Unit1Greatscientists

Teachingaims

1.Tohelpstudentslearntodescribepeople

2.TohelpstudentslearntoreadanarrationaboutJohnSnow

3.Tohelpstudentsbetterunderstand“Greatscientists^^

4.Tohelpstudentslearntousesomeimportantwordsandexpressions

5.Tohelpstudentsidentifyexamplesof'ThePastParticiple(1)asthePredicative&the

attribute^^

Period1Warmingupandreading

TeachingProcedures

I.Warmingup

StepILeadin

Talkaboutscientist.

T:Hi,morning,class.Nicetoseeyouonthisspecialday,thedaywhenyoubecomea

seniortwograder.IamhappytobewithyouhelpingyouwithyourEnglish.Todayweareto

readaboutacertainscientist.Butfirstlet'sdefinetheword“scientist”.Whatisascientist?

Ascientistisapersonwhoworksinscience,tryingtounderstandhowtheuniverseor

otherthingswork.

Scientistscanworkindifferentareasofscience.Herearesomeexamples:Thosethat

studyphysicsarephysicists.Thosethatstudychemistryarechemists.Thosethatstudybiology

arebiologists.

StepII

Askthestudentstotrythequizandfindoutwhoknowsthemost.

T:Therearesomegreatscientificachievementsthathavechangedtheworld.Canyou

namesomeofthem?Whatkindofroledotheyplayinthefieldofscience?Dothese

achievementshaveanythingincommon?Matchtheinventionswiththeirinventorsbelow

beforeyouanswerallthesequestions.

1.Archimedes,AncientGreek(287-212BC),amathematician.

2.CharlesDarwin,Britain(1808-1882).ThenameofthebookisOriginofSpecies.

3.ThomasNewcomen,British(1663-1729),aninventorofsteamengine.

4.GregorMendel,Czech,abotanistandgeneticist.

5.MarieCurie,PolishandFrench,achemistandphysicist.

6.ThomasEdison,American,aninventor.

7.LeonardodaVinci,Italian,anartist.

8.SirHumphryDavy,British,aninventorandchemist.

9.ZhangHeng,ancientChina,aninventor.

10.StepperHawking,British,aphysicist.

ILPre-reading

StepI

Getthestudentstodiscussthequestionsonpage1withtheirpartners.Thenaskthe

studentstoreporttheirwork.Encouragethestudentstoexpresstheirdifferentopinions.

1.Whatdoyouknowaboutinfectiousdiseases?

Infectiousdiseasescanbespreadlootherpeople.Theyhaveanunknowncauseandneed

publichealthcaretosolvethem.Peoplemaybeexposedtoinfectiousdisease,somayanimals,

suchasbirdflu,AIDS,SARSareinfectiousdiseases.Infectiousdiseasesaredifficulttocure.

2.Whatdoyouknowaboutcholera?

CholeraistheillnesscausedbyabacteriumcalledVibriocholecae.Itinfectspeople's

intestines（腸），causingdiarrheaandlegcramps（抽筋）.Themostcommoncauseofcholerais

bysomeoneeatingfoodordrinkingwaterthalhasbeensntamiaated（污染）withthebacteria.

Choleracanbemild（不嚴重的）orevenwithoutimmediatesymptoms（癥狀）butaseverecase

canleadtodeathwithoutimmediatelytreatment.

3.Doyouknowhowtoproveanewideainscientificresearch?

Anybodymightcomeoutwithanewidea.Buthowdoweproveitinscientificresearch?

Therearesevenstagesinexamininganewideainscientificresearch.Andtheycanbeputin

thefollowingorder.Whatorderwouldyouputthesevenin?Justguess.

Findaproblem—>Makeupaquestion一Thinkofamethod—Collectresults—

Analysetheresults—Drawaconclusion—*Repeatifnecessary

III.Reading

StepIPre-reading

1.DoyouknowJohnSnow?

JohnSnowisawell-knowndoctorinthe19thcenturyinLondonandhedefeated“King

Cholera”.

2.Doyouknowwhatkindofdiseaseischolera?

Itisakindofterriblediseasecausedbydrinkingdirtywateranditcausedalotofdeathsin

theoldtimesanditwasverydifficulttodefeat.

Let'sgettoknowhowDr.JohnSnowdefeated“KingCholera^^in1854inLondoninthis

readingpassage:

StepIISkimming

Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.

1.Whodefeats4tKingCholera44?（JohnSnow）

2.Whathappenedin1854?（CholeraoutbreakhitLondon.）

3.Howmanypeoplediedin10days?（500）

4.WhyistherenodeathatNo.20and21BroadStreetaswellasatNo.8and9

CambridgeStreet?

（ThesefamilieshadnotdrunkthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpump.）

(Optional)

Skimthepassageandfindtheinformationtocompletetheformbelow.

WhoWhenWhatHowResult

John1854helpingExaminingthesourceof“KingCholera^^

Snowordinaryallwatersuppliesanddefeated

peoplefindingnewmethodsof

exposedtodealingwithpolluted

cholerawaster

StepIIIScanning

Readthepassageandnumbertheseeventsintheorderthattheyhappened.

2JohnSnowbegantotesttwotheories.

]AnoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854.

4JohnSnowmarkedthedeathsonamap.

7Heannouncedthatthewatercarriedthedisease.

3JohnSnowinvestigatedtwostreetswheretheoutbreakwasverysevere.

8KingCholerawasdefeated.

5Hefoundthatmostofthedeathswerenearawaterpump.

6Hehadthehandleremovedfromthewaterpump.

StepIVMainideaandcorrectstage

Readthepassageandputthecorrectstagesintothereadingaboutresearchintoadisease.

JohnSnowDefeatsctKingCholera”

ParagraphStagesGeneralideas

Findaproblem:Thecausesofcholera

1

Whatcausethecholera?

Makeupaquestion:Thecorrectorpossibletheory

2

Whichisright?

Thinkofamethod:Collectdataonwherepeoplewereillanddied

3

Testtwotheoryandwheretheygottheirwater

Collectresults:Plotinformationonamaptofindoutwhere

4

Markthedeathpeoplediedordidnotdie

Analyzetheresults:Lookintothewatertoseeifthatisthecauseof

5

Findtheresourceofthewatertheillness

6FindsupportingevidenceFindotherevidencestoconfirmhisconclusion

DrawaconclusionThepolluteddirtysourceofdrinkingwaterwas

7

toblameforthecauseoftheLondoncholera

StepVGroupdiscussion

Answerthequestions(Finishexercise2onPage3)

1.JohnSnowbelievedIdea2wasright.Howdidhefinallyproveit?

(JohnSnowfinallyprovedhisideabecausehefoundanoutbreakthatwasclearly

relatedtocholera,collectedinformationandwasabletotiecasesoutsidetheareatothe

pollutedwater.)

2.DoyouthinkJohnSnowwouldhavesolvedthisproblemwithoutthemap?

(No.ThemaphelpedJohnSnoworganizehisideas.Hewasabletoidentifythose

householdsthathadhadmanydeathsandchecktheirwater-drinkinghabits.Heidentified

thosehousesthathadhadnodeathsandsurveyedtheirdrinkinghabits.Theevidenceclearly

pointedtothepollutedwaterbeingthecause.)

3.Choleraisa19thcenturydisease.Whatdiseasedoyouthink.issimilartocholeratoday?

(Twodiseases,whicharesimilartoday,areSARSandAIDSbecausetheyareboth

serious,haveanunknowncauseandneedpublichealthcaretosolvethem.)

StepVIUsingthestagesforscientificresearchandwriteasummary.

Period2&3Languagefocus

StepIWarmingup

1.characteristic

①n.aqualityorfeatureofsth.orsomeonethatistypicalofthemandeasyto

recongnize.特征；特性

WhatcharacteristicsdistinguishtheAmericansfromtheCanadians.

②a.verytypicalofaparticularthingorofsomeone'scharacer典型性的，

Suchbluntnessischaracteristicofhim.

WindydaysarecharacteristicofMarch.

［辨析］characteristic與character

characteristic是可數名詞，意為“與眾不同的特征”

character表示(個人、集體、民族特有的)“性格、品質”，還意為“人物；文字”

Whatyouknowabouthimisn'thisrealcharacter.

2.putforward:tostateanideaoropinion,ortosuggestaplanorperson,forotherpeopleto

consider提出

Heputforwardanewtheory.

Theforeignershaveputforwardaproposalforajointventure.

AninterestingsuggestionformeasuringtheatmospherearoundMarshasbeenputforward.

☆puton穿上;戴上;增加putout熄滅(燈);撲滅(火)putupwith…忍受

putdown寫下來;放下；putoff耽誤；延期putup建立；建造，

putup舉起，搭建，粘貼

3.analyze:toexamineorthinkaboutsomethingcarefullyinordertounderstanditvt.分析結

果、檢討、細察

Acomputeranalysesthephotographssentbythesatellite.

TheearthquakeexperttriedtoanalyzethecauseoftheearthquakeoccurredonMay12,2008.

Let'sanalyzetheproblemandseewhatwentwrong.

Heanalyzedthefoodandfoundthatitcontainedpoison.

Wemusttrytoanalyzethecausesofthestrike.

☆analysisn.分析，解析，分解

4.conclude:decidethatsth.istrueafterconsideringaltheinformationyouhave得出結

論；推論出toendsth.suchasameetingorspeechbydoingorsayingonefinalthingvt.&

vi結束，終止；

Weconcludedthemeetingat8o'clockwithaprayer.

Fromhisappearancewemaysafelyconcludethatheisaheavysmoker.

Whatdoyouconcludefromthesefacts?

Weconcludetogoout/thatwewouldgoout.

conclusionn.結論

arriveataconclusion;cometoaconclusion;drawaconclusion;reachaconclusion

Whatconclusiondidyoucometo/reach/draw/arriveat?

Fromthesefactswecandrawsomeconclusionsabouthowthepyramidswerebuilt.

Step2Reading

1.defeat

@vttowinavictoryoversomeoneinawagcompetition,gameetc.打敗，戰勝，使受挫

Fvetriedtosolvetheproblem,butitdefeatsme!

Ourteamdefeatedtheirsinthegame.

②n.失敗，輸failuretowinorsucceed

Thismeansadmittingdefeat.

Theyhavegotsixvictoriesandtwodefeats.

［辨析］win,beat與defeat

①win贏得”賽事、戰事、某物；后接人時，意為“爭取贏得…的好感或支持；說服”

②beat戰勝”“擊敗”比賽中的對手，可與defeat互換

Webeat/defeatedtheirteamby10scores.

Theywonthebattlebutlostmanymen.

Thelocalballteamwonthestatechampionshipbybeating/defeatingalltheotherteams.

Icaneasilybeat/defeathimatgolf.

Heistraininghardtowintheraceandrealizehisdreamofbecomingachampionatthe

2008OlympicGames.

2.expert

①n.someonewhohasaspecialskillorspecialknowledgeofasubject專家，能手

anexpertinpsychologyanagriculturalexpert

②a.havingspecialskillorspecialknowledgeofasubject熟練的，有專門技術的

anexpertrideranexpertjob需專門知識的工作

Heisexpertin/atcooking.

3.attendvt.&vi參加，注意，照料

①bepresentat參力nattendaceremony/lecture/amovie/school/class/ameeting

Ishallbeattendingthemeeting.

Pleaseletmeknowifyouareunabletoattendtheconference.

②attendto(on):tolookafter;carefor,serve伺候，照顧，看護

Thequeenhadagooddoctorattendingonher.

DrSmithattendedherinhospital.治療

Areyoubeingattendedto?接待

Motherhadtoattendtohersickson.

③attendto處理，注意傾聽attendtothematter

Anurseattendstohisneeds.

Canyouattendtothematterimmediately?

Imaybelate-1havegotoneortwothingstoattendto.

Excuseme,butIhaveanurgentmattertoattendto.

［辨析］attend,join,joinin與takepartin

①attend指參加會議、上課、上學、聽報告等

②join指加入某組織、團體，成為其中一員

③joinin指加入某種活動；表示與某人一起做某事joinsb.insth.

④takepartin指參加正式的、有組織的活動，切在活動中起積極作用

Only2peopleattendedthemeeting.

HejoinedtheCommunistYouthLeaguein2007.

Willyoujoinusinthegame?

Weoftentalepartintheafter-classactivities.

4.expose:toshowsth.thatisusuallycovered暴露

exposesth.tothelightofday把某事暴露于光天化日之下

Ithreatenedtoexposehim(tothepolice).我威脅要(I句警察)揭發他.

Heexposedhisskintothesun.他把皮膚暴露在陽光下.

Theoldmanwasleftexposedtowindandrain.

Whenhesmiledheexposedasetofperfectwhiteteeth.

5.curevt.&n.tomakesomeonewhoisillwellagian治療，痊愈

WhenIleftthehospitalIwascompletelycured.

?curesbofadisease

Whenyouhaveapaininyourshoulders,youwillgotoseeadoctor.Thedoctorwillcure

you.

Theonlywaytocurebackacheistorest.

Hewillcurethepaininyourshoulders

WhenIleftthehospitalIwascompletelycured.

Theillnesscannotbecuredeasily.

Althoughtheboywasbeyondcure,hisparentstriedtocurehimofbadhabits.

②acureforadisease

Aspirinissaidtobeawonderfulcureforthepain.

Thereisstillnocureforthecommoncold.

Isthereacertaincureforcanceryet?

③acuieforsth.:toremoveapiublem,orimproveabadsituation解決問題，改善困境

Thepricesaregoingupeveryday,butthereisnocureforrisingprices.

［辨析］cure*5treat

①cure主要指痊愈，強調的是結果

②treat強調治療過程，指通過藥物、特別的食品或運動治療病人或疾病，不強調結

果。

Theycuredmeofmyinfluenza.

Theytreatedmewithanewdrug.

6.controlvt.&n.

①vt.：tohavepowerover,rule,direct控制，支配，管理

Hecannotcontrolhisfeelings/anger.

YouaretryingtocontrolmeasthoughIwereyourslave.

Thegovernmenttriesitsbesttocontrolprices.

②beunderthecontrolof...;beincontrolof;

take/gaincontrolof;get/beoutofcontrol;losecontrolof;beyondcontrol

Georgetook/gainedcontrolofthebusinessafterhisfatherdied.

Thecarwentoutofcontrolandcrashedintothepole.

theheadincontrolofthecountry

Thedriverlostcontrolofhiscaranditknockedintoatree.

Mr.Brownisincontroloftheshop./TheshopisinthecontrolofMr.Brown.

ThismoneyisundercontrolofMrBrown.

Who'sincontroloftheproject?

Thefirehasbeenbroughtundercontrol.

7.suggestv.建議；暗示；表明

①suggest^doing/sth./thatrdause

Maysuggestedapicnicattheweekend.

Whatdidyousuggesttotheheadmaster?

Isuggestedleavingearlyfortheairport.

Shesuggestedthatherfather(should)giveupsmoking.

他建議我們參觀長城。

HesuggestedtousavisittotheGreatWall.

HesuggestedusvisitingtheGreatWall.

Hesuggestedthatwe（should）visittheGreatWall.

②suggest（暗示，表明）+從句不用虛擬語氣。

Thesmileonherfacesuggestedthatsheagreedwithme.

Thelookonhisfacesuggestedthathewashappy.

Hispalefacesuggestedthathewasseriouslyill.

Hisworksuggeststhatheisacarefulman.

8.absorb

①totakesth.inespeciallygradually吸收

Plantsabsorbcarbondioxide.

Incoldclimates,housesneedtohavewallsthatwillabsorbheat.

Paperthatabsorbsinkiscalledblottingpaper（吸墨紙）.

Thebigcompanyhasgraduallyabsorbedthesesmallcompaniesintoitsownorganization.

②tounderstandfactsorideascompletelyandrememberthem

It'shardtoabsorbsomuchinformation.

☆beabsorbedin=concentrateon專心于

HeisabsorbedintheresearchofChinesehistoryrecently.

Thewriterwassoabsorbedinhiswritingthatheforgottoflicktheashesfromhiscigar.

IwassoabsorbedinabookthatIdidn'thearyoucall.

☆absorbone'sattention

Chinesehistoryabsorbshisattentionrecently.

9.suspect:tothinkthatsomethingisprobablytrueorlikely,especiallysomethingbad

①vt懷疑，猜疑n.嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人adj.可疑的，靠不住的

suspectsb.ofdoingsth.懷疑某人做…

Shesuspectedhimoftakinghermoney.

②以為，猜想

Wesuspectedthathehadfinisheddoinghishomework.

10.severea.

①soserious,sobad嚴厲的，苛刻的，嚴格的

Comeon!Don'tbesoseverewiththechildren.

Hisreportcontainsseverecriticismofthecompany'sactions.

Hisseverelooksfrightenedme.

（2）veiyharmfulorpainful,seriousoruncomfbrtable（疼痛）劇烈，的嚴重的，

Iwascaughtinaseverestormlastnightandcouldn'tgobackhomeintime.

Hehassuchasevereillnessthathehasbeeninhospital.

Isufferedasevereattackoftoothache.

Hehadaseverepainintheleg.

11.foresee:toknowthatsth.isgoingtohappenbeforeitactuallyhappensvt.預見，預料

Themethodwasusedinwaysthatcouldn'thavebeenforeseenbyitsinventors.

Fewanalystsforesawthatoilricewouldrisesosteeply.

Noonecouldhaveforeseenthingswouldturnatthisway.

It'simpossibletoforeseehowlifewillworkout.

12.blamev.責備；譴責；把……歸咎于n.過失；責備

①blamesb./sth.forsth.:tosayorthinkthatsb.orsth.isresponsibleforsth.bad

因…而指責

It'snotfairtoblameme.It'snotmyfault.

Theyblamedthesecretaryforthedelayoftheplan.

ManychildrenareafraidofbeingblamedformakingmistakesinspeakingEnglish.

②blamesth.onsb./sth.把..歸咎于：beresponsibleforsth.bad

Thepoliceblamedthetrafficaccidentonjack'scarelessdriving.

③(be)toblame應受責備(主動表被動)；承擔責任

Thedriverwasnottoblameforthetrafficaccident.

Whichdriverwastoblamefortheaccident?

EitherheorIamtoblame.

Mr.Greenstoodupindefenseofthe16-year-oldboy,sayingthathewasnottheoneto

blame.

Whoistoblameforthefire?

④taketheblame承擔責任tosaythatsth.isyourfault

Heisreadytotaketheblameforwhathadhappened.

⑤puttheblameon怪在...身上

It'snouseblamingourdefeatonhim.

13.lookinto調查，了解，研究，瀏覽，向...里看

We'lllookintothecaseassoonaspossible.

Butnowtheauthorityislookingintothecostofmodifyingallofitswindows.

Thebuildingaroundthecornercaughtfirelastnight.Thepolicearenowlookingintothe

matter.

lookaround;lookafter,lookdownupon;lookfor;lookforwardto;looklike;lookover瀏

覽，過目一，遍；lookout;lookthrough;劉覽，檢查；lookon;lookupto;

14.handlevt.todealwith處理，買賣，操作n.把手，把柄

ThechildrenaresonaughtythatIcan'thandlethem.處理

Thisshophandlespaperandstationery.買賣

Wedon'thandlethatsortofbook.買賣

Howshallwehandletheproblem,處理

Canyouhandlethesituationatpresent?處理

Ithasafreehandle.活把手

Helearnthowtohandletheaxe.操作

15.link

①v.連接，聯系

Thetwotownsarelinkedbyarailway.

Thenewbridgewilllinktheislandtothemainland.

Televisionstationsaroundtheworldarelinkedbysatellites.

Thenewbridgewilllinktheislandtothemainland.

②n.

Researchershavedetectedalinkbetweensmokingandheartdisease.

Istherealinkbetweensmokingandlungdisease?

Alotoflinksfittedtogetherformachain.

linkup(with)連接,結合;link...with/to把…與相連接

16.announce

@tomakeknownpublicly;togiveinformationusingaloudspeaker;esp.atanairportor

railwaystation;tointroduceaprogramonTVorradio

ThenewswasannouncedbyRadioBeijing.

Everyonewassilentasheannouncedthewinnerofthecompetition.

Thecaptainannouncedthattheplanewasgoingtoland.

Thegovernmentannouncedthattheywouldbuildanewhighwaytothemountain.

Thearmyannouncedacease-fire.

Theannouncerannouncesthreeprogramsaweek.

IthasbeenannouncedthatMr.AandMissBwillbemarriednextweek.

②announcement

trainapproachannouncement

Hewaitedfortheannouncementoftheresultofthecompetition.

☆makeanannouncement

17.instruct:toteach;toorder

—Whoinstructsyourclassinhistory?—MrBlack.Heisourinstructor.

Sheinstructedmeintheuseofthistelephone.

I'vebeeninstructedtowaithereuntilthelecturerarrives.

Thedoctorinstructedmetostayinbed.

Theoldworkersinstructusnotonlyinwordsbutdeeds.

☆instruction:detaileddirectionsonprocedure;anorder;teaching

ThebossgavemesomanyinstructionsatonetimethatIgotmuddledup.

Weforgottoreadtheinstructions,(aninstructionbook)

UnderBerry'sinstruction,Islowlymasteredtheartofglassblowing.

Hegaveustheinstructionstofinishtheworkassoonaspossible.

Alwaysreadtheinstructionsonthebottlecarefullyandtaketherightamountofmedicine.

Period4Learningaboutlanguage(Grammar)

Teachingaims

Tohelpstudentslearntouseusefulwordsandexpressions

TohelpstudentslearntouseThePastParticiple(1)asthePredicative&attribute

TeachingProcedures

1.Makingalist

Makeisawordwhichissoactivethatitformsnumerousphrases.Nowmakealistofphrases

like"makealist,makemistakes^^.

Collocationsofmake...

makeaguess,makeahaircut,makehaste,makeholiday,makeinquires,makeajoke,makea

journey,makealanding,makealeap,makealiving,makeamistake,makeamotion,makea

noise,makeanote,makeanobjection,makeanoffer,makepeace,makepreparation,make

progress,makeaprogress,makeapromise,makeaproposal,makearecovery,makearemark,

makeareply,makeareport,makearequest,makearesolution,makeaspeech,maketrouble,

makeaturn,makewar

2.Readingandfinding

ReadagainthetextJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA“andfindoutallthe

exampleswherethepastparticipleisused.

Somanythousandsofterrifiedpeopledied,(usedasattribute)

Buthebecameinspiredwhenhethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeople,(usedas

predicative)

3.Doingexercises

Turntopage4andcompleteinpairsExercises1,2and3.Thencheckyouranswersagainst

yourpartners\

4.Learningaboutthemakingandusesofpastparticiple

Toformthepastparticipleofaverb,addtheending-edtothebaseform.(Butnotethat

manycommonverbshaveirregularpastparticipleforms.)

Thepastparticipleisusedinthefollowingcircumstances

OAftertheauxiliaryhaveintheperfecttense

Hastheradiobeenfixedyet?

OAfteraformoftheauxiliarybeinthepassivevoice

TheradiowasfixedonMonday.

OAftertheverbshaveandgetwithacausativemeaning

Wehadtheradiofixedlastweek.

OAsapassiveparticipialadjective

Therecentlyfixedradioisbrokenagain.

過去分詞作定語

1單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在所twomarriedwomen

修飾的名詞之前；過去分詞短語作afoundumbrella

定語一般要后置。ausedstamp

fallenleaves

anovelwrittenbyJim

thelettersenttoourboss

2過去分詞具有被動或完成的含義。What'sthelanguagespokeninGermany?

Theydecidedtorebuildthedamagedbridge.

3過去分詞作定語常可擴展為一個定Heisfbndofthefoodcooked(=whichhadbeencooked)

語從句。byyourmother.

Thereportisthebestofitskindeverwritten(=thathas

everbeenwritten).

4有時通過一個形容詞或數詞加另一athree-leggeddeskaone-eyeddog

名詞的ed形式構成復合形容詞。anhonest-facedmanawarm-heartedlady

Explaintheusageofthepastparticiplesaspredicativeandattribute.

1.過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態。用作表語的過去分詞大多來自及物動詞；不及

物動詞的過去分詞能作表語的只限于少數表示位置轉移的動詞，如go,come,assemble

等，它們用在連系動詞之后，表示完成意義，無被動意義。例如：

Themanlookedquitedisappointed.

Heisgreatlydiscouragedbyherrefusal.

Hishairisnearlyallgone.

已經形容詞化了的過去分詞大多可作表語，常見的有accomplished,amazed,amused,

astonished,broken,closed,completed,complicated,confused,crowded,devoted,disappointed,

discouraged,drunk,excited,frightened,hurt,interested,lost,satisfied,surprised,worried等。

2.過去分詞作定語

a)用作前置定語的過去分詞通常來自及物動詞，帶有被動意義和完成意義。例如：

Welikeskatinginthefrozenlakeinthewinter.

=Welikeskatinginthelakewhichhasbeenfrozeninthewinter.

Howmanyfinishedproductshaveyougotuptonow?

=Howmanyproductsthathavebeenfinishedhaveyougotuptonow?

來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置定語，能作這樣用的僅限以下幾個詞，

這時僅表示完成意義，不表示被動意義。例如：

aretiredworker=aworkerwhohasretired

anescapedprisoner=aprisonerwhohasescaped

afaded/witheredflower=aflowerthathasfaded/withered

fallenleaves=leavesthathavefallen

therisensun=thesunthathasjustrisen

areturnedstudent=astudentwhohasreturned

vanishedtreasure=treasurethathasvanished

b）用作后置定語的過去分詞通常也來自及物動詞，表示被動意義和完成意義。這時過去

分詞相當于一個定語從句。例如：

Thingsseenarebetterthanthingsheard.

=Thingswhichareseenarebetterthanthingswhichareheard.

Thelobsterbroiledovercharcoalwasdelicious.

=Thelobsterwhichwasbroiledovercharcoalwasdelicious.

Practice:

將下列句子譯成英語。

1.他看上去又累又沮喪.

2.我們一得到補充資金，就繼續我們的實驗。

3.我們可以看到被陽光照亮的月球的一部分.

4.經過一個激動和無眠的夜晚之后，第二天我強迫自己在海濱走了很久.

5.早在1649年，俄亥俄州就決定在每一個城鎮建立免費的、由稅收支持的學校。

6.彼得對這一切似乎很驚奇。

Sampleanswers:

1.Helookedtiredanddepressed.

2.Wewillgoonwithourexperimentassoonaswegettheaddedfund.

3.Wecanseethepartofthemoonlightedbysunlight.4.Afteranightspentinexcitement

andsleepless-ness,Iforcedmyselftotakealongwalkalongthebeachthenextday.

5.Asearlyasin1649,Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,tax-supportedschoolsmustbe

establishedineverytown.

6.Peterwasveryamazedatallthis.

5.Languagepoints

1.cometoanend結束，終結，終止

Themeetinghascometoanend.

bringtoanend;drawtoanend;putanendtosth.

I'mdeterminedtoputanendtoalltheserumours.

3.constructionn.建造，建設，構筑

Theconstructionofthedamtookseveralyears.

Thenewbridgeisstillunderconstruction.

underconstruction/repair/discussion在建設中

4.contributevt.&vi捐獻，貢獻,捐助

Everyoneshouldcontributewhathershecanafford.

contributeto有助于，促成

contributesth.to把…捐贈給…，給…投稿,為…貢獻

makeacontributionto為…做貢獻

Allthiscontributedtooursuccess.

HecontributedfivemilliondollarstotheRedCross.

Heco