第三部分醫學英語的寫作任務一標題的寫作*）?標題的結構.名詞+介詞Blindness（視覺缺失）afterTreatmentforMalignantHypertension.名詞+分詞UnilateralNeurogenicPruritusFollowingStroke中風后單側神經性瘙癢.名詞+不定式SuggestiontoAbolishIcterusIndexDetermination（黃疸指數測定）whereQuantitativeBilirubinAssay（膽紅素定量）isAvailable建議能做膽紅素定量的化驗室不再做黃疸指數測定.名詞+同位語Gentamicine,aSelelctiveAgentfortheisolationofBetahemolyticStreptoccoci^-溶血性鏈球菌慶大霉素是分離B-溶血性鏈球菌的選擇性藥物.名詞+從句EvidencethattheV-sisGeneProductTransformsbyInteractionwiththeReceptorforPlatelet-derivedGrowthFactor血小板源性生長因子.V-sis基因產物由血小板生成因子受體相互作用而轉化的依據.動名詞短語PreventingStrokeinpatientswithAtrialFibrillation心房纖維性顫動心旁纖顫患者中風預防DetectingAcuteMyocardialInfarction（急性心肌梗死）byRadio-immunoassayforCreativeKinase（酐激酶）用放射免疫法測定酐激酶診斷急性心肌梗死.介詞短語OnControllingRectalCancer.陳述句DietaryCholesterolisCo-carcinogenic協同致癌因素forHumanColonCancer.疑問句HomeorHospitalBirthsIsTreatmentofBorderlineHypertensionGoodorBad?? 注意副標題的作用.數目：EndoluminalStent-graft帶支架腔內搭橋forAorticAneurysms動脈瘤：Areportof6cases帶支架腔內搭橋治療動脈瘤的六例報告.重點：Aorto-arteritis大動脈炎ChestX-rayAppearanceandItsClinicalSignificance大動脈炎胸部X線表現及臨床意義.方法：GallstoneIleus（膽結石梗阻）：ARetrospectiveStudy.作用：CarcinoembryonicAntigeninBreast-cancerTissue:Ausefulprognosticindictor乳腺癌組織中癌胚抗原——一種有用的預后指示.疑問： Unresolved—Dodrinkershavelesscoronaryheartdisease?.連載順序：PhysicalandChemicalStudiesofHumanBloodSerum:II.AstudyofmiscellaneousDiseaseconditions人類血清的理論研究：II.多種病例的研究.時間：ACollaborative綜合StudyofBurnNursinginChina:1995-1999部分內容來源于網絡，有侵權請聯系刪除!常見標題句式舉例.討論型：Discussionof/on;Anapproachto;Aprobeinto;Investigationof;Evaluationof/on漢語中的“初步體會”、“試論”、“淺析”之類的謙辭可以不譯。直接表達本意。.觀察、報告、結果型： Anobservation/Observationsof/on/in.調查類：Surveyof/on.體會經驗類:Experiencein/with；Reflectionon.總結綜述：Summaryof/Experienceof;Reviewof.問題型：Problemof;SomeAspectson.探究：Studyof/on/in;Probeinto;Explorationof.報告：Reportof/on.藥物治療和非藥物治療：...intheTreatmentof…；Managementof…;Treatment...with..;Uhetreatmentof...Therapyof/for...by....診斷：...inthediagnosisof...;Detectionof...in...Diagnosisof...by/with...Detectionof...by...Applicationof...tothediagnosisof...練習判斷下列標題的書寫格式是否正確TreatmentofPsoriasisbyhemodialysis（不對）AsthmainaVietnameserefugeepopulation（不對）ManagementofHypertensionindiabetes（不對）DoestheChronicFatigueSyndromeInvolvetheAutonomicNervoussystem?（不對）Treatmentofmacroprolactinomawithcabergoline:Astudyof85Patients（不對）ClinicalObservationon342CaseswithAllergicRhinitis鼻炎（對）在下列英文標題中識別關鍵詞、分析結構并翻譯。Suddencardiacdeath：Clinicpathologicinvestigationof51cases心臟性猝死51例臨床病理探討ParanthyroidectomyinChronicRenalFailure:Surveyof38Cases慢性腎功能衰竭的甲狀旁腺切除療法38例調查RecentExperiencewithBacillemia菌血癥duetoGram-negativeOrganisms.治療革蘭氏陰性桿菌血癥的新體會TreatmentforMalignantHypertension:AnExperienceof35Cases35例惡性高血壓治療總結CertainProblemsoftheSurgicalTreatmentofHyperparathyroidism.甲狀旁腺機能亢進手術治療的幾個問題PlateletFunctionStudiesinHeartDisease心臟病患者血小板功能的研究AReportofRosai-Dorfman腮腺腫塊性病報告UseofSteroid（類固醇）intheTreatmentofClinicalSepticShock皮質激素治療敗血癥休克TreatmentofPsoriasisbyHemodialysis血液透析治療牛皮癬UltrasonographyintheDiagnosisofGallstones.膽石癥超聲波診斷部分內容來源于網絡，有侵權請聯系刪除!請把下列句子改寫成名詞性短語標題（nounphrasetitles）Thyroidcancerisalateconsequenceofhead-neckirradiation改為：Thyroidcancerasalateconsequenceofhead-neckirradiationCoronaryheartdisease:Overweightandobesityareriskfactors改為：Coronaryheartdisease:OverweightandobesityasriskfactorsHighbloodpressureisasideeffectofdrugs,poisons,andfood改為：Highbloodpressure:Asideeffectofdrugs,poisons,andfoodHighuricacidservesasanindicatorofcardiovasculardisease改為：HighuricacidasanindicatorofcardiovasculardiseaseProstaglandinsserveasmediatorsofinflammation改為：Prostaglandinsasmediatorsofinflammation任務二引言的寫作如Erod〃c的篦）引言的構成閱讀下列引言，分析其構成部分并概括每一部分的大意。Helicobacterpylori（Hp幽門桿菌）isconsideredtobethemainaetiologicalagent發病原因ofthemostcommonformofchronicgastritis］胃炎intheadultpopulation—typeBgastritis.TypeBgastritisislocalizedintheantrum竇，腔，房andpylorus幽門，whereastypeAgastritis,theclassicautoimmunegastritis,mainlyoccursinthefundus底部.Hpyloripositivechronicgastritisoftheantrumhasbeenfoundtobecloselyrelatedtoduodenal十二指腸ulcerandcanleadtogastricatrophy萎縮,aprecursor前兆ofgastriccancer.（第一部分：課題的研究概況及背景介紹）Environmentalfactors,suchassocioeconomicandeducationalstate,seemtoaffecttheprevalenceofHpyloriinfection.InfectionisconsistentlyhigherinHispanicandblackpeoplethaninwhitepeopleandisinverselyrelatedtoeducationallevel.Theprevalence程度ofHpyloriinfectionishigherinclosecommunities密集人口andinmembersoffamilygroupsthaninthegeneralpopulation.Thismaybeduetoreplasesorreinfectionsbetweenmembersofthesamefamily.Furthermore,therouteoftransmissionofHpyloriremainsunknown,althoughmostoftheevidencesupportspersontopersontransmissionwithcolonizationoccurringprimarilyinchildhood.Undernaturalcircumstancestransmissioncouldbebytheoro-oralorfaecal-oral（糞-口）routes,butnostrongevidenceexiststosupporteitherrouteastheprimaryone,andbothmayberelevantdependingonotherfactors.（第二部分：內容、目的和方法等）MoststudiesoftransmissionofHpyloriinfectionwithinfamilieshavebeenconductedonparentsandsiblingsofchildrenreferredfor針對...研究symptomsandnotonthegeneralpopulation.Toavoidthispotentialselectionbias偏差,westudiedpartofthepopulationoftheDionysoscohortstudy群組研究toassesswhetherchildrenofHpyloriinfectedparentshadhigherinfectionratethanthosefamilieswithuninfectedparents.（第三部分：理由和意義）引言各組成部分的常用時態和語態1.觀察下列有關“課題的研究概況及背景介紹”的表達中運用了哪些時態和語態。（常用一般現在時或者是現在完成時，多用被動語態）Sinceitsinitialdescription40yearsago,HCM（HypertrophicCardiomyopathy月肥厚型心肌病）hasbeenlargelyregardedtobeassociatedwithsubstantialdisabilityandprematuredeath,andannualmortalityratesashighas3%to6%hadbeenreported.自40年前首次報道以來，人們一直認為HCM與嚴重活動能力受限和過早死亡有關。據報道每年死亡。部分內容來源于網絡，有侵權請聯系刪除!

Studieshaveshownthatpatientswithchronicrenalfailurehaveahighfrequencyofcardiovascularatheromatousdisease.Stethoscopediaphragmshavebeenshowntoharborpotentiallypathogenicbacteria.Itremainsunclearwhetherventriculartachyarrhythmiasareinfluencedbybeat-blockingagentsbluntthemorningpeakoflife-threateningventriculartachyarrhythmias.2.3.Theincidenceofcommonbileductcalculiinpatientsselectedforlaparoscopiccholecystectomyis4to6percent.Managementiscontroversial.2.3.請把下列有關“內容、目的和方法等”的句子主干結構劃出來。（描述過去的研究活動可用過去時或者過去完成時）Ina22-year-oldmale,whohadbeenirradiated16yearspreviouslyforHodgkin,sdisease,aradiation-inducedthyroidcarcinomadeveloped.放療誘發的甲狀腺癌.16年前因患何杰金病接受放射治療的22歲男子患有放療誘發的甲狀腺癌。Atotalof120patientswithisolatedstenosisoftheproximalleftanteriordescendingcoronaryarterywererandomlyassignedtostentimplantation.Patientswithmyocardialinfarction,cardiomyopathy,andcongenitalheartdiseaseswereexcluded.Theanalysisshowedthatthisdiseasewasassociatedwithage,systolicbloodpressure,bodymassindex.第二部分的常用時態和句型（常用一般過去時）todo…Thepurpose/aim/objective/goal（ofthepresentstudy）is/wasto…Thepresentstudyis/wasdesigned/devised/intendedto…Thestudywasperformed/conducted/carriedout/undertakento…Weaimed/soughtto/attemptedto…Inanattempttoinvestigate/determine/clarify/assessinaneffortto…inorderto/inthisstudyAnattemptwasmadeto;Thispaperexamines/（isconcernedwith,dealswithwillpresentordescribe）;-Thisstudywillhavethreeobjectives:…練習：TranslatethefollowingsentencesofobjectiveintoEnglish1）目的：對臨終前改變護理而采取的臨床干預進行回顧性研究。譯文：Objective:Toreviewclinicalinterventionsdesignedtochangecareattheendoflife.2）目的：研究CMV對一年死亡率的同位肝移植患者的作用。譯文：Objective:TostudytheeffectofCMVon1-yearmortalityratesinorthotropiclivertransplantrecipients.3）本文提出了一種確定HIV低流行人群中HIV危險性（risk）的方法。譯文：ThisarticleproposesamethodforestimatingHIVriskinlow-HlV-prevalentpopulations.4）本研究的目的是確定由拆換導尿管而引起的菌血癥發病率和臨床處理。譯文：Thepurposeofourstudywastodeterminetheincidenceandclinicalrelevanceofbacteremiainducedbyurinarycatheterreplacements.5）本研究的目的是調查硝酸甘油劑量對心肌缺血性損害的影響。譯文：Thepurposeofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectofthedoseofnitroglycerinonmyocardialischemicinjury.6）目的：確定輸注人體白蛋白能否改善病人的預后。譯文：Objective:Todeterminewhetherreplacementofhumanalbuminwillimproveapatient'sprognosis.部分內容來源于網絡，有侵權請聯系刪除!.翻譯下列句子，注意句中劃線部分的時態和語態。-Heartsfrommenwhodiedofsuddencoronarydeathwerestudiedinaprospectivefashion.Theseheartswereseeninconsultation（會診）withmedicalexaminerinthestateofMarylandbetweenJanuary1997.Coronaryarteryfixation,cardiacdissection,andtissuesamplingwereperformedaspreviouslydescribed.本項目對冠心病猝死的男性心臟進行前瞻性研究。1994年1月至1997年5月馬里蘭州的醫學人員對這些心臟進行過研究。冠狀動脈固定術、心臟解剖以及組織標本制作情況如前所述。B.P.（bloodpressure）wasmeasuredtwicebytrainedobserversusingastandardmercurysphygmomanometerafterthesubjecthadbeenseatedforatleast5minutes.受試者就座至少五分鐘后，由訓練有素的觀察者用標準水銀血壓計測量兩次血壓。Sevenofthe12childrenwerelessthan6yearsofageatthetimeofcholecystectomy,andtheyoungestwasa9-month-oldboywhohadbeenreceivingtotalparenteralnutrition（TPN）（全胃腸夕卜營養）sinceshortlyafterbirthafterduodenaltrauma.12名患者中有7例在進行膽囊切除時年齡不足6歲。最小的是九個月。他出生后不久便因十二指腸創傷一直接受全胃腸外管養。Allsampleshavebeenfrozenat-20℃untiltestedbyconventionalELISA（酶聯免疫吸附測定法）.所有標本在-20℃下冷凍，用酶聯免疫吸附測定法測定。.“第三部分理由和意義”的表達1）圖表的表述...isshowed/presentedinTable…;thefigureshows/indicates/demonstrate/illustratethat;wasstronglyassociatedwith…；wasinverselycorrelatedwith…wasindirectproportionto…；wasincreasedto/by;wasdecreasedto/reduced/dropped/lowered/declinedto;wasinverselyproportionalto;wascomparedwith;2）表達數值范圍或具有…….意義Rangefrom…to…；rangebetween.and…；varyfrom…to…varybetween.and…；witharangeof...to…；from…to…theratioof...；vs；therateof—；results（data）demonstrate/confirm/suggest/indicate/reveal/that…；theexperiments/results/findings/investigation/facts/supplyabasisfor..；theobservationresultsareconsistent/inaccord/withthetheory/idea/proposal/hypothesis/previousstudiesthat…；issimilartothatreported/described/documented（證明光丫…；resultsarecontrastedwith/differentfrom…；mayhavebeencausedby…mayleadto...resultin…accountfor..；isrelated/due/attributedto…Although/evenif；onedifferentinterpretationofthisdifferencebetween...and…is.；onthebasisof/basedonthesepremises.；wethinkbelieve/propose/hypothesize/recommendthat.；canspeculateon.；whether...remains/isyettobedetermined；furtheranalysisexperimentswillbenecessary/neededtoconfirm.；Weconcludethat.；Haveimplicationsto（對…有意義）；thereareseverallimitationsto.；Given.考慮到...；whentakingthispointintoconsideration.Amajorfindingofthisstudyisthat.3）概述本研究的內容Amodelfor...wasdeveloped；providesadescriptionof.；wehaveprovidedanewapproachto.；wehavepresentedempirical實證studiesof...；wehaveexploredtherelationshipbetween.；theexperimentconfirmedthat.；Theresultsupportourclaimthat..證實我們的想法；theresultshowsreasonablygoodagreementwithother..Asignificantdifferencewasfound（observed）in…；4）理論價值Themaincontributionofthis...is;thiswillhavewiderapplicationtosuchareasof.；Twointerestingfutureresearchlinesareasfollows.；Itisbelievedthatfurtherresearchinto...willimprovetheperformanceof.Theresultsinthispaperwillgiveinsightto啟發；willhaveconsiderablepotentialfor.；Thereareseveralissuesdeservingfurtherstudy；Amongpossibletopicsforthefuture,wemention.6.致謝常用句型部分內容來源于網絡，有侵權請聯系刪除!Thisstudywassupportedby..;otherinvestigatorswhocontributedtothisstudywere…;TothanfOr….Tobethankfulto…for…/begratefulto...for/beindebted…for…toacknowledge…；toexpress…thanksto...for…toappreciate…toexpress…appreciationto…for…練習：翻譯句子，注意劃線部分的表達。Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheassociationbetweenacuteplaquerupture（急性斑塊破裂）andexertion-relatedsuddencoronarydeathinaseriesofcarefullystudiedautopsyhearts（通過詳細的心臟解剖檢查）.譯文：本研究的目的通過詳細的心臟解剖檢查，研究急性斑塊破裂與用力導致冠狀動脈猝死間的聯系。Asgreaterclinicalcorrelationisobtained,theusefulnessofthyroglobulin（甲狀腺球蛋白）determinationwillincrease.譯文：隨著人們對甲狀腺球蛋白水平與臨床的相關認識提高，測定甲狀腺球蛋白的必要性也在提高。任務三：摘要的寫作幺加加oc￡）了解4段式半結構式摘要的構成及常用時態、語態.找出以下摘要分別為哪些部分構成并翻譯。（1）Objective：ToevaluatespiralCT（SCT）inthepreoperativestagingofcolorectalcarcinomas.（2）Methods：FiftyonepatientssuspiciousofhavingcolorectalcarcinomaunderwentspiralCTscansperformedfromthedome膈頂ofthediaphragmtosymphysispubica恥骨聯合aftercleansingenemaandrectalairinsufflation.41ofthe51patientswereprovedtohavecolorectalcarcinomabycolonoscopyand/orpathology.ThefindingsofSCTof31patientstreatedwithsurgerywerecomparedwiththesurgicalpathologicalexamination