegrowing;countingjustnewlyweds(thosemarriedinthe12monthsbeforethesurvey),morethanaquarterofthewomenhadchosenapartnerwithlesseducation,while15%ofmendidthesame.Thetrendisnotnecessarilyduetothefactthatwomenaresmarterthanmen.Morewomenthanmenhavebeengraduatingfromcollegeatalllevels—bachelors,mastersanddoctoral—forseveralyears,soitwassimplyamatteroftimeuntilthemarriagepoolreflectedthat.Thetendencyofcollegegraduatestomarryeachothergrows.“Adultswithhighschoolorlesseducationaremuchlesslikelytomarry,”writesPewresearcherWendyWang,whoauthoredthenewreport.“Themarriagerateamongthisgroupplummeted—from72%in1960to46%in2012.”ThreequartersofAmericanwivesin1960weremarriedtoguyswho,likethem,hadahighschooleducationorless.Sometimeduringthe80s,theshareofmarriedfolkswhobothdidn’tgotocollegeslippedbelow50%.Andsoithas ,sothatin2012,almostasmanymarriagesaremadeupoftwospouseswithcollegedegrees(22.4%)astwospouseswhoonlywenttohighschool(24.2%).About12%ofmarriagesaremadeupofcoupleswithsomecollegeeducation.Manyexpertshaveweighedinonwhymarriagehasfallenoutoffavoramongthelesseducated.Oneofthereasonsseemstobethatmarriage,whichusedtobelikethedraft—moreorlessmandatory—isnowmorelikevoting:peoplearen’tquitesurewhat’sinitforthem.Withadvancesinbirthcontrolandwomen’searningpower,theneedforapermanentlegalunionseemslessobvious.Thehighdivorcerateinthe80smayalsohaverattledsomewhogrewupinthatera.Otherresearchers,notablyAndyCherlin,havesuggestedthatbecausemarriageisstillpopularamongthebettereducated—andweddingsaremorelavishthanever—ithastakenonthequalitiesofastatussymbolorameritbadgethatyouearnasyougetyourlife/career/financesinorder.It’satrendthatworriessomesociologists,whonotethatthebearingofchildrenhasnotslowedatthesamepaceasweddingshave.Morethan40%ofallchildrenarenowborntosinglemothers.Marriedpeoplearemuchlesslikelytoliveinpovertythanunmarriedpeople,andthechildrenoffamilieswithtwoparentstendtofarebetteracrossaseriesofmeasuresthanthoseofsingleparentfamilies.Whathasnotyetbeenconclusivelyprovediswhichisthethepredicatingfactor,thelackofmoneyorthelackofaweddingring.Itmaybethatpeoplewithlessmoneyarelesslikelytogetmarried.Andernmentprogramsthatencourage