12021年12月英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題及答案解析(第三套)PartIWriting(30minutes)minutestowriteanessaybasedontheshortpassagegivenbelow.Inyouressay,youaretocommentonthephenomenontorecognizefalseinformationontheinternet,judgethereliabilityofonline(略)PartII(略)Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswertheDomusiclessonsreallymakechildrensmarter?[A]Arecentanalysisfoundthatmostresearchmischaracterizestherelationshipbetweenmusicandskillsenhancement.[B]In2004,apaperappearedinthejournalPsychologicalScience,titled“MusicLessonsEnhanceIQ.”Theauthor;composerandpsychologistGlennSchellenberghadconductedanexperimentwith144childrenrandomlyassignedtofourgroups:onelearnedthekeyboardforayear,onetooksinginglessons,onejoinedanactingclass,andacontrolgrouphadnoextracurriculartraining.TheIQofthechildreninthetwomusicalgroupsrosebyanaverageofsevenpointsinthecourseofayear;cationenhanceschildren'sabstractreasoning,math,orlanguagesills.Ifchildrenwhoplaythepianoaresmarter,hesays,itdoesn'tnecessarilymeantheyaresmarterbecausetheyplaythepiano.Itcouldbethattheyoungsterswhoplaythepianoalso2happentobemoreambitiousorbetteratfocusingonatask.Correlation,afterall,doesnotprovecausation.[D]The2004paperwasspecificallydesignedtoaddressthoseconcerns.Andasapassionatemusician,Schellenbergwasdelightedwhenheturnedupcredibleevidencethatmusichastransfereffectsongeneralintelligence.Butnearlyadecadelater,in2013,theEducationEndowmentFoundationfundedabiggerstudywithmorethan900students.ThatstudyfailedtoconfirmSchellenberg'sfindings,producingnoevidencethatmusiclessonsimprovedmathandliteracyskills.[E]Schellenbergtookthatnewsinstridewhilecontinuingtocastaskepticaleyeontheresearchinhisfield,Recently,hedecidedtoformallyinvestigatejusthowoftenhisfellowresearchersinpsychologyandneurosciencemakewhathebelievesareerroneous-oratleastpremature-causalconnectionsbetweenmusicandintelligence.Hisresults,publishedinMay,suggesthatmanyofhispeersdojustthat.[F]Forhisrecentstudy,Schellenbergaskedtworesearchassistantstolookforcorrelationalstudiesontheeffectsofmusiceducation.Theyfoundatotalof114paperspublishedsince2000.Toassesswhethertheauthorsclaimedanycausation,researchersthenlookedfortelltaleverbsineachpaper'stitleandabstract,verbslike“enhance”,"promote”,“facilitate”,and"strengthen”.Thepaperswerecategorizedasneuroscienceifthestudyemployedabrainimagingmethodlikemagneticresonance,orifthestudyappearedinajournalthathad"brain”,"neuroscience”,orarelatedterminitstitle.Otherwisethepaperswerecategorizedaspsychology.Schellenbergdidn'ttellhisassistantswhatexactlyhewastryingtoprove.[G]Aftercomputingtheirassessments,Schellenbergconcludedthatthemajorityofthearticleserroneouslyclaimedthatmusictraininghadacausaleffect.Theoverselling,healsofound,wasmoreprevalentamongneurosciencestudies,threequartersofwhichmischaracterizedamereassociationbetweenmusictrainingandskillsenhancementasacause-and-effectrelationship.Thismaycomeasasurprisetosome.Psychologistshavebeenbattlingchargesthattheydon'tdo“real"scienceforsometime-inlargepartbecausemanyfindingsfromclassicexperimentshaveprovedunreproducible.Neuroscientists,ontheotherhand,armedwithbrainscansandEEGs(腦電圖),havenotbeensubjecttothesamedegreeofcritique.[H]Toargueforacause-and-effectrelationship,scientistsmustattempttoexplainwhyandhowaconnectioncouldoccur.Whenitcomestotransfereffectsofmusic,scientistsfrequentlypointtobrainplasticity-thefactthatthebrainchangesaccordingtohowweuseit.Whenachildlearnstoplaytheviolin,forexample,severalstudieshaveshownthatthebrainregionresponsibleforthefinemotorskillsofthelefthand'sfingersislikelytogrow.Andmanyexperimentshaveshownthatmusicaltrainingimprovescertainhearingcapabilities,likefilteringvoicesfrombackgroundnoiseordistinguishingthedifferencebetweentheconsonants(輔音)‘b’and‘g’.[I]ButSchellenbergremainshighlycriticalofhowtheconceptofplasticityhasbeenappliedinhisfield.“Plasticityhasbecomeanindustryofitsown,”hewroteinhisMaypaper.Practicedoeschangethebrain,heallows,butwhatisquestionableistheassertionthatthesechangesaffectotherbrainregions,suchasthoseresponsiblefor3spatialreasoningormathproblems.[J]NeuropsychologistLutzJanckeagrees.“Mostofthesestudiesdon'tallowforcausalinferences,”hesaid.Forovertwodecades,Janckehasresearchedtheeffectsofmusiclessons,andlikeSchellenberg,hebelievesthattheonlywaytotrulyunderstandtheireffectsistorunlongitudinalstudies.Insuchstudies,researcherswouldneedtofollowgroupsofchildrenwithandwithoutmusiclessonsoveralongperiodoftime-eveniftheassignmentsarenotcompletelyrandom.Thentheycouldcompareoutcomesforeachgroup.[K]Someresearchersarestaringtodojustthat.TheneuroscientistPeterSchneiderfromHeidelbergUniversityinGermany,forexample,hasbeenfollowingagroupofchildrenfortenyearsnow.Someofthemwerehandedmusicalinstrumentsandgivenlessonsthroughaschool-basedprogramintheRuhrregionofGermanycalledJedemKindeinInstrument,oraninstrumentforeverychild,"whichwascarriedoutwithgovernmentfunding.Amongthesechildren,Schneiderhasfoundthatthosewhowereenthusiasticaboutmusicandwhopracticedvoluntarilyshowedimprovementsinhearingability,aswellasinmoregeneralcompetencies,suchastheabilitytoconcentrate.[L]Toestablishwhethereffectssuchasimprovedconcentrationarecausedbymusicparticipationitself,andnotbyinvestingtimeinanextracurricularactivityofanykind,AssalHabibi,apsychologyprofessoratthesUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,isconducingafive-yearlongitudinalstudywithchildrenfromlow-incomecommunitiesinLosAngeles.Theyoungstersfallintothreegroups:thosewhotakeafterschoolmusic,thosewhodoafter-schoolsports,andthosewithnostructuredafter-schoolprogramatall.Aftertwoyears,Habibiandhercolleaguesreportedseeingstructuralchangesinthebrainsofthemusicallytrainedchildren,bothlocallyandinthepathwaysconnectingdifferentpartsofthebrain.[M]Thatmayseemcompelling,butHabibi'schildrenwerenotselectedrandomly.Didthechildrenwhoweredrawntomusicperhapshavesomethinginthemfromthestartthatmadethemdifferentbuteludedthebrainscanners?“Assomebodywhostartedtakingpianolessonsattheageoffiveandgotupeverymorningatseventopractice,thatexperiencechangedmeandmademepartofwhoIamtoday,”Schellenbergsaid.Thequestioniswhetherthosekindsofexperiencesdososystematicallyacrossindividualsandcreateexactlythesamechanges.AndIthinkthatisthathugeleapoffaith.”[N]Didhehaveahiddentalentthatothersdidn'thave?Ormoreendurancethanhispeers?Musicresearcherstend,likeSchellenberg,tobemusiciansthemselves,andashenotedinhisrecentpaper,“theideaofpositivecognitiveandneuralsideeffectsfrommusictraining(andotherpleasurableactivities)isinherentlyappealing.”Healsoadmitsthatifhehadchildrenofhisown,hewouldencouragethemtotakemusiclessonsandgotouniversity.“Iwouldthinkthatitmakesthembetterpeople,morecritical,justwiseringeneral,”hesaid.[O]Butthoseconvictionsshouldbecheckedattheentrancetothelab,headded.Otherwise,theworkbecomesreligionorfaith.“Youhavetoletgoofyourfaithifyouwanttobeascientist.”436.GlennSchellenberg'slatestresearchsuggestsmanypsychologistsandneuroscientistswronglybelieveinthecausalrelationshipbetweenmusicandIQ.37.Thebeliefinthepositiveeffectsofmusictrainingappealstomanyresearcherswhoaremusiciansthemselves.38.GlennSchellenbergwasdoubtfulabouttheclaimthatmusiceducationhelpsenhancechildren'sintelligence.39.GlennSchellenbergcametotheconclusionthatmostofthepapersassessedmadethewrongclaimregardingmusic'seffectonintelligence.40.Youmustabandonyourunverifiedbeliefsbeforeyoubecomeascientist.41.Lotsofexperimentshavedemonstratedthatpeoplewithmusictrainingcanbetterdifferentiatecertainsounds.42.GlennSchellenberg'sfindingsatthebeginningofthiscenturywerenotsupportedbyalargerstudycarriedoutsometenyearslater.43.OneresearchersharesGlennSchellenberg'sviewthatitisnecessarytoconductlong-termdevelopmentalstudiestounderstandtheeffectsofmusictraining.44.GlennSchellenberg'sresearchassistantshadnoideawhathewastryingtoproveinhisnewstudy.45.GlennSchellenbergadmitsthatpracticecanchangecertainareasofthebrainbutdoubtsthatthechangecanaffectotherareas.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.ageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThetrendtowardrationalityandenlightenmentwasendangeredlongbeforetheadventoftheWorldWideWeb.AsNeilPostmannotedinhis1985bookAmusingOurselvestoDeath,theriseoftelevisionintroducednotjustanewmediumhutanewdiscourse:agradualshiftfromatypographic(印刷的)culturetoaphotographicone,whichinturnmeantashiftfromrationalitytoemotions,expositiontoentertainment.Inanimage-centeredandpleasure-drivenworld,Postmannoted,thereisnoplaceforrationalthinking,becauseyousimplycannotthinkwithimages.Itistextthatenablesusto"uncoverlies,confusionsandovergeneralizations,andtodetectabusesoflogicandcommonsense.Italsomeanstoweighideas,tocompareandcontrastassertions,toconnectonegeneralizationtoanother.”Thedominanceoftelevisionwasnotconfinedtoourlivingrooms.Itoverturnedallofthosehabitsofmind,fundamentallychangingourexperienceoftheworld,affectingtheconstructivelyandtactfully,exactlyhowtheirinflatedsenseof5deservingnessissomewhatdistorted.They'dthengofurthertoexplainthespecific,andobjective,criteriatheemployeemustmeettoreceivetheirdesiredrewards.Thisshiftawayfromunrealisticexpectationsissuccessfulbecauseentitledemployeesfeelmoreconfidentthatethicalleaderswilldeliverontheirpromises.Thisoccursbecausethey'reperceivedtobefairandtrustworthy.Theresearchers,however,exercisecautionbywarningnoonesingleresponseintheperfectremedy.Butthere'snodenyingethicalleadershipisatleastacriticalstepintherightdirection.51.Whatdoesarecentstudyfindaboutagrowingnumberofworkers?A)Theyattempttomakemorecontributions.B)Theyfeeltheydeservemotethantheyget.C)Theyattachimportancetojobsatisfaction.D)Theytrytodiminishworkplacedysfunction.52.Whydon'tsomeemployeesworkhardaccordingtomanyscholars?A)Theylackastrongsenseofself-worth.B)Theywerespoiledwhengrowingup.C)Theyhavereceivedunfairtreatment.D)Theyareoverindulgedbytheirboss.53.Whatisamanagersupposedtodotoenableworkerstodoabetterjob?A)Beawareoftheiremotions.B)Givethemtimelypromotions.C)Keeparecordoftheirperformance.D)Seekwaystosustaintheirmotivation.54.Whatdotheresearchfindingsrevealaboutethicalleaders?A)Theyareheldaccountablebytheiremployees.B)Theyarealwaystransparentintheirlikesanddislikes.C)Theyconveytheirrequirementsinastraightforwardway.D)Theymakeitapointtobeongoodtermwiththeiremployees.55.Whatkindofleadersareviewedasethicalbyentitledemployees?A)Thosewhocanbecountedontofulfillcommitments.B)Thosewhocandothingsbeyondnormalexpectations.C)Thosewhoexercisecautioninmakingmajordecisions.D)Thosewhoknowhowtosatisfytheiremployees'needs.49.WhatdoesthepassagesayabouttheWorldWideWeb?A)Itwasdevelopedprimarilyforuniversitiesworldwide.B)Itwascreatedtoconnectpeopleindifferentcountries.C)Itwasviewedasameanstoquestforknowledge.D)Itwasdesignedasadiscussionforumforuniversitystudents.50.Whatdowelearnaboutusersofsocialmedia?6A)Theyarebentonlookingforanalternativespaceforescape.B)Theyareconstantlyseekingapprovalfromtheiraudience.C)Theyareforeverengagedinhuntingfornewinformation.D)Theyareunabletofocustheirattentionontasksforlong.ageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Accordingtoarecentstudy,asmallbutgrowingproportionoftheworkforceisaffectedtosomedegreebyasenseofentitlement.Workislessaboutwhattheycancontributebutmoreaboutwhattheycantake.Itcanleadtoworkplacedysfunctionanddiminishtheirownjobsatisfaction.I'mnotreferringtoemployeeswhoarelegitimatelydissatisfiedwiththeiremploymentconditionsdueto,say,beingdeniedfairpayorflexibleworkpractices.I'mtalkingaboutthosewhoconsistentlybelievetheydeservespecialtreatmentandgenerousrewards.It'sanexpectationthatexistsirrespectiveoftheirabilitiesorlevelsofperformance.Asaresultofthatdiscrepancybetweentheprivilegestheyfeelthey'reowedandtheirinflatedsenseofself-worth,theydon'tworkashardfortheiremployer.Theypreferinsteadtoslackoff.It'satendencywhichmanyscholarsbelievebeginsinchildhoodduetoparentswhooverindulgetheirkids.Thistherebyleadsthemtoexpectthesamekindofspoilttreatmentthroughouttheiradultlives.Andyetdespitehowtheseemployeesfeel,it'sobviouslyimportantfortheirmanagertononethelessfindouthowtokeepthemmotivated.And,byvirtueofthatheightenedmotivation,toperformwell.TheresearchteamfromseveralAmericanuniversitiessurveyedmorethan240individuals.Theysampledmanagersaswellasteammembers.Employeeentitlementwasmeasuredbystatementssuchas“IhonestlyfeelI'mjustmoredeservingthanothers”.Therespondentshadtoratetheextentoftheiragreement.Employeeengagement,meanwhile,wasassessedwithstatementslike“Ireallythrowmyselfintomywork.”Thefindingsrevealedethicalleadershipispreciselywhatalleviatesthenegativeeffectsofemployeeentitlement.That'sbecauseratherthanindulgingemployeesorneglectingthem,ethicalleaderscommunicateverydirectandclearexpectations.Theyalsoholdemployeesaccountablefortheirbehaviorsandaregenuinelycommittedtodoingtherightthing.Additionally,theseleadersareconsistentintheirstandardsTheyrealsolesslikelytodeviateinhowtheytreatemployees.Thismeans,whenconfrontedbyanentitledteammember,anethicalleaderissignificantlydisinclinedtoaccommodatetheirdemands.Heorshewillinsteadpointout,conductofpolitics,religion,business,andculture.Itreducedmanyaspectsofmodernlifetoentertainment,sensationalism,andcommerce."Americansdon'ttalktoeachother,weentertaineachother,”P(pán)ostmanwrote.“Theydon'texchangeideas,theyexchangeimages.Theydonotarguewithpropositions,theyarguewithgoodlooks,celebritiesandcommercials.”Atfirst,thewebseemedtopushagainstthisrend.Whenitemergedtowardsthe7endofthe1980sasapurelytext-based,itwasseenasatooltopursueknowledge,notpleasure.Reasonandthoughtweremostvaluedinthisgarden—allderivedfromtheprojectoftheEnlightenment.Universitiesaroundtheworldwereamongthefirsttoconnecttothisnewmedium,whichhosteddiscussiongroups,informativepersonalorgroupblogs,electronicmagazines,andacademicmailinglistsandforums.Itwasanintellectualproject,notaboutcommerceorcontrol,createdinascientificresearchcenterinSwitzerland.Andformorethanadecade.thewebcreatedanalternativespacethatthreatenedtelevision'sgriponsociety.Socialnetworks,though,havesincecolonizedthewebfortelevision'svalues.FromFacebooktoInstagram,themediumrefocusesourattentiononvideosandimages,rewardingemotionalappeals—'like'buttons-overrationalones.Insteadofaquestforknowledge,itengagesusinanendlesszest(熱情)forinstantapprovalfromanaudience,forwhichweareconstantlybutunconsciouslyperforming.(It'stellingthat,whileGooglebeganlifeasaPhDthesis,Facebookstartedasatooltojudgeclassmates'appearances.)Itreducesourcuriositybyshowingusexactlywhatwealreadywantandthink,basedonourprofilesandpreferences.TheEnlightenment'smotto(座右銘)of‘Daretoknow'hasbecome'Darenottocaretoknow'.46.WhatdidNeilPostmansayabouttheriseoftelevision?A)Itinitiatedachangefromdominanceofreasontosupremacyofpleasure.B)Itbroughtaboutagradualshiftfromcinemagoinglohomeentertainment.C)Itstartedarevolutioninphotographictechnology.D)Itmarkedanewageintheentertainmentindustry.47.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheadvantageoftextreading?A)Itgivesoneacestohugeamountsofinformation.B)Itallowsmoreinformationtobeprocessedquickly.C)Itiscapableofenrichingone'slife.D)Itisconducivetocriticalthinking.48.HowhastelevisionimpactedAmericans?A)Ithasgiventhemalotmoretoargueabout.B)Ithasbroughtcelebritiesclosertotheirlives.C)Ithasmadethemcaremoreaboutwhattheysay.D)Ithasrenderedtheirinteractionsmoresuperficial.on(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefrom8級(jí)別最高。延安是全國(guó)愛(ài)國(guó)主義、革命傳統(tǒng)和延安精神教育基地。延安有9個(gè)革命紀(jì)念館，珍藏著中共中央和老一輩革命家在延安時(shí)期留存下來(lái)的大量重要物品，因此享有“中國(guó)革命博物館城”的美譽(yù)。六級(jí)2021年12月532021年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試真題(三)答案與詳解tIting結(jié)構(gòu)框圖：MyViewonParentalection范文點(diǎn)評(píng)：參考范文精彩點(diǎn)評(píng)MyViewonParentalOverprotection【1】Nowadays,childrenarethefocusofmanyfamilies,shoulderingthehopeoftheirparents.Therefore,it'shardforthesetheireverymovesothattheynevergethurt.Consequently,childrenbecomesoreliantontheirparentsthattheyhavenoindependentthoughtsorcreativeideas.Suchasituationisofgreatconcern.【2】Inmyview,overprotectionandtoomuchcarearenotbeneficialtochildren'sdevelopment.【3】Tobeginwith,parentsshouldhaveenoughfaithinwithreadytousesolutionsparentsshouldencouragechildrentocomeupwiththeirownideas.withknowledgeandremindthemtobecareful.【5】Beyondthat,theprocessofsucceeding,andit'scrucialtochildren'semotionalintelligencedevelopment.【6】Asthesayinggoes,toomuchwaterdrownedthemiller.Soitisadvisableforourparentstoletgoandlaunchchildrenonthejourneytoindependence.【1】描述現(xiàn)象，引出話(huà)題：父母的過(guò)度保護(hù)讓孩子缺乏獨(dú)立性和創(chuàng)【2】先表明自己的觀點(diǎn)，指出過(guò)度的保護(hù)和過(guò)多的關(guān)心對(duì)孩子的發(fā)展是不利的。eginwithandthebestthingourparentscandoisto和beyondthat給出了自己的建議：首先，父母要對(duì)孩子有信心;再則，父母能做的最好的事情就是用知識(shí)武裝孩子，并適時(shí)提醒他們;此外，父母應(yīng)意識(shí)到失敗是很自然的事情。【6】用俗語(yǔ)“過(guò)猶不及”總結(jié)全文，重申自己的觀點(diǎn)，建議父母應(yīng)放手，讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立。話(huà)題詞匯：monitor監(jiān)視devoteoneselfto...獻(xiàn)身于……h(huán)elicopterparenting直升機(jī)式的教養(yǎng)方式greenhouseflowers溫室里的花朵toomuchwaterdrownedthemiller過(guò)猶不及六級(jí)2021年12月54答案詳解干是對(duì)D)段的歸納概括。題干中的separatedfromtheircommunity對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的separatedfromthetribe,題干中的canhardlysurvive是對(duì)原文中areessentialtooursurvival和wasadeath的socialbonds對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的friendsandfamily,題干中的prioritize對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的“select...closeto定位到文章M)段第一句。題干中的mostoften對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的themostfrequent,題干中的thoseclosetothem是對(duì)原文中peoplewhoarenearby的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案ression和thosedeartothem定位到F)段第二句。己在乎的人面前顯得很好。題干中的leaveafavorableimpression對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的makeuslookgood,題干中的thosedeartothem是對(duì)原文中thepeoplewecareabout的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為F)。books和changingpeople'sbeliefs定位到文章N)六級(jí)2021年12月55干中的face-to-facecommunication對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的conversationsordebates,題干中的abetter干中的changingpeople'sbeliefs是對(duì)原文中socialbonds和knowingthetruth定位到E)段第onmanyoccasions是原文中inmanycircumstances的同義表達(dá)，題干中的benefitmorefrom對(duì)應(yīng)原文中的morehelpfulto,題干中ndssocialconnectioningthetruthestablishsocialconnection定位到文章I)段第段定位句的歸納概括。題干中的changesomebody'sbeliefs是對(duì)原文中changepeop