Lesson2Recordingtransactions記錄經濟業務2.1EconomiceventsandbusinessdocumentsAflowchartofaccountingprocess：EconomicEvents（經濟事項）ClassifyingandSummarizing（分類和匯總）AnalyzingandRecording(分析和記錄）FinancialStatementsandOtherReports(財務報表及附注）Businesstransactionsaffectingtheaccountingequationresultfrombothexternalandinternalevents.Economiceventsincludebothexternal

andinternaltransactions.Anexternaltransaction(外部業務)：AnexchangeofeconomicbetweenanorganizationandoutsidepartiesAninternaltransaction(內部業務)：DonotinvolveanoutsidepartyNotalleventsthathaveaneffectontheorganizationarerecordedastransactions.不是所有對企業有影響的事項都要作為交易來記錄。Changesinmarketinterestrates市場利率的變化Theobjectivityprinciple(transactionsarerecordedbasedonindependent,unbiased,andverifiableevidence)

requiresthattransactionsaresupportedbysourcedocuments.Sourcedocumentsarealsocalledbusinesspapers.Checks(支票）Saleinvoices（銷售發票）Bankstatements（銀行對賬單）Purchaseorders（采購訂單）Customerbills（客戶匯票）Employeeearningsrecord（員工薪酬記錄）Cashregistertapes(收銀機收據）2.2TAccountsandDebit&CreditAccounts——basicrecordstoolsAccountsareusedtoshowchanges—bothincreasesanddecreases—inassets,liabilities,andequity.Aseparateaccountiskeptforeachfinancialstatementselement.Thesimplestformofanaccounthasthreeparts:AtitleAspaceforrecordingincreasesAspaceforrecordingdecreases

IncreasesarerecordedononesideoftheT-account.DecreasesarerecordedontheothersideoftheT-account..LeftorDebitSideRightorCreditSideTitleofAccountTypesofAccountsFirstdecidewhattypeofaccountisaffectedbyatransactionThengroupaccountsintosixcategories:assetsliabilitiesexpensesowner'scapitalowner'swithdrawalsrevenuesAssetaccountsCash(現金)Cashinbank(銀行存款)Receivables(應收賬款)Prepaidexpenses(預付費用)Equipment(設備)Buildings(房產)Land(土地)increasesdecreasesLiabilityaccountsPayables應付賬款Unearnedrevenues預收收入(subscription定金,rent,legalfees)Wages

Payable應付職工薪酬Taxes

Payable應交稅費Interest

Payable

應付利息increasesdecreasesOwner'sequityaccountCapitalaccountWithdrawalsaccount(distributionofearnings)decreasesincreasesRevenueandexpenseaccountsAllrevenueandexpenseaccountbalancesaretransferredtoasummarizingaccountTheaccountsarethensaidtobeclosedNetincomeornetlosscapitalaccountsRepairrevenues修理收入Commissionsearned傭金收入Legalfeesearned訴訟費收入Rentearned租金收入Interestearned利息收入Advertisingexpense廣告費用Officesuppliesexpense辦公用品費用Salariesexpense工資費用Rentexpense租賃費用Utilitiesexpense公用事業費、水電費Insuranceexpense保險費用101Cash201AccountsPayable301JillJones,CapitalChartofaccountsandledgerA

=

L

+

OEASSETSDebitforIncreaseCreditforDecreaseEQUITIESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseLIABILITIESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseDebitsandcreditsaffectaccountsasfollows:

DebitandCreditRulesEQUITIESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseREVENUESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseEXPENSESCreditforDecreaseDebitforIncreaseExpensesdecreaseowner’sequity.Revenuesincreaseowner’sequity.

DebitandCreditRulesEQUITIESDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseJILLJONES,CAPITALDebitforDecreaseCreditforIncreaseJILLJONES,DRAWINGCreditforDecreaseDebitforIncreaseAnowner’swithdrawalsdecreaseowner’sequity.Anowner’sinvestmentsincreaseowner’sequity.

DebitandCreditRulesTheAccountingCycleAnalyzeand

Journalizetransactions.PosttoledgerPreparetrialbalance.Makeadjustments.Prepareadjustedtrialbalance.Preparefinancialstatements.Prepareafterclosingtrialbalance.Journalizeandpostclosingentries.AccountingcycleThestepsintheaccountingcyclefolloweachaccountingperiodtoaccomplishtheanalysis,recording,andreportingoffinancialtransactions.(分析，記錄和財務報表的編制）……Step1:Analyzingtransactions(分析經濟業務)Analyzingtransactionsisthefirststepintheaccountingcycle.Step2:Journalizingtransactions(記錄經濟業務）Thesecondstepintheaccountingcycleistorecorddebitsandcreditsinthegeneraljournal（普通日記賬）,thebookoforiginalentry.Thisprocessisknownasjournalizing.IllustrationofJournalizingNow,let’s

lookatan

exampleofGeorgeRossPhotocopyCompanyIllustrationofJournalizingMarch3GeorgeRossinvestedadditional$20,000inhisownphotocopycompany.

GeneralJournalDateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.3Cash

GeorgeRoss,Capital

Investmentinbusiness111311$20,000$20,000IllustrationofJournalizingMarch6Rentedanoffice,payingayear’srentinadvance,$4,800.GeneralJournalDateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.6PrepaidRent

Cash

Payingtherentinadvance

121111$4,800$4,800IllustrationofJournalizing

March7

PurchasedofficeequipmentfromHougasEquipmentCo.for$5,300,paying$2,300incashandagreedtopaytherestnextmonth.

GeneralJournal

DateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.7OfficeEquipment

Cash

Partialpaymentofofficeequipment.

141111

AccountsPayable

211$5,300

$2,300

$3,000IllustrationofJournalizingMarch19:PerformedaservicebyprintingpricelistsforWardFashionCompanyandcollectedafeeof$3,400.GeneralJournalDateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.19Cash

FeesEarned

Performedaserviceandcollectedfees.

111311$3,400

$3,400

IllustrationofJournalizingMarch24:GeorgeRosswithdrew$980fromthebusinessforpersonallivingexpenses.

DateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.24GeorgeRoss,Withdrawals

Cash

Withdrewmoneyfromthebusiness.311111$980

$980

GeneralJournalIllustrationofJournalizingMarch25Paidthesecretarysalary,$1,100.

DateAccounttitlesandDescriptionPost.Ref.DebitCredit

20XXMar.25OfficeSalaryExpense

Cash

Paidthesecretarythesalary131111$1,100$1,100

GeneralJournalPostingJournalEntriestotheLedgerAccounts

Postinginvolvescopyinginformationfromthejournaltotheledgeraccounts.（過賬就是把信息從日記賬到分類賬賬戶）Step3:Posting（過賬）Thethirdstepintheaccountingcyclebeginsthesummarizationprocess.Journalentriesinthegeneraljournalarepostedintothegeneralledger（總分類賬）attheendoftheaccountingperiod.Posting

let’slookattheexampleofGeorgeRossPhotocopyCompanyCashDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.3$20,000

$20,000$4,800

15,200

62,30012,9007193,40016,3002498015,320251,10014,220CashGeorgeRoss,Capital

DateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.3$20,000$20,000

PrepaidRentDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.3$4,800

$4,800OfficeEquipmentDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.7$5,300

$5,300AccountsPayableDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.7$3,000$3,000

GeneralJournalFeesEarnedDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.19$3,400

$3,400

GeorgeRoss,WithdrawalsDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.24$980

$980OfficeSalaryExpensesDateItemPost.Ref.DebitCreditBalanceDebitCredit

20XXMar.25$1,100

$1,100Step4:PreparingatrialbalanceThefourthstepintheaccountingcycleisthepreparationofatrialbalancethatprovestheequalityofdebitsandcredits.會計循環的第四步是編制試算平衡表來證明借貸相等。Locatingandcorrectingerrors1Errorsinpreparingthetrialbalance,suchas:在編制試算表時發生的錯誤Oneofthecolumnsofthetrialbalancewasincorrectlyadded試算表的其中一欄加總時出現錯誤b.Theamountofanaccountbalancewasincorrectlyrecordedonthetrialbalance.試算表上的金額登記錯誤c.Adebitbalancewasrecordedonthetrialbalanceasacredit,orviceversa,orabalancewasomittedentirely.一個借方余額登記到了貸方，反之亦然，或者漏記了余額2Errorsindeterminingtheaccountbalances,suchas:在確定賬戶余額時發生錯誤abalancewasincorrectlycomputed.余額數算錯b.abalancewasenteredinthewrongbalancecolumn.余額記錄在錯誤的方向3Errorsinrecordingatransactionintheledger,suchas:在記錄總分類賬時發生額錯誤Anerroneousamountwaspostedtotheaccount過賬時數額登記錯誤b.Adebitentrywaspostedasacredit,orviceversa.過賬時借方余額登記到貸方，反之亦然c.Adebitoracreditpostingwasomitted過賬時漏記了某項余額Thebalancecannotdetecterrorssuchas:Double-postingofdebitsandcredits借貸方重復過賬Postingamountstothewrongaccounts過賬的金額登記錯了賬戶PracticesinchinaAnalysisoftransactionsJournalentriesaremadeinvouchersPosttheentryfromvouchertoledgeraccountUsedReceiptvoucher(收款憑證)Receivecashorcashinbank,wehavethefixeddebitaccountForexample:Received$1500cashformABCcompanyowedbefore.ReceiptvoucherDesc