動詞不定式:tO+dO （高二2016.2）動詞不定式由“to+動詞原形”組成，是動詞的一種非謂語形式。動詞不定式在句中可充當主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、實補、主補。.動詞不定式在句中的語法功能：⑴動詞不定式（短語）作主語Toloveistobeloved.愛別人就是被人愛。 Toteachistogive.教書就是奉獻。*todo和v-ing作主語時的區別：Smokingisabadhabit.（v-ing作主語表示習慣性動作）Tostayhomeonsuchacoldnightiscomfortable.動詞不定式作主語表示偶然性或一次性的動作）*不定式作主語和目的狀語時的區別。例如：Togetupearlydoesgoodtoone,shealth.早起對身體有好處。（作主語）Togetupearly,onemustgotobedearly.為了早起，必須早睡。（作目的狀語）（2）動詞不定式（短語）作賓語Iwillleaveittoyoutomakethefinaldecision.我將由你來做最后的決定。（it作形式賓語）Shedecidedtoquitherjobatlast.最后，她決定辭職。*"疑問詞+動詞不定式短語"作賓語：Idon'tknowwhattodo.我不知道該怎么辦。Thechildrenarelearninghowtoplaythegame.孩子們在學做游戲。例如（NMET2000）:I,veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhatinmynewjob.A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects （答案:B）（whattoexpect在句中作know的賓語，而what作不定式toexpect的邏輯賓語。）（四JII09）Hetolduswhetherapicnicwasstillunderdiscussion.A.tohaveB.havingC.haveD.had （答案：A）又如：ItissaidthatinAustraliathereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows.A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwithC.whattodowithit D.todowhatwithit答案是Cowhattodowithit作knows的賓語。*注意:有些動詞后面必須跟動名詞作賓語，平時要注意區別，進行區分。*forget,remember,try,regret,mean,stop等動詞后既可跟不定式又可跟動名詞，須根據其習慣用法和語境進行取舍。例如（MET91）:一Thelightintheofficeisstillon.一Oh,Iforgot.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff答案是Coforgettodo意為"忘了做（某事「forget~。噸"忘了做過（某事remember有類似的區別。類似的還有：trytodo“盡力做”,trydoing“試著做”;regrettosay/tell“很遺憾地說"，regretdoing"后悔做了”；meantodo"意欲/想要做"，meandoing"意味著做"；stoptodo"停下來做另外的事情"，stopdoing"停止正在做的事情0-可編輯修改-（3）動詞不定式（短語）作表語ThemostimportantthingfortheUnitedStatestodonowistorescuethewounded.現在，對美國來說，最重要的是搶救傷員。*注意：在“形容詞+不定式”結構作表語、實補和定語時，其中形容詞多為表示性質的詞，如：easy,hard,good,difficult,interesting等,常常是主動式表被動。例如:Theseapplesaregoodtoeat.這些蘋果很好吃。（作表語）Ifinditdifficulttounderstand.我發現這很難懂。（作實補）Heisamaneasytogetonwith.他是一^個容易相處的人。（作定語）Theboxislightenoughtocarry.這盒子輕得可帶走。（作表語）Thefutureishardtotell.未來很難預測。（作表語）*注意：Allyouhavetodois（to）finishthejobquickly.如果主語部分有個表示不定式內容的do,用作表語的不定式可省略to。又如：Wehadnothingtodobut（watch）TVyesterday.（答案:watch）Wedidnothingbut（watch）TVyesterday. （答案:watch）（4）動詞不定式（短語）作賓語補足語。Sheaskedmetostayhere. Sheencouragedmetoworkhard.We'dloveyoutogiveusahand.我們想讓你幫個忙。注意：1）在一些動詞后，用作賓語補語的動詞不定式符號to要省略掉。這類動詞包括感官動詞以及使役動詞，如feel,spot,lookat,listento,observe,see,hear,watch,notice,have,make,let,get等。但如果句子為被動語態，動詞不定式（短語）為主補時，要帶to。IhadJohnfixmybike.我讓約翰修理我的自行車。Theysawtheboyfallsuddenlyfromthetree.——Theboywasseentofallsuddenlyfromthetree.Pauldoesn,thavetobemade.Healwaysworkshard.（答案:B）A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning辨析：Iheardhersingasonginthenextroomyesterday.（強調聽歌的整個過程）（=Shewasheardtosingasonginthenextroomyesterday.）IheardhersinningasongwhenIpassedby.（強調動作正在發生）（=ShewasheardsingingasongwhenIpassedby.）*see,heOmoice等的賓語后還可跟現在分詞作補語，變成被動語態時仍保留分詞的形式，表示正在發生的動作。例如：Themissingboyswerelastseenneartheriver. （答案：A）A.playingB.tobeplayingC.play D.toplay（5）動詞不定式（短語）作定語：動詞不定式（短語）作定語需后置。*動詞不定式作定語與分詞作定語的區別：過去分詞表示動作已經完成，現在分詞表示動作正在發生當中，而不定式則表示將要發生的動作或狀態。2辨析:Themeetingheldisimportant.（表示動作已經完成）Themeetingbeingheldisimportant.（表示動作正在進行當中）Themeetingtobeheldisimportant.（表示動作將要發生）注意：1）當被修飾的是不定代詞如everything,anything,much,little等,或被修飾的名詞前被形容詞最高級,序數詞,theonly等強調結構修飾時,非謂語動詞作定語則用動詞不定式。Doyouhaveanythingtosay?你有什么要說的嗎？IamafraidIcannotattendyourparty,forIhavetoomanythingstodo.Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.他是唯一了解真相的人。Whenthequestionwasout,hewasthefirstonetoraisehishand....他第一^個舉起手。Hewasthelasttorealizetheimportanceofthisproblem.2）如被修飾的名詞或代詞是動詞不定式的邏輯賓語，且動詞不定式的動詞是不及物動詞,則后面需跟成為搭配的介詞。Whoisthemantotalkto?要談話的人是誰？Heisatoughteachertodealwith.他是個很難對付的老師。Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一支筆寫字例如:Tofetchwaterbeforebreakfastseemedtomearule.（上海高考題98）：A.toneverbreakB.nevertobebrokenC.nevertohavebrokenD.nevertobebreaking答案是B，在句中作定語；由于arule是不定式的邏輯賓語，所以不定式用了被動結構。又如：Therearefivepairs,butI,matalosswhichtobuy.（上海高考題99）A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosing答案是B，這是“不定式+介詞”作定語。題意是“從五雙中選一雙”,故須在choose后加上介詞from。類似的如achairtositin,apentowritewith,atopictotalkabout等。（6）動詞不定式（短語）作狀語動詞不定式（短語）作狀語可以表示目的，結果，原因等。▲目的狀語Thewholefamilycameouttoseemyperformance.全家人出來看我表演。Hecalledtosaygoodbye.他打電話來道別。▲結果狀語 _Werushedtotherailwaystationonlytofind（表示出乎意料）thetrainhadjustleft.我們匆匆趕到火車站，結果發現火車剛剛離開了。Hestudiedhardonlytofail.他學習很努力，但卻沒及格。ShewenttoSouthChinafiveyearsago,nevertoreturn.她五年前去了華南，結果從未返回。*注意：doing也可以作結果狀語，但表示自然而然的結果。Hisparentswerekilledintheaccident,makinghimanorphan.Theyallleft,leavingmealone.▲原因狀語動詞不定式（短語）常跟在一些形容詞后面，說明產生這些情緒的原因。這類形容詞有：-可編輯修改-happy,ashamed,surprised,grieved,frightened,sorry,glad,delighted,eager,disappointed,right,excited,ready,clever,bored等。Iamsorrytointerruptyou.Thefatherwassurprisedtolearnthathissonspentmoneylikewater.得知兒子花錢如流水，父親感到很吃驚。Wewillbeveryhappytoworkonthisprojectwithyou.和您一起合作這個項目，我們感到很高興。（7）動詞不定式（短語）作獨立成分動詞不定式（短語）可以用來作句子的獨立成分。這些短語有：tobeginwith（首先），totellthetruth（truthtotell）（說實在的），tomakealongstoryshort（長話短說）,sotospeak（可以這么說），tobebrief（簡言之），tobeexact（確切地說），tobefrank（坦率地說），todosb.justice（說句公道話），toconclude（總而言之）等。Tobeginwith,I'dliketointroducemyselftoyouall.首先我想給你們作一下自我介紹。Tobefrankwithyou,Idon'tloveyouanymore.老實對你說吧，我已經不再愛你了。Toconclude,energyisexhaustible,sowehavetopreserveitforourfuturegenerations.總而言之，能量并不是用之不竭的，因此我們必須為后代保留一些。2.動詞不定式中原形動詞的省略為避免重復，有時可用不定式的符號to來代表動詞不定式。-Wouldyouliketohavesomecoffee?您要來點咖啡嗎？-Yes,I'dliketo.Ifyoudon'twanttobuyit,youdon'tneedto.假如你不想買的話，你就不要買。注意：可以這樣省略主要動詞的動詞不定式結構有:hopeto,agreeto,bewillingto,wantto,refuseto,failto,manageto,wouldliketo,offerto等。---What,sthematterwithDella?---Well,herparentswouldn,tallowhertogototheparty,butshestill.（江蘇09）A.hopestoB.hopessoC.hopesnotD.hopesfor （答案：A）一般而言，在否定結構中to必須保留。例如（NMET95）:Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto（答案：A）.動詞不定式的否定式:not必須置于整個不定式結構之前。Wedecidednottogothere.我們決定不去那兒了。Iwishednevertoseehimagain.我希望永不再見到她。.動詞不定式的時態和語態時態▲動詞不定式的一般式:todo:表示的動作與謂語動詞的動作是同時發生或將在其后發生的。Theyarelearningtosinganddance.他們在學習歌舞。WehavetogetsomemoneytobuyaTVset.我們得賺些錢來買臺電視機。▲動詞不定式的進行式:tobedoing:表示的動作是與謂語動詞的動作同時發生的，而且正在進行中。該結構也常與always,constantly,rapidly,fast,slowly等副詞連用。Theweatherseemstobeimproving.天氣似乎在好轉。Comeon,it'stimetobemakingfor（前往，走向）school.好了，是上學的時候了。Hepretendedtobereadingwhentheteachercamein.▲動詞不定式的完成式:tohavedone:表示的動作發生在謂語的動作之前。不定式的完成式常用在besaid,bereported,beconsidered,appear,hope,pretend,seem等以及某些情態動詞后表示對過去事情的推斷或虛擬假設例如（NMET97）:IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone答案是B，表示與過去事實相反的虛擬愿望。Hewassaidtohavestudiedabroadforyears.據說他已經在外國留學多年了。Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.很抱歉讓你久等了。Hepretendednottohaveseenmewhenpassingbyyesterday.他昨天從我身邊經過時假裝沒看到我。語態▲不定式的被動式:tobedone如：Heaskedtobesenttothefront.（他請求被派往前線。）Iwishtobeexcused.我請求原諒。Thisinfectiousdiseaseissaidtohavebeenwipedoutmanyyearsago.這傳染病據說好多年前就已經滅絕了。Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremainswhethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen答案是B。因為不定式的邏輯主語it（指出國旅游這件事）與不定式是被動關系。LittleTomwouldlovetothetheatrethisevening.（NMET）92）A.tobetakenB.totakeC.beingtakenD.taking （答案A）It,simportantforthefiguresregularly.（北京2011）A.tobeupdatedB.tohavebeenupdatedC.toupdateD.tohaveupdated（答案:A）Heclaimed（聲稱）inthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.A.beingbadlytreatedB.treatingbadlyC.tobetreatedbadlyD.tohavebeenbadlytreated根據題意，該用不定式的完成被動式，表動作發生在claimed之前，故答案是D。***值得注意的是，在下列場合通常用不定式的主動式表被動意義：▲主語+be+形容詞+動詞不定式當作表語的某些形容詞被動詞不定式修飾時，動詞不定式與句子主語之間存在著邏輯上的動賓關系，動詞不定式可以用主動式代替被動式。（閱P1）Thisproblemisdifficulttosolve.這個問題很難解決。-可編輯修改-▲there+be句型中中詞不定式用主動式來表示被動的含義。Therearealotofpeople(forme)tovisit.Thereisnotimetolose.沒有時間可以耽誤。▲“have+賓語+動詞不定式(作定語)”結構中當have表示“有“，而動詞不定式與賓語之間存在著邏輯上的動賓關系，并且句子的主語是動詞不定式動作的執行者時，動詞不定式一般用主動式。Ihavealotofmeetingstoattendthisweek.本周我有許多會議要參加。▲在“too...to”,“…enoughto”結構中，動詞不定式總是用主動語態。Thisproblemistooeasytodealwith.這個問題處理起來很簡單。Thisproblemiseasyenoughtodealwith.這個問題處理起來很簡單。鞏固練習Heissaidtotohiscountrybecauseanewpresidentcomesintopower.A.beallowedtoreturnB.allowtoreturnC.allowreturningD.beallowedreturningHespokeinsuchahighvoiceatthefurtherendoftheroom.A.astobeheardB.tobeheardC.astohearD.tohear---Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled?---newofficers.A.SelectB.SelectingC.ToselectD.TohaveselectThepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.don'tmakeToplayfairisasimportantas.A.toplaywellB.playwellC.weplaywellD.playingwell---WhereshouldIsendmyform?---ThePersonnelOfficeistheplace.A.forsendingitB.tosendittoC.tosentD.tosentitAcomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople.A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneC.havedoneitD.havingitdoneTheboywanttoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim.A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto---Doyouworkinthelabeveryafternoon?---No,butsometimes,IwishI.A.hadtimetoB.hadtimetodoC.havetimetoD.havetimeI'lldowhateverIcanmyEnglish.A.improveB.toimproveC.improvingD.toimprovingCouldyoutellmethewayyou'vethoughtof?A.todoitB.doingitC.doitD.hastodoitHewasoftenlistenedinthenextroom.A.singB.sungC.tosingD.tosingingWouldyoubeshutthewindow?It'ssocold.A.enoughkindtoB.kindenoughnottoC.kindenoughtoD.sokindenoughastoDon'ttakethemedicine,itcan'thelp_ridofyourcold.A.gettingB.togetC.togettingD.getsMygrandmotherseemstohavealot—.A.worryaboutB.toworryC.tobeworriedD.toworryaboutEveryminutesismadefullofourlessons.A.touse,studyB.use,studyingC.useful,tostudyD.use,tostudy17.IwouldlovetothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinishareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggoneYoushouldn,tallowgamesneartheclassroom,forit,stoonoisy.A.studentplayingB.playC.studentstoplayD.toplayThewaiterwasmade_totheguest.A.apologizeB.apologizingC.toapologizeD.tobeapologizingWhomwouldyourather_thework?A.tohavetodoB.tohavedoC.havetodoD.havedoIhadmeantonyou,butIwassobusy.A.callB.tocall C.callingD.becalling---Doyouoftenhavesomeoneyourclothes?---Yes,IoftenhavethemA.wash,towashB.towash,washedC.washed,washD.wash,washedSheactuallyheardaboutit,buthepretended―.A.tohearnotB.nothearingC.tonothearD.nottoAllIwantistreatedasachildbytheteachersandparents.A.notbeB.beingc.nottobeD.tobenotThelastman_thedisappointingnewswasthepatient,ssickfather.A.knewB.knowsC.toknowD.knowing---Whydidheletyourepeathisinstructiontimeandtimeover?---thatIrememberwhatwas_afterhewentout.A.Tomakesure,todo B.Makingsure,tobedoneC.Toseeto（注意，留意,關照）it,tobedoneD.Seeingto,donePiecesofbambooorwoodbooksbetween2ndand5thcenturyAD.A.usedtoformedB.usedtoformC.wereusedtoformD.usedtobeforming.Amiddle-agedwomancametothebusstoponlythebushadgone.A.torun,findingB.running,tofindC.andran,foundD.running,find29.Smithappearsalongtime.Heisimpatientformyarrival.A.towaitB.tobewaitingC.tohavewaitedD.tohavebeenwaiting30.Ourprofessorhasjustcomebackfromaboard.Heseemshistripverymuch.A.toenjoyB.tohaveenjoyedC.tobeenjoyingD.tohavebeenenjoying31.---WhyhasJacknotcomeyetnow?Anythingwrongwithhim?---Hedidn,tpassthetestbuthestill.A.hopessoB.hopesthatC.hopestoD.hopesitThehousesarefortheteachersandtheconstructionworkwillstartsoon.-可編輯修改-A.builtB.tobebuiltC.tobuildD.beingbuiltThelastpersonthesinkingshipwasthecaptain.A.leftB.leaveC.toleaveD.tobeleaving---Whywashefined?---Hehappenedtoseveralflowersinthepark.A.beseenpickB.beseenpickingC.becaughttopickD.catchpickingItisimpossibleforanyonethesephotographsbefore,becauseMr.Newmanhadthemdevelopedtoday.A.havingseenB.tohaveseenC.toseeD.seeing1-5AACBA6-10BAAAB11-15ACCBD16-20DBCCD21-25BDDCC26-30