#味著遵從他人的指令，因此要求有一個秩序井然的收發方法。指令的發出者與實施者之間有一個明確的劃分。但是這并不現實，并且隨著公共服務規模和領域的擴大而愈加不可能。傳統模式的另一理論支柱一一官僚制理論也不再被認為是組織的特別有效形式。正式的官僚體制可能有它的優勢，但人們也認為它往往培養墨守成規者而不是創新者；鼓勵行政人員規避風險而不是勇于冒險，鼓勵他們浪費稀缺資源而不是有效利用。韋伯曾把官僚制看成是“理想類型”，但現在這種理想類型卻培養了惰性、喪失進取心、導致平庸和低效率，這些被認為是公共部門的特有病。它也由此遭受批評。實際上“官僚”這個詞在今天更多地被看成是低效率的同義詞。三、新公共管理模式世紀八九十年代，在公共部門出現了一種針對傳統行政模式的缺陷的新管理方法。這種方法可以緩解傳統模式的某些問題，同時也意味著公共部門運轉方面發生了引人注目的變化。這種新的管理方法有很多名稱“管理主義”、“新公共管理”、“以市場為基礎的公共行政”“后官僚制典范”或“企業型政府”。到年代后期，人們越來越傾向于使用“新公共管理”的概念。盡管新公共管理的名稱眾多，但對于公共部門管理發生的實際變化而言，人們還是有一種共識。第一，無論這種模式叫什么，它都代表著一種與傳統公共行政不同的重大變化，它更為關注結果的實現和管理者的個人責任。第二，它明確表示要擺脫古典官僚制，從而使組織、人事、任期和條件更加靈活。第三，它明確規定了組織和人事目標，這就可以根據績效指標測量工作任務的完成情況。同樣，還可以對計劃方案進行更為系統的評估，也可以比以前更為嚴格地確定政府計劃是否實現了其預定目標。第四，高級行政管理人員更有可能帶有政治色彩地致力于政府工作，而不是無黨派或中立和透明度。寬泛的服務預算和管理制度支持和鼓勵著這些變化的發生。新公共管理并沒有認為實現某結果有一條最好的途徑。管理者在被賦予責任之前并沒有被告知如何獲得結果。決定工作方式是管理者的一個職責，如果沒有實現預定的目標，管理者對此應當承擔責任。四、結論政府管理在過去的一百五十年里經歷了三種模式。首先是人格化或前現代行政模式，當該模式日益暴露其缺陷以及出于提高效率的目的，它就被第二種模式即傳統的官僚行政模式所取代。同樣，當傳統行政模式問題重重時，它就為第三種模式即新公共管理取代，從政府轉向替代性市場。 世紀年代以來，市場的主導地位就如同世紀年代到年代官僚制度居主導地位一樣。在任何一種政府制度中，官僚和市場都是共存的，只是在某個階段一種形式占主導地位，而在另一階段，另一種形式占主導地位。新公共管理時代是官僚制日益削弱而市場在公共行政領域占據統治地位的時期。在現實中，市場和官僚體制相互需要，相互補充。新公共管理不可能完全代替官僚制，正如 年以前的東歐，官僚制不可能代替市場一樣。但新公共管理運動表明的是，早期傳統官僚制的許多功能都可以而且現在經常由市場來執行。在一個官僚制作為組織原則日益削弱的環境下，市場解決方案就會被推出。當然不是所有的市場藥方都能成功，但這不是問題的核心。政府將從新公共管理這一工具箱中探尋到解決方案。如果這些方案行之無效，政府就會從同一來源中尋找其他方案。政府管理背后的理論基礎已經發生了變革，我們完全可以用“范式”這一術語來描述它。在公共行政學術界，有許多對新公共管理持否定態度的批評家。但是他們的批評對迅速開展的政府改革影響很小。在新公共管理模式之后，會出現另一種新的模式，但肯定不會回到傳統的行政模式。譯文成績（百分制）:英文原文：ofeconomicpower,Technologychangesmadedecentralizationandbettercontrolgloballybecomespossible.Theadministrativemanagementcanbedividedintothreestages:thedevelopmentofdistinctphases,andpublicadministrationbeforetraditionalpatternandpublicmanagementreformstage.Eachstagehasitsownmanagementmode.Fromastageoftransitiontothenextstageisnoteasy,fromthetraditionalpublicadministrationtopublicadministrationhasnotyetcompletedthetransition.Butitwasonlyamatteroftime.Becausethenewmodeoftheoreticalbasisisverystrong.Thenewpublicmanagementmovement","althoughthisname,butitisnotonlyadebateinthebooming,andinmostdevelopedcountrieshavetakenthebestmanagementmodeofexpression.Thetraditionaladministrativemodethanit'sageisagreatreform,butthattimehaspassed.AtraditionalpatternObviously,inthelate19thcenturybureaucracysystemtheory,notsoundalreadyexistssomeformofadministrativemanagement.Publicadministrationhasalonghistory,anditistheconceptofagovernmentandtheriseofcivilizationashistory.AsthecaseGladdenOsamabinladen(point),amodelofadministrativesincethegovernmentappearshasexisted.Firstisendowedwithfounderorleader,thenisthesocialoradministrativepersontoorganizersofeternity.Administrationmanagementorbusinessisallinsocialactivities,althoughnotamongfactors,buttheglowofsocialsustainabledevelopmentisofvitalimportance.RecognizedadministrativesysteminancientEgyptisalreadyexists,itsjurisdictionfromtheNilefloodingcausedbytheyeartobuildthepyramidsirrigationaffairs.Chinaisadoptedinthehandynasty,Confuciannormsthatgovernmentshouldbeelected,notaccordingtothebackground,butaccordingtothecharacterandability,thegovernment'smaingoalistoseekthewelfareofthepeople.InEurope,variousempire-Greek,Roman,andtheholyRoman,Spain'sadministrativeempire,theyfirstbythecentralthroughvariousrulesandprocedures.Weber'sthought,"modern"medievalcountriesdevelopsimultaneouslywith"bureaucraticmanagementstructuredevelopment".Althoughthesecountriesindifferentways,buttheyhavecommonfeatures,itcanbecalledbeforemodern.Namely,theadministrativesystemofearlyessenceisthepersonificationof,ortheestablishmentinMaxWeber's"nepotism"basis,i.e.toloyaltothekingorministercertainhumanfoundation,notispersonified,Withallegiancetotheorganizationorindividualbasisratherthanforthefoundation.Althoughtherearesuchaviewpointthatadministrationitselfnotonlypraisefromtraditionalmode,thecharacteristicofearlybutoftenleadstoseekpersonalinterestscorruptionorabuseofpower.Intheearlyadministrativesystem,wenowfeelverystrangeapproachhasthefunctionsofgovernmentadministrationisgenerallybehavior.Allthosewhowalkofficialtendtorelyonfriendsorrelativesforworkorbuyofficer,whichmeansthemoneytobuythefirstofficerortaxofficials,andthenouttothecustomertomoney,whichisthefirsttobuyofficerrecoveryinvestmentcost,andcanmakeafortune.Americainthe19thcenturyFenFeisystemof"politicalparties"meansintherulingchangedatthesametime,thegovernmentofalladministrativepositionischanged.Modernbureaucracyisbefore"personal,traditional,diffusionandsimilarandspecial",andaccordingtotheargument,modernWeberbureaucracyis"impersonal,rational,concrete,achievementorientationandcommon".Personalizedgovernmentisofteninefficient:nepotismmeansincompetentnotcapablepersonwasarrangedtopositionsofleadership,FenFeipoliticalcorruption,inadditiontomakingoftenstillexistseriouslowefficiency.Theenormoussuccessoftraditionaladministrativepatternthatearlypracticelooksstrange.Specializationandnotpoliticizedadministrativeinouropinionissodifficulttoimaginethattrace,thereexistothersystem.Westernadministrativesystemevensimpleselectionofofficialstopasstheexam,until1854,BritainandnorthG..M.TrevelyanreportafterNorthcote-begantoestablishinChina,althoughthesystemhaslongpassage.ThetraditionalpublicadministrativepatternInthelate19thcentury,additionallyonekindofpatternontheworldpopular,thisistheso-calledtraditionaladministrativepattern.Itsmaintheoreticalbasisfromseveralcountries,namely,theAmericanscholarsandGermanyWoodrowWilsonofMaxWeber's,peopleputtheirassociatedwithbureaucracymodel,FrederickTylersystematicallyelaboratedthescientificmanagementtheory,thetheoryoftheprivatesectorfromAmerica,forpublicadministrationmethodwasprovided.Andtheothertheorists,Taylorwithoutfocusingonpublicsector,buthistheorywasinfluentialinthisfield.Thethreetraditionalpublicadministrationmodeistheoristofmaineffect.Inothercountries,plusG..M.TrevelyanandNorthAmerica,thestateadministrationofadministrativesystem,especiallytheWilsonhasproducedimportantinfluence.Inthe19thcentury,thenorthG..M.Trevelyanandputforwardthroughtheexaminationandcharacter,andappointedofficialsputforwardbiasandadministrativeneutralpointofview.Thetraditionaladministrativepatternhasthefollowingfeatures:Thebureaucracy.Thegovernmentshall,accordingtotheprincipleofbureaucraticrankandorganization.TheGermansociologistMaxWeberbureaucracysystemofaclassic,andanalysis.Althoughthebureaucracyinbusinessorganizationsandothertissues,butitisinthepublicsectorgotbetterandlonger.Thebestwayofworkingandproceduresareinfullmanualdetailcodes,foradministrativepersonneltofollow.Strictlyabidebytheseprincipleswillrunfortheorganizationprovidesthebestway.Bureaucraticservice.Oncethegovernmentpolicyareasin,itwillbethroughthebureaucracytoprovidepublicproductsandserviceproviders.Inpoliticalandadministrativetworelations,politicalandadministrativemanagersgenerallythinkofadministrativeaffairscanbeseparated.Administrationistheimplementinstruction,andanymatterpolicyorstrategicaffairsshallbedecidedbythepoliticalleaders,whichcanensurethatthedemocraticsystem.Publicinterestsareassumedtoindividualcivilservants,theonlymotiveforpublicserviceisselflesspaying.Professionalbureaucracy.Publicadministrationisviewedasakindofspecialactivities,thusrequirements,obscure,civilservantsneutralequalemploymentandlifelongservicetoanypoliticalleaders.Theadministrativetaskistocarryoutthemeaningofthewritteninstructionsandnotothersassumethepersonalresponsibility.Throughthecomparisonoftheearlyadministrativepattern,wecanbetterunderstandthemainadvantagesandWebbersystemdifferences.Webbersystemanditisthemostimportantmodeofvariousbeforethedifference:therule-basedimpersonalsystemreplacedthepersonificationofadministrativemanagementsystem.Anorganizationanditsrulesthananyofthepeopleareimportantorganization.Bureaucracyisitsoperationandhowtorespondtocustomermustispersonified.AsWeberhasdemonstratedthatthemodernofficemanagement",willbeincorporatedintovariousregulationsdeeplytouchedit.Themodernpublicadministrationbylawtheory,tocommandcertainaffairsauthorityhasbeenawardedthelegitimatepublicauthority.Thisdoesnotgrantaninstitutionspecificcasesthroughsomeinstructions.Itonlymattersisabstractlycontrolsomeissues.Incontrast,throughpersonalprivilegesandgiveconcessionregulationofallaffairs.Thelatteriscompletelydominatedbythehereditarysystem,atleasttheseaffairsisnotthetraditionalinfringementisthissituation."Itisveryimportant.Earlyadministrationbasedonpersonalrelationships,beloyaltorelatives,protect,leadersorpolitical,ratherthanonthesystem.Sometimes,theearlyadministrationispoliticallysensitive,becauseoftheadministrativeorgansofthestaffisappointed,theyalsopoliticiansarmsormainstreamclass.However,itisoftenautocratic,autocraticadministrationmaybeunfair,especiallyforthosewhocan'torunwillingtoinputpersonalandpoliticalgame.Oneofthebasicprinciplesforwithweberimpersonalsystemtocompletelyeliminateautocratic-atleastinidealconditionisso.Fileexists,thereferenceprincipleofparallelandlegalbasisinthesameenvironmentmeanswillalwaysmakethesamedecision.Belowthiskindofcircumstanceisnotonlymoreefficient,andthecitizenandbureaucratichierarchyknowmyself.Otherdifferenceswereassociatedwiththis.Invariousregulationsandimpersonalbasis,willnaturallyformedstricthierarchy.Personalratingsystemanditsprovisionsintheleftunchanged.AlthoughWebberemphasizestheentiresystem,buthealsonoticedthebureaucracyoftheorganizationandindividualterm.Thetraditionaladministrativemodewongreatsuccess,itiswidelyadoptedbygovernmentsaroundtheworld.Theoreticallyorinpractice,itshowstheadvantage.Andbeforethecorruptionflourished,itismoreefficientthansystem,andthethoughtofindividualprofessionalizationcivilservantsandamateurservicehasagreatprogress.However,thismodelisalsoexposedtheproblemsthatshowsthatthemodelcanevensaidoutdated,alsocansayisoutdated.Thetheoryofpublicadministrationhasbeendifficulttodescribethepillar.Politicalcontroltheoryhasproblems.Administrativemeansfollowinstructions,sopeopledemandawell-orderedtransceivermethod.Instructionbetweenimplementersandhasacleardivision.Butthisisnotthereality,andwiththepublicservicedomainexpandsthescaleandmoreimpossible.Thetraditionalmodeofanothertheoreticalpillar-bureaucracytheoryisnolongerconsideredparticularlyeffectiveformoforganization.Formalbureaucracycouldhaveitsadvantages,butpeoplethinkitoftentrainingtoroutineerandinnovators,Encourageexecutivesratherthanriskaversionrisk-taking,encouragethemtowasteinsteadofeffectiveuseofscarceresources.Webbwasthebureaucracyisregardedasanidealtype","butnowthisidealtypeisinert,cultivatetheprogressive,leadstolowefficiency,thesemediocrityandisbelievedtobethepublicsectorofthespecialdisease.Itisalsocriticized.Actually,theword"bureaucracyintoday'smorelikelyaslowefficiencyofsynonyms.ThenewpublicmanagementmodeInthe1980s,thepublicsectorisatraditionaladministrativepatternofnewmanagementmethodsofdefects.Thismethodcanalleviatesomeoftheproblemsoftraditionalpattern,alsomeansthatthepublicsectoroperationaspectshaschangedsignificantly.Thenewmanagementmethodhasmanynames:managementof"individualism","thenewpublicadministration",basedonthemarketofpublicadministration",afterthebureaucracymodel"or"entrepreneurialgovernment".Tothelate1990s,peopletendtouse"andtheconceptofnewpublicadministration".Althoughthenewpublicmanagement,butformanyofthenamesofpublicmanagementofdepartmentofactualchangeshappened,peoplestillhaveaconsensus.First,nomatterwhat,itiscalledmodewithtraditionalrepresentsasignificantchangeofpublicadministration,differentmoreattentionandmanagersoftheindividualresponsibility.Second,itiscleartogetridoftheclassicalbureaucracy,therebyorganization,personnel,termandconditionsmoreflexible.Third,itstipulatestheorganizationandpersonnel,anditcantargetaccordingtotheperformanceindicatorsmeasuringtaskcompletion.Also,toplantheassessmentsystemformorethaneverbefore,andalsocanbemorestrictlydeterminewhetherthegovernmentplanstoachieveitsobjectives.Fourth,theseniorexecutivesaremorelikelytocolorwithpoliticalgovernmentwork,ratherthanindependentorneutral.Fifth,themorelikelytheinspectionbythemarket,buyersofpublicserviceprovideranddistinguish"helmsman,withtherowertodistinguish".Governmentinterventionisnotalwaysreferstothegovernmentbymeansofbureaucracy.Sixth,appearedthroughprivatizationandmarketmeanssuchasinspection,contractofgovernmentfunctionreducetrend.Insomecases,itisfundamental.Oncehappenedduringthetransformationfromtheimportantchangestoallconnectedwiththis,thecontinuityofthestepsarenecessary.HolmesandShandasausefulcharacteristicsofgeneralization.Theyputthenewpublicmanagementparadigm,thegoodasmanagementmethodhasthefollowingfeatures:(1)itisamorestrategicorstructureofdecision-makingmethod(aroundtheefficiency,qualityandservice).(2)decentralizationtypemanagementenvironmentreplacedconcentrationlevelstructure.Theresourceallocationandservicedeliveryclosertosupply,wecangetmoreitselffromthecustomersandrelatedinformationandotherinterestgroups.(3)canbemoreflexibletoreplacethemethodofpublicproductssupplydirectly,soastoprovidecostsavingsofthepolicy.(4)concernedwiththeresponsibility,authorityasthekeylinkofimprovingperformance,includingemphasizeclearperformancecontractmechanism.(5)inthepublicsector,andbetweeninternaltocreateacompetitiveenvironment.(6)strengthenthestrategicdecision-makingability,whichcanquickly,flexibleandlowcosttomanagemultipleinterestsoutsidechangeandtheresponse.(7)byrequestrelevantresultsandcomprehensivecostreportstoimprovetransparencyandresponsibility.(8)generalservicebudgetandmanagementsystemtosupportandencouragethechange.Thenewpublicmanagementandrealizearesultthatnooneinthebestway.Managersinendowedwithresponsibilityandwithoutbeingtoldtogetresults.Decisionisamanagementjobduties,ifnotforachievinggoals,managersshouldassumeresponsibility.ConclusionThegovernmentmanagementoverthepast150yearsexperiencedthreemodes.Firstisthepersonificationofmodernadministrativemode,orwhenthepatternof