大學(xué)生英語專八聽力MP3輔導(dǎo)材料

SECTIONAMINI-LECTURE

Inthissection,youwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youllbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanother10minutestocompletethegap-fillingtask.Nowlistentothemini-lecture.

Goodmorning.Todayslectureisaboutthemotivationforwords.First,whatismotivation?Motivationdealswiththeconnectionbetweennameandsense.Inthepreviouslecture,wehavementionedtworivalschoolsofthought:oneschoolistheNaturalists,whobelievedthattherewasanintrinsicconnectionbetweensoundandsense;theotherschoolistheConventionalists,whoheldthattheconnectionbetweensoundandsensewaspurelyamatteroftraditionandconvention.Thefirstmotivationistheonomatopoeicmotivation.

ThewordonomatopoeiaisderivedfromtheGreekwordonomatopoeia,whichmeansword-making.Onomatopoeicmotivationmeansdefiningtheprincipleofmotivationbysound.Thesoundsofsuchwordsascuckoo,ding-dong,buzzseemtobeappropriatetotheirsenses.Butithastobepointedoutthatonomatopoeicwordsconstituteonlyasmallpartofthevocabulary.AccordingtoStephenUllmann,onomatopoeicformationcanbedividedintoprimaryonomatopoeiaandsecondaryonomatopoeia.Primaryonomatopoeiameanstheimitationofsoundbysound.Herethesoundistrulyanechotothesense.Termslikecrack,growl,hum,roar,squeak,whizandagreatmanyfallintothiscategory.

Secondaryonomatopoeiameansthatcertainsoundsandsound-sequencesareassociatedwithcertainsensesinanexpressiverelationship.Inthisform,thesoundsevokeamovement,asinsuchwords:quiver,wriggle,slither.Thesoundmayalsoevokesomephysicalormoralquality,usuallyunfavorable.Forexample,gloom,slimy,sloppy,sloth.Someoftheseonomatopoeictermshavecertainelementsincommon.Forexample,thesound/sn/mayexpressthreetypesofexperiences.Theyare,first,breath-noiseasinsniff,snuff,snore,snort,second,quickseparationormovementasinsnip,snap,snatch,andthird,creepingasinsnake,snail,sneak.Finalgroupshavesimilarfunctions.Forexample,thecombinationof—areattheendofawordsuggestsbiglightornoiseasinblare,flare,glare,stare;thecombinationof-umpattheendofawordsuggestsheavyfallasindump,crump,plump,slump,thump.

Anotherinterestingfeatureofonomatopoeicpatternsisthattheyoftenworkbyvowelalternation.Bysubstitutingonevowelforanother,onecanexpressdifferentnoises.Forexample:snip---snap,sniff---snuff,flip---flap---flop.Closelyconnectedtothistendencyarereduplicatedwordsandphrases,suchaswishy-washy,tit-tat,tick-tock,click-clack.Itshouldbenotedthatmanyonomatopoeicformsarebasedonalternationsofnotvowelsbutofinitialconsonants,suchashiggledy-piggledy,helter-skelter,namby-pamby,roly-polyetc.

Thesecondmotivationissemanticmotivation.Semanticmotivationmeansthatmotivationisbasedonsemanticfactors.Itisakindofmentalassociation.Whenwespeakofthebonnetofacar,acoatofpaint,orwhenwespeakofpotatoescookedintheirjackets,theseexpressionsaremotivatedbythesimilaritybetweenthegarmentsandtheobjectsreferredto.Inthesameway,whenwesaytheclothfortheclergy,townandgownfortownanduniversity,thereissemanticmotivationduetothefactthatthegarmentsinquestionarecloselyassociatedwiththepersonstheydesignate.Bothtypesofexpressionsarefigurative:theformeraremetaphoricandthelatteraremetonymic.Wecanseethatsemanticmotivationiscloselyconnectedwithfiguresofspeech.HereIllnamethreeofthem.

First,metaphor.Metaphorisafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison.Forexample:hehasaheartofstone.Thecurtainofnighthasfallen.Anotherfigureofspeechismetonymy.Itisadeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes,asincrownforking,theturfforhorse-racing,theWhiteHousefortheUSpresident.Similartometonymyissynecdoche,whichmeansthesubstitutionofapartforawholeorawholeforapart,asinbreadforfood,thearmyforasoldier,etc.

Apartfromonomatopoeicmotivationandsemanticmotivation,thereisalsologicalmotivation.Logicalmotivationdealswiththeproblemofdefiningaconceptbymeansoflogic.Adefinitionhastwoforms.AcommonformofdefinitionisThismeanssuchandsuch.Fatmeanshavingmuchflesh.AnotherformofdefinitionisThismeansthesameasthatorThisisequivalenttothat.Fatmeansthesameasobese.Thesetwoformsofthedefinitionshowthatadefinitionhastwoparts:thewordbeingdefined,andthedefinitionthatisbeingmade.

Givingadefinitioninvolvestwostepstobetaken.Onestepistoidentifytheconceptofagenus,thatis,aclassofthingsmadeupoftwoormoresubordinateclassesorspecies.Theotherstepistoidentifytheattributesdistinguishingonespeciesfromothersimilarspeciesinthesamegenus.Acombinationofthesetwoapproacheshelpstodefineaconcept.Forexample,inthe1950s,thereappearedanewcrisisgrippingthemindsofpartoftheAmericanyouth.Theseyoungpeoplefeltdisturbanceandanxietyabouttheirpersonalitydevelopmentandadjustment.Thiscrisisiscalledanidentitycrisis.Thewordcrisisisagenus,whichconsistsoftwoormorespecies,suchasspiritualcrisis,economiccrisis,politicalcrisis,etc.Theexpressionidentitycrisisisusedtodistinguishitselffromothercrisis.

Sofarwehavecoveredthethreemotivationsforwords:onomatopoeicmotivation,semanticmotivation,andlogicalmotivation.However,itisnotalwayseasytoidentifyclearlythemotivationforeachwordinourvocabulary.Insuchcase,wemaysaythemotivationislost.Theremaybetwofactorswhichleadtolossofmotivation.Oneisachangeinthemorphologicalstructureofaword,andtheotherfactorischangeofmeaning.

Innextlecture,welldiscussthesetwochangesindetail.Thisistheendoftodayslecture.Thankyouforyourattention.

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SectionBINTERVIEW

InthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterview,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowing5questions.Nowlistentotheinterview.

Interviewer(W):TodayIdliketowelcomeEdwardFox,aseasonedreal-estateagent,whoisgoingtotalktousaboutbuyingahouse.Hello,Edward.

EdwardFox(M):Hello.

W:NowEdward,formostpeoplebuyingahouseisamajorlifeevent,andprobablythesinglemostexpensiveitemtheyareeverlikelytobuy.Whatprecautionsdotheyhavetotakebeforearealpurchase?Canyougivesomesuggestions?

M:Youarerightinsayingbuyingahousecostsalot.Butastome,themostimportantthingtoconsiderbeforebuyinganypropertyisthelocation.

W:Location?

M:Right.Becauseitiswhereyouplantospendalargepartofyourlife.Or,indeed,therestofyourlifeinsomecircumstances.Therefore,considerthetypeoflifeyouenjoyleading.Ifyouareaverysociablepersonwhoenjoysnightclubsanddiscos,youmayconsidersomethingclosetoacity.Anyway,acityisconvenientforalltypesofnightlife.

W:Then,forthosewhoseekaquietlife,doyourecommendahouseinthecountryside?

M:Well,countrysideisatranquilplace.However,dorememberthatproximitytotheplaceofworkalsocounts.Indeed,wespendmostofourlifeatwork,andyoudontwanttohavetospendtwoormorehourseverydaytravelingtowork,doyou?Therefore,transportisoftheutmostimportance.Citysuburbs,however,areoftenconvenientlylocatedforcommutingtowork,orforshopping,withoutbeingintheheartofabusycity.

W:Buthousesinthesuburbsarefarmoreexpensivethanthoseincities.

M:Theyseemtobe,butactuallyhouseslocatedincitiescanoftenexceedthepriceofsuburbanhouses,socheckouttheprices.Youmaybesurprised.

W:Really?Soweshouldconsiderourplaceofworkandpersonalityinchoosingthelocation.Isthatso?

M:Imafraidyouhavetotakefamilyintoconsiderationaswell.Youmaypreferahousethatisawayfromabusystreetormainroad.Andofcourse,rememberthatchildrenhavetoattendschool.Ifyouhavechildren,oryouplantohavechildren,locationisaveryimportantfactor.Andofcourse,rememberthatafamilyinfluencesthesizeoftheproperty.

W:Oh,Isee.Howmanytypesofhousescanwechoose?

M:Therearevarioustypesofhouses.Thefirstiscalleddetachedhouses,whichstandalone,andarenotjoinedbyanotherbuilding.Thentherearesemi-detachedhouses,whicharethemostcommon.Thisisbecausetheyare,infact,twohousesjoinedtogether,andthereforetakeuplessspace.Andtherearetownhouses,too,whicharemanyhousesjoinedtogethertoformalongrow.Butdontthinkthattownhousesarelessexpensivethansemi-detachedhouses.Theyrarelyare.Thisisbecausetheyareusuallybuiltincitieswherethepriceofpropertyisveryexpensive.

W:Thenwhataboutoldhouses?Theymustbecheaperthannewones.

M:Maybetheyare.Butifthehouseistooold,youmaybefacedwithexpensiverepairsandrenovationbills.Sohaveahousethoroughlycheckedbyaprofessionalsurveyorbeforeyoudecidetobuy.

W:Iagree.Itseconomicaltobuyoldhousesonlywhentheyareingoodcondition.Bytheway,alotofpropertyhasagardenattachedtoit.Doyouthinkitsagoodchoice?

M:Itstruethatalotofpropertyhasagarden.Ifyouenjoygardening,thatsfine.Butifyoudontenjoygardeningthenyoumaypreferasmallgarden,asopposedtoabigone.Butevenifyoudoenjoygardeningitisimportanttorememberthatgardenstakeupalotofyourtime.Sokeepingagardeningoodordermaybeverydifficultifyouworklonghours.

W:Youarequiteright.Anyothersuggestions?

M:Onefinalthingisthegeneralfeeloftheplace.Doesithaveagoodatmosphere?Andmostimportantofall,wouldyoufeelcomfortablelivingthere?

W:Edward,IneverknewIhadtoconsidersomanythingswhilebuyingahouse.Thankyouverymuchfortalkingwithus.

M:Mypleasure.

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SectionCNEWSBROADCAST

Inthissection,youwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions6to7arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthetwoquestions.Nowlistentothenews.

ThisisNicodemus,thefirstall-blackpioneertown,establishedontheprairie128yearsago.Everysummerthistinytownholdsahomecomingwithagatheringandparadetocelebrateitsheritage.

In1877freedslavescametoabarrenspotinKansastomakeaplacewheretheycoulddeterminetheirownlives.

Theyhadbeenencouragedtocometothebarrenprairiebyunscrupulouslandagents.Livinginearth-coveredhutsthesettlersusedtheirdeterminationandfarmingskillsandatownbegantotakeshape.Someoftheoriginalstructuresremain.

Firstbuiltweretwochurches,thenaschoolhouseandlaterasmallhotelandatownhall.

Today,Nicodemusislikemanystrugglingmid-westerntownswheretheyoungpeopleleaveforthecities.ItisnowaNationalHistoricSiteandtouristsandAfrican-Americansfromallovercometoseewhereblackpioneersbuilttheirowntownfromthegroundup.

Question8isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.

MechanizedcarnivalattractionsdrawbigcrowdsattheMarylandStateFair.Butthereisanothersidetothisevent.Itisascenethatlookslikeitisrightoffthefarm.

ThefairisayearlyeventthathelpsAmericaslargelyurban-dwellingpopulationreconnectwithitsagrarianroots.

Fairswereoriginatedhundredsofyearsagoinvariousformsandcertainlyth