第一章名詞一、名詞的分類：名詞就其詞匯意義可分為專出名詞和一般名詞。一般名詞又可分為可數名詞和不行數名詞。專出名詞：BeijingSmiththeUnitedNations個體名詞：man,expert,factory可數名詞會合名詞：audience（觀眾），class,family一般名詞：物質名詞：water,coal,rice不行數名詞抽象名詞：surprise,honour,help二、可數名詞的復數形式1．一般狀況，直接加-s。port（港口）→ports；technique（技術）—techniques．以s,x,ch,sh結尾發[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的詞，加—esbus—buses,box—boxes,bush—bushesbranch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach詞尾發k，故復數直接加-s）3．輔音字母+y，變y為i，加-esuniversity—universities前為元音字母，直接加-sboy—boys4．以O結尾加-eshero—heroesO前為元音字母，及部格外來詞直接加-szoo—zoosradio—radiopiano—pianosphoto—photos5．以f或fe結尾，變f或fe為v，再加-esleaf—leaveswife—wives※以下f結尾單詞直接加-sbelief—beliefs（信念）roof—roofs（屋頂）proof—proofs（憑證）safe—safes（保險柜）chief—chiefs（領袖）gulf—gulfs（海灣）．不規則名詞man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,goose—geese,mouse—mice,child—children,ox—oxen1：有些可數名詞的單復數相同，要依據上下文的意義來確立其單數仍是復數，比如：sheep羊fish魚deer鹿means手段，方法works工廠，作品series系列2：在些可數名詞，只有單數形式，但表示復數意義。假如作主語，謂語動詞用復數形式。如：cattle牛people人民police警察注3：會合名詞既可看作單數（作為整體），也可看作復數（作為集體的各個成員）。比如：audience（觀眾）class（班級）family（家庭）group（小組）Herfamilyiswell-knownintheregion.

她家在該地區是豪門望族。Hisfamilyarequarrellingseverelyabouttheproperty.她的家人正在為分財產激烈地爭執。改錯：1.Everypossiblemeanshavebeentriedtocuretheboyofhisillness.ABCDFishalwayssellswellinthemarketsbecausefishcontainsrichprotein,whichcanbuildyouup.ABCD3.Isitthepolicewhoissearchingthehouseforawantedcriminal（罪犯）?AB

CD三、不行數名詞物質名詞、抽象名詞均屬不行數名詞。前面不可以加不定冠詞a/an，詞尾也不可以加—s。請切記以下典型的不行數名詞。news信息information信息advice忠告，建議progress進步，進展knowledge知識weather天氣fun樂趣equipment設施English英語furniture家具wealth財產damage破壞traffic交通，車輛及行人baggage/luggage行李clothing衣服，穿著※word信息，信息work工作homework家庭作業housework家務改錯：1．Whatafunitistobebathedinsunlightonthebeachinsummer.ABCD2．Atthethoughtofgainingsuchgreatwealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters,hewasfullofjoyABCD3．Whatpleasantsurpriseitistobringmesuchanicegift!ABCD4．Ifeelitgreathonourtobeinvitedtogiveadviceonyourteachingpapers.ABCD5．Wordofhissuddendeathcameasshocktous.ABCD說明1：部分抽象名詞可與a（an）連用，此時詞義發生變化，表示某種事或人。這些詞有：surprise,pleasure,shock,honour,help,success等。當這種詞在句中作表語（例3），作賓補（例4）及在介詞as以后，詞義發生變化，往常要加a/an。說明2：paper表示“紙”不行數。表示“報紙、論文、書面作文、試卷、文件、有價證券”為可數名詞。四、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格往常在名詞后加—’s構成，用于表示所屬關系。用于以下狀況：）表示有生命的名詞mybrother’scarchildren’sbooks（少兒讀物）students’rooms）表示國家、城市、地區的名詞China’spopulation

Beijing

’sweather3）表示天體、時間、距離、金錢的名詞themoon’ssurfacetenyearstoday’snewspapers20dollars

’’

hardwork十年的辛勤worthofastamp一張價值

20美元的郵票其余無生命的名詞往常用“of+名詞”的短語表示所屬關系。theobjectofthesentencethetitleofthefilm

句子的賓語電影的名字五、名詞的作用）名詞在句中可作主語、賓語、表語、賓語補足語。Mr.Liholdsanimportantpositioninthegovernmentoffice.主語賓語Weelectedhimmonitorofourclass.賓語賓補2

）名詞還作其余名詞的前置定語，用于改正確說明某物的用途，性質，構成資料等。ateacup茶杯acarnumber車牌號ashoeshop鞋店astonebridge石橋※※名詞作定語一定用單數。man,woman作定語，用單數仍是復數由被修飾的名詞的單復數決定。sport作定語，單復數形式均可。amanteacher一個男教師tenwomendoctors十個女醫生asport（s）shirt運動衫thearmsrace武器比賽（特例）選：ItissaidthattheAirForceabout$80millionayear.Reallyaproblem,isn

’tit?A．birdhitcost

B

．birdshitcosts

C

．birdhitscost

D

．birdhitcosts此題題義：空軍每年因飛鳥撞擊飛機造成的損失達大概八千萬美元。考察的是名詞作定語。名詞作定語一定用單數，故可考慮的答案為A、C。又因一年內鳥擊飛機事件多次發生，應選C。六、學習名詞，特別要注意的問題）正確掌握詞義，重視近義詞的辯析選：Oneoftheadvantageoflivingonthetopfloorofahighriseisthatyoucangetagood.（2001年上海高考題）A．sightB．sceneC．viewD．look辯析：sight1.看見2.視力3.視線4.風景scene1.（事件發生的）現場2.場面;情況3.風景

4.（拍電影）場景，（舞臺）部署view1.look1.

瞭望2.視線3.風景，風景。看2.神情,表情looks=appearance

相貌本句意為：住在高層建筑頂層的優勝之一，是能清楚瞭望到全部。故此題答案為C。最近幾年來高考試卷特別重視對名詞的考察，是要點熱門之一。）正確掌握名詞前冠詞的使用規則選：1.Summerin________southofFrancearefor________mostpartdryandsunny.A./;aB.the,/C./,/2．Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.A．the；aB．不填；aC．the

animals；the

D.the,theofdifferentD．不填；the名詞練習1.Heisamanof________andhehas_______interesting_______inhislife.A.muchexperience;alotof;experiencesB.manyexperiences;much;experienceC.manyexperience;much;experienceD.manyexperiences;alotof;experience2.Perhapsweneedtoclearawaythesebookstomake_______forournewstudents.A.placeB.areaC.roomD.space3.Ifyouaredrivingtotheairport,canyougivemea_______?A.handB.seatC.driveD.lift4.Beingabletospeakanotherlanguagefluentlyisagreat______whenyouarelookingforajob.A.chanceB.importanceC.assistantD.advantage5.The_______ofbuildingtheGreatTheater______onlyoneyear.A.job;spentB.work;spentC.position,tookD.works,took6.Hehadrunawayfromhomeandgoneto_______whenhewas16yearsold.A.theseaB.aseaC.seasD.seaOnlyonethirdofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingwere_________thenewrules.A.infavourofB.inagreementofC.inforD.witthesideof8.Everybodythinkslittleofthefilm.Infact,thereisno______ofitbeingtriedoutinthefilmfestival.A.signB.useC.possibilityD.doubt9.Canyour________withyou----money,jewellery,camerasandsoon.A.giftsB.suitcaseC.bagsD.valuablesStudentsshouldbeencouragedtofinishtheirhomework_______.A.ofthemselvesB.oftheirownC.fortheirownD.ontheirownWhenheisangry,his_______standsuponend.A.headB.uniformC.hairD.skin12.HisletterwassoconfusingthatIcouldhardlymakeany______ofit.A.explanationB.meaningC.senseD.guess13.---IsMrSmithin?---No,he’saskedfor_______leave.A.atwoweek’sB.atwo-weekC.atwo-week’sD.atwoweeks-----______carcrashedintoatreeyesterday.Theymusthavebeendrivingtoofast.----Everyboyandeverygirl_____todrivethatfast.A.TomandJane’s;wishB.Tom’sandJane’s;wishesC.TomandJanes;likesD.TomsandJanes;want15.________MrWanghas!Healmostneverrememberswhereheleaveshiskeys.A.WhatapoormemoryB.WhatpoormemoryC.HowgoodamemoryD.Howpoormemory16.The_____changeofweathermayhavesome_____hishealth.A.sudden;causedB.sudden;effectonC.suddenly;badresultstoD.suddenly;effecton17.Becausepricesoffoodandclothingandalmosteverythingelseinthatcountryhavesteadilygoneupthebuying_______ofthedollarhasgonedown.A.energyB.forceC.powerD.strength18._______ofEnglishishelpfulifyouaredevotedto_______Englishliterature.A.Agoodknowledge;studyB.Agoodknowledge;studyingC.Goodknowledge;studyD.Goodknowledge;studying19.---Fewchildrenareasbrightasheis,andalso,heworksveryhard.---It’sno_______thathealwaysgetsthefirstplaceinanyexamination.A.doubtB.problemC.questionD.wonder20.Mary’shandwritingisbetterthan_______inherclass.A.anyoneelseB.anyoneelse’sC.anyone’selseD.otherstudents21.Itreallydoesn’tmakeany_____whethertobuyalaptopcomputeroradesktopcomputer.A.choiceB.decisionC.differenceD.senseManystudentssignedupforthe_____raceinthesportsmeetingtobeheldnextweek.A.800-meter-longB.800-meters-longC.800meterlengthD.800meterslengthHisbehaviouratthepartylastnightseemedrather______.Manyofuswerequitesurprised.A.outofpracticeB.outofplaceC.outofpolitenessD.outofpity24.Thesefootballplayershadnostrict______untiltheyjoinedourclub.A.practiceB.educationC.trainingD.exercise25.Ifitwasnotanaccident,hemusthavedoneit________.A.onpurposeB.incommonC.onoccasionD.intime26.Wemustkeepourroomclean.Dirtanddiseasego_______.A.fromtimetotimeB.handinhandC.stepbystepD.oneafteranother27._____isknowntousall,_____feedongrasswhilehorsesongrain.A.It,cattleB.This;cattlesC.What;cattlesD.As;cattle28.______everyonecanhearthespeakerthereisno______inturninguptheradio.A.Nowthat;pointB.Evenif;pointC.Nowthat,needD.Evenif;need29.ShellyhadpreparedcarefullyforherEnglishexaminationsothatshecouldbesureofpassingitonherfirst_______.A.intentionB.attemptC.purposeD.desire30.Noonehasyetsucceededinexplainingthe______ofhowlifebegan.A.causeB.problemC.reasonD.puzzleJacktriedhardtogetagoldmedalinthisWinterOlympicGamesbuthehadno______.A.luckB.timeC.fateD.entrance32.Theyoungmanoweshissuccesstomanypeople,hisparents_______.A.afterallB.bychanceC.onpurposeD.inparticular33.Ishouldliketotrythatcoaton,forIdon’tknowifitismy_______.A.shapeB.modelC.designD.sizeItisimportantforustoemployawordorphrasetothe_______inlanguagestudies.A.situationB.expressionC.conditionD.translation35.FlightBA123toViennaisnowboardingat_______.stA.Gate21B.21GateC.theGate21D.21Gate----Shallwetakeawalkbeforedinner?Oh,yes,______ismyfavouritetimeofaday.A.theearlyeveningsB.intheearlyeveningC.theearlyoftheeveningD.earlyevening37.Beingpoor,shehadtoborrowanew_______soastoattendtheparty.A.clothB.clothesC.clothingD.dress38.Popularmusicislikedbymanypeople,butitisnottoeveryone’s_______.A.mannersB.smellC.tasteD.thought39.Suchgood______shouldbemadeofone’ssparetimetostudyanotherforeignlanguage.A.chanceB.choiceC.decisionD.use40.Shethoughtthepaintingwasoflittle______,soshelethimhaveitforonly$15.A.costB.importantC.priceD.valueTherearethree_______inourclinic.A.womandoctorB.womandoctorsC.womendoctorD.womendoctorsItriedevery______tomakehimgiveupsmoking.A.meanB.waysC.meaningD.means43.______willconquernature.A.ThemanB.ManC.AnymanD.Themen44.YesterdayIwasinvitedtothedinnerat_______.A.TurnersB.theTurnersC.Turners’D.theTurners’45.Jesswenttoa_______forsomeshoes.A.shoes’storeB.shoestoreC.shoe’sstoreD.shoesstore46.Standingontopofthemountain,you’llgetawonderful_______.A.joyB.seeingC.viewD.nature47.Hewaschosen_____ofthecompany.A.managerB.amanagerC.themanagerD.asamanager48.---WhatcanIdoforyou?---I’dliketohavea______ofChinaDaily.A.pieceB.sheetC.lotD.copy49.______itistolistentomusic!A.HowfunB.HowafunC.WhatafunD.Whatfun50.Whattheexperthassaidanddonewillbe_______tothedepartmentA.valueB.benefitC.ofvaluableD.ofbenefit

managers.1-5ACDDD6-10DACDD11-15CCBCA16-20BCBDB21-25CABCA26-30BDABA31-35ADDAA36-40DDCDD41-45DDBDB6-50CADDD第二章主謂一致句子的謂語動詞和句子的主語應在數方面保持一致。主謂一致的基來源則是：主語是單數，謂語動詞用單數形式；主語是復數，謂語動詞用復數形式。句子的主語有以下幾種種類：．帶后置定語型。其謂語動詞的形式依主語的單復數而定，與后置定語沒關。together）with?except/but?S+besides?Vratherthan?aswellas?Alibrarytogetherwithalotofbookshasbeengiventoourschoolasagift.Twopilotsaswellasallthepassengerswerekilledinthisplanecrash.兩個飛翔員連同所有游客都死于此次空難。．部分—整體型。其謂語的單復數，由整體部分決定。percenttwo-thirdspartofthe/one’s+n+Vhalf（整體）alltherest1）About70%ofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredbywater.2）Partofthebooksareworthreading,buttherest（ofthem）areofnovalue.※注：all獨自作主語時，All指人謂語用復數．．．．．．．。All指物或事情謂語用單數．．．．．．．．．．。1）Allareeagertoreachanagreement.所有的人都急于達成協議。2）Allisgoingwell.全部都進展順利。3．定語僅能修飾單數名詞型，其謂語動詞用單數。Each/EveryEither/NeitherAnother+n（單數）+VManyaMorethanoneMorethanonegraduatewantstogotoworkinWesternChina.不只一個畢業生要求去中國西部工作。Manyadayhaspassedsincetheboywaslost.4．就近一致型。以下連詞連結兩個主語時，及

那個男孩失散已有很多天。therebe句型有多個并列主語，謂語應與最湊近的主語保持一致。AorB1）EitheryouorIamtomeetthematthestation.EitherAorBNeitherAnorB

不是你就是我要去車站接他們。2）Notonlytheteacherbutalsohisstudents

objecttotheplan.NotonlyAbutalsoB

3

）Thereisanair-conditioner

andtwocomputersinhisoffice.TherebeA,BandC

在他辦公室有一臺空調解二臺電腦。5．需記著的其余規則Either1）Neither

of+n

作主語，謂語用單數。EachNoneof+n（復數）作主語，謂語用單數或復數均可。Noneof+n（單數）作主語，謂語用單數。Eitheroftheanswersisright.兩個答案中有一個是對的。Noneofthecarswas/weredamaged.這些車都沒有受損。Noneofthefoodhasgonebad.食品沒有變質。）anumberof+n（復數）作主語，謂語用復數。thenumberof+n（復數）作主語，謂語用單數。Alargenumberofstudentsarefromthesouth.好多學生是南方人。Thenumberofstudentsinourschoolhasgoneupto3000.我校學生數已上漲到3000人。）關系代詞作主語，定語從句謂語動詞的形式取決于其先行詞的單復數。HeisoneofthefewpersonswhohaveagoodknowledgeofItalian.他是精曉意大利語的少量人之一。在以上句子中，persons是who的先行詞，從句謂語動詞用復數。（比較）Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswhowasgivenaprize.他是這些孩子中獨一遇到獎賞的。one從前有theonly修飾時，one是who的先行詞，從句謂語動詞用單數。）單個動名詞，不定式或主語從句作主語，謂語動詞用單數。兩個并列的動名詞，不定式或主語從句作主語，謂語動詞用復數。Whenandwheretoholdthemeetingisn’tdecidedyet.（一個不定式作主語）WhatIsayandwhatIthinkarenoneofyourbusiness.我說什么，想什么與你沒關。（兩個并列主語從句作主語）5）each,any,every,no構成的復合代詞都看作單數對待。Someoneisaskingyouonthephone.有人在打電話找你。注：復合代詞作主語，反意疑問句的主語往常用they，也可用

he。Everyonewaspresentatthemeeting,

weren’tthey

/

wasn’the

?Someonehasknownthenews,

haven’tthey

/

hasn’the

?）以“s”結尾的書刊名、國名、機構名和學科名作主語，謂語用單數。TheUnitedNationswassetupin1942.聯合國建于1942年。TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChaucer.《坎特伯雷故事集》是喬叟寫的。Economicsismymajor.經濟學是我的主修課程。7）某些形容詞或分詞和定冠詞the連用表示某類人作主語，謂語用復數。Thesickhavebeencuredandthelosthavebeenfound.病人獲取醫治，失散的也已找回來了。）由and連結兩個單數名詞作主語，謂語動詞用復數形式。EnglishandChinesearequitedifferentlanguages.and并列的主語在乎義上指同一個人，同一觀點或對峙一致的事物，謂語動詞用單數。Themanagerandsecretaryisasbusyasabeeallday.

那位經理兼秘書成天忙繁忙碌。（兩個名詞共用一個冠詞，指同一個人）Warandpeaceisacontantthemeinhistory.

戰爭與和平是歷史永久的主題。（對峙一致的一對事物）9）單復數同形的名詞如

deer,means

；會合名詞如

family

作主語，怎樣決定謂語動詞的單復數，請見第四章冠詞。Exercise1主謂一致1．I,whoyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.A．beB．amC．isD．are2．TheUnitedStatesmustlookoutoftherightsofcitizens.A．itsB．theirC．oursD．us3．SofarasIknow,morethanonepersonconnectedwiththeaccident.A．isB．hasC．areD．have4．Mathsaswellasphysicsalwaysmetomuchtrouble.A．causesB．putsC．causeD．put5．NotonlyyouandIbutPeter,thetopstudentinourgrade,notabletosolvetheproblem.A．areB．wereC．isD．am6．ThereoneortwothingsthatIhavetomention.A．isB．areC．hasD．have7．EitherIormyaccountant（會計）toblamefortheloss?A．IsB．AreC．AmD．Does8．Sofar70%ofthepoorinthisareaoutofpoverty（貧窮）withthehelpofthelocalgovernment.A．hasgotB．aregettingC．havegotD．hadgot9．Collectingstampsasahobbyincreasinglypopularduringthepasttenyears.A．becameB．becomesC．hasbecomeD．havebecome10．Whetherornotthenewplanwillproduceanypositive（踴躍的）resultstobeseen.A．remainB．isremainedC．remainsD．haveremained11．Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestbadhealth.A．leadtoB．leadstoC．resultinD．resultfrom12．Heistheonlyoneofthosespeakerswhoideasperfectlyclear.A．maketheirB．makeshisC．expresstheirD．express13．Everypossiblemeanstried,butwithoutmuchresult.A．hasbeenB．havebeenC．areD．is14．Tenminutesanhourwhenoneiswaitingforaphonecall.A．seemB．lookC．seemsD．looks15．Allwehaveseenandheardourmemory.A．isdeeplyimpressedonB．greatimpressC．arestronglyimpressedinD．highlyimpresses1-5BAABC6-10AACCC11-15BBACA第三章代詞單數復數第一第二第三第一第二第三人稱人稱人稱人稱人稱人稱人主格Iyouhesheweyouthey稱it代賓格meyouhimherusyouthem詞it物形容詞myyourhisherouryourtheir主性its代名詞性mineyourshishersoursyourstheirs詞itsmyselyourseHimselfourselvyourselvthemselv反身代詞herselfflfesesesitself一、人稱代詞的用法．人稱代詞的主格在句中作主語．人稱代詞的賓格作動詞和介詞的賓語Youcan’ttrusthim.Whoelsewantstogoforapicnicbesideshim?注1．主格，賓格均可作表語，在口語頂用賓格許多IfIwereshe,Iwouldactonthedoctor’sadvice.——Whoisknockingatthedoor?——It’sme.※注2．作主語的人稱代詞孤立地使用在無謂語動詞的句中，常用賓格——Iwantanapple.——Me,too.“What!Metosaysorrytohim?No!”3．兩個或兩個以上的人稱代詞并列時，其次序是：單數按2，3，1人稱擺列；復數按1，2，3人稱擺列。You,she（Mary）andImustattendtoday’smeeting.IandTomaretoblame.該責怪的是我和湯姆（在認可錯誤或自我責備時，說話人一般把自己放在他人從前講。）二、it的用法1．取代已提到的事物或上文說起的狀況Heboughtamagazineandlentittome.Hermotherhasdied.Itisaterribleshocktoher.

她母親死了。這對她打擊很大。2．用于It+be+n/adj句型中，說明日氣、時間、距離等Itisfreezingcoldtoday.Itisfiveminutes’ridefromheretothestation.3．（未指明但發言兩方都理解的）那件事；那種狀況。--------Doyoulikeithere?-------Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingisnice.4．取代性別尚不明的嬰兒和少兒Shewasholdingababyinherarmsanditwascrying.．作形式主語或形式賓語，取代作主語或賓語的不定式，動名詞或從句Itwaskindofyoutosendmeapresent.（it作形式主語）Imakeitaruletowalktwomilesaday.我往常一天步行二英里。（it

作形式賓語）Itakeit

thatyoudon

’tagreewithme

.我的理解是，你和我見解不同。（it作形式賓語）☆注：少量動詞，如take（理解），hate，dislike，不可以直接帶賓語從句，須在動詞和賓語從句之間，加形式賓語it。5．Itis/was?that?.構成重申句，重申句中某一部分ItwasIthat/whotoldhimaboutit.（重申主語I）三、物主代詞．形容詞性物主代詞只好作名詞的前置定語，不可以獨自使用Thosepeoplearemyschoolmates.．名詞性物主代詞獨自使用，在句中作主語，表語和賓語作主語Yourbikeisblack.Mine（Mine=Mybike）isred.作表語Thisfaultisyours,nothers.這是你的過失，不是她的錯。作賓語Thereissomethingwrongwithmybike.MayIuseyours?．名詞性物主代詞與of連用構成兩重所有格）表示部分觀點YesterdayIcameacrossanoldfriendofmine（=oneofmyoldfriends）inthestreet.2）表示重申Weshowgreatinterestinthisinventionofyours（=yourinvention）Besurenottobelievethatdaughterofhers（herdaughter）千萬別信她的那個女兒。四、反身代詞1．作動詞或介詞的賓語ShehasbeenteachingherselfEnglish.

她向來在自學英語。2Iamnotquitemyselftoday.我今日身體不太好。．作主語或賓語的同位語，譯“親身”；“自己，自己”Themayorhimselfwilllookintothematter.市長將親身檢查這件事。You’dbetteraskthepatienthimselfabouthistrouble.4I

對于病人的病情，你最好問他自己。．反身代詞的重要短語gavetheroomagoodcleaning

allby

myself.

byoneself

=alone/on

myown獨自一人Iwillbemyselfinnotime.beoneself身體或大腦正常Pleasemakeyourselfathome.請不要受拘束helponeselftosth.自行取用，任意拿取Helpyourselftoapples.Noonewasthere,soshehelpedherselftoallthemoneyonthetable.HetooneselfItisbettertothinkforyourself.thinkforonself

清醒獨立思慮，自己作出決定I’dbegrateful(thankful)ifyoukeepthisinformationtoyourself.keepsth.tooneself不把某事告訴他人五、互相代詞eachother一般指二者；oneanother一般指三者或三者以上。但此刻能夠通用，不加差異。在句中僅作賓語，不可以作主語。Weshouldcareforeachotherandhelpeachother.Theyoftenstayatoneanother’shouses.他們常常住在相互的家里。六、不定代詞1．some和anysome及復合代詞someone,something用于必定句。any及復合代詞用于否認句、疑問句和條件句。Someofthemilkhasgonebad.Ihaven’tanymoneyonme.Ifanythingunusualhappens,letmeknow.若發生異樣狀況，請告訴我。注1．若表示懇求，建議，只管是疑問句，用some，不用any。Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?ShallIbringsomefoodtotheparty?注2．any及復合代詞也可用于必定句，表示三者或三者以上中任何一個。．．．．．．Ithinkanyofhismovieswouldinterestyou.——Whichwouldyoulike,tea,coffeeorwine?——Anywilldo.隨意哪一個都行。2．each和everyeach用于重申兩個或兩個以上的人或事物中每一個。既可作定語，也可作主語和賓．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．語。Eachoftheboyshashisstrongandweakpoints.Thereisabookstoreoneachsideofthestreet.every（形容詞）用于表示三個或三個以上的人或事物中每一個．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Ihavereadeverybookhelentme.請注意以下不定代詞的特別用法或固定搭配①Ihavereaditinsomemagazine.some修飾單數可數名詞，相當于acertain

。在句中只好作定語。．．．．．②Sheissomethinglikehismother.她有點像她的母親。③Heissomethingofanexpertatcomputers.他是一個優秀的電腦專家。④Sheisnothingbutadancer.她只可是是一個跳舞的。（nothingbut=only）⑤Hewasanythingbutpleasedatthenews.聽到這個信息他一點不快樂。（anythingbut=not?atall）3．both,either,neither和all,any,noneboth二者，兩方；neither（二者）都不，（二者中）無一；either（二者之中）任何一個；all（三者或三者以上）全體人員，所有東西。none（三者或三者以上）都不。any（三者或三者以上中）任何一個。作用：1）作主語BothofhisstudentsarefromBeijing.Eitheroftheteamshasthechanceofwinning.Neitherofhisnovelsissatisfactory.Noneofushave（has）everbeenabroad.Noneofthemoneywaspaidtome.）作名詞的定語Hespentallhismoney.Bothsidesareeagertoreachanagreement.Thereisapostofficeoneithersideofthestreet.Neitherseatisoccupied.兩個位子都空著。3）both,all,each作主語同位語，位于be動詞/助動詞和行為動詞中間。作賓語同位語，置于賓語以后。Theyareboth（all）tiredofreading.Weeachhavedifferentopinionsaboutit.Iwillinviteyouboth=Iwillinvitebothofyou.選擇：——Haveyouanymoney?Ineedsomebadly.——Sorry.atall.A.NothingB.NooneC.NoneD.Alittle注1.指帶沒有上文中提到的人或物，用none.2.none不可以做定語。下句是典型病句:Luckily,nonepassengerswereinjuredinthecaraccident.3.noone僅指人；noone,nothing等不定代詞不可以接“of+n.”構造Everyoneofuslikesit.判斷以下句子能否正確。假如有錯，請改正。1．TheParkersboughtanewhouse,buttheywillneedalotofdecorationbeforetheymovein.ABCD2．Somepeoplemakemoremoneythanweteachers,fromhiswork.

butfewgainasmuchsatisfactionABCD3．BetweenyouandI,wehavenothingincommon.ABCD4．Youhavetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingcheapbecausetheresomethingleft.

is

hardlyABCD5．Themenandwomenwhopushedthefrontier（邊疆）WestwardacrossAmericaprobablyAneverthoughtofthemasbravepioneers.BCD6．MywifeandIreachedtheagreementthateverythingismoreimportantforusthanbuildingABCDasolidbankaccount.7．TherearetwobusestoBaihaiPark.Youcantakeeachofthem.ABCD8．Believeitornot.Thereissuchnothingwhichwillhappenhere.ABCD9．Hisrefusalcameasnonesurprise.Iexpectedit.ABCD10．Wheneachthepopstarsteppedintothehall,allthepeoplepresentburstintocheers.ABCD此外，代替上述之事用that,this,it；代替下文要說的事，用this：Hermotherwasill.That/Thisiswhyshecouldn’tcome.Theproblemisthis：heissufferingfromcancer.4．one和that）one代替上文提到的同種類的人或事物，但非同一個人或物。one=a+單數名詞。——Whatdoyouthinkofthewatches?——Excellent.I’mgoingtobuyone.=Igoingtobuyawatchlikethem.其復數形式為ones。Thewhitecoatsmatchthehatthantheblueones.白色上衣比藍色上衣更配這頂帽子。one只好代替可數名詞。若其有形容修飾，需加“a”；若后來有限制性后置定語，．．．．．．．．．．．需加“the”。1：Thishatistoosmallforme.Canyouchangeitforabiggerone?2：Thispictureistheonemymotherwantstohaveverymuch.2）that代替上文提到的同種類的事物。that=the+單數名詞，常用thatof?構造。例1：Myseatwasnexttothatofthemayor.（that=theseat）例2：Theairofasuburbisclearerthanthatofacity.郊野的空氣比都市的潔凈。that可代替可數名詞（例1），也可代替不行數名詞（例2）。其復數形式為those。Ourrulesarequitedifferentfromthoseofotherorganizations.one和that作“代替”的用法，是高考的一個要點熱門。5．疑問代詞who,what,which）which既可指人，也可指物。表示在必定范圍內“哪一個”。Whichoftheseideascoststheleast?在這些方法中，哪一個花銷最小？Whichdoyouprefer,classicalmusicorpopularmusic?）who（誰），what（什么）則用于無選擇范圍的狀況。Whoareyoutalkingabout?Whatisyourhobby?你的業余喜好是什么？．部分否認）everyone,everything可用于必定句、否認句和疑問句。——Iseveryonehere?——Yes,exceptLiMing.2）not與both,all,everyone,everything及副詞always,entirely/wholly（所有地）連用，表示部分否認，譯“并不是?都是”Noteveryoneiskind.=Everyoneisnotkind.并不是所有人都和善。Allyouranswersarenotcorrect.Idon’twhollyagreewithyou.我其實不完好贊同你的見解。選擇：Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid,butIdon’tagreewith.A.everythingB.anythingC.somethingD.nothing答案A7．other,theother,theothers,therest,another1）other(adj)其余的，僅作定語，修飾復數名詞。no/some/any/manyother可修飾單數或復數名詞Canwesettlethisprobleminotherways?Youhavenootherchoicebuttowait.Ihavemanyotherquestionstoask.Pleasecometomyhomesomeothertime.）another同類中另一個Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?Givemeanotherchance,please.Ineedanotherthreedollars=Ineedthreemoredollars.我還需要三美元。）others泛指其余人，他人或其余東西，常與some比較使用，表示“有的?有的?”Itislikehertothinkofothers.SomepeoplebelieveinGod;othersdon’t.）theother表示二者的另一個。Hehastwosons.Oneisthinandtheotherisfat.5）theothers/therest表示除掉一部分其余的人或物。theothers取代可數名詞；therest可取代可數或不行數名詞。Someoftheboyswentswimming,whiletheotherslayonthebeach,bathedinsunlight.一些男孩去游泳，其余的躺在沙岸上沐日光浴。用other,theother,theothers,therest,another填空：1）Idon’tknowpopmusic.SoIcanhardlytellonesongfrom.2）Youmightaswellpaintsideofthewallwhite.3）Perhapshecamehereforreasons.4）SomeoftheequipmentismadeinChina;isintroducedfromJapan.5）Wemusttrytomeettheneedsof.Exercise代詞1.Shanghaiisreallyafascinatingcityandwe’vedecidedtostayfor______twoweeks.A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.other’s2.---Doyoulike______here?---Oh,yes,theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.A.thisB.theseC.thatD.it3.Ilike_____intheautumnwhentheclimateisclearandbright.A．itB．thatC．thisD．oneWeconsidered_____logical（切合邏輯的）thatnotallplanscanbeputintopractice.A．thatB．quiteC．itD．very---Arethenewrulesworking?Yes,______booksarestolen.A．FewB．SomeC．LessD．None---Haveyouanymoneywithyou?IneedsomebadlySorry,but_____.A．notB．nothingC．noneD．quitealittle---Howmuchteaisleftinthepot?______.A．NoneB．NothingC．NotsomeD．Noone8.---Youhavenodifficultyfindingtheanswertothequestion?---_______.A.NotalittleB.NoproblemC.NoneatallD.Neither9.---Doyouhave_____readyfortonight’sparty?---No.Istillhavetosendallthelettersofinvitation.A．anythingB．somethingC．everythingD．nothing---DoyoumindifPeterjoinyouinyourwork?Yes,Ido.Iwillbegladtoworkwith_____Peter.A．anyonebutB．nooneexceptC．allbesidesD．everyoneand---WheredoyouthinkIshouldputthispotofflowers?Putiton_____sideofthemeetinghall.A．everyB．anyC．eachD．either12.Asisexpected,citieslikeCarioandJakartaprobablywould_____haveapopulationof20millionby2010.A．bothB．eachC．everyD．eitherthesameeffectonyouas______learnedbyyourself.A．whatB．itC．thatD．theone14.---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?---Didn’twejusthave_____.A．itB．thatC．oneD．this15.Ifthisdictionaryisn’tyours,______canitbe?A．whatelseB．whoelseC．whichelses’D．whoelse’s16.NewEnglish-Chinesedictionaryhasbeenrepublishedmanytimes,moreuptodatethanthelastedition.A．everyB．eitherC．eachD．any17.Theycouldn’thavedinnerinarestaurantbecause_____ofthem____money.A．all,didn’thaveB．everyone,hadnoC．none,hadanyD．noone,hadany18.MostoftheequipmentismadeinChina;_____importedfromJapan.A．othersB．theothersC．therestD．theotherItisonethingtoenjoylisteningtogoodmusic,butitisquite_____toperformskillfullyyourself.A．anotherB．otherthingC．othersD．theother20．Themanissofamiliartome.Imusthavemethimoneday_____.A．ortheotherB．oranotherC．orelseD．orsomething21.Oneofthesidesoftheboardshouldbepaintedyellow,and_____.A．theotheriswhiteB．anotherwhiteC．theotherwhiteD．therestwhite22.Iintendedtocomparenoteswithafriend,butunfortunately_____couldn’tspareevenoneminute.A.theyB.oneC.whoD.it23.Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother.Doesitmatter_____itwas?A．whereB．whatC．howD．which24．Thereis_____thing_____privateownership（私有制）oflandinChinatoday.A．nosucha,asB．nosuch,asC．suchno,asD．nosuch,like---IsDavidamanwithgoodmanners.Idon’tthinkso.Asamatteroffact,heis______butpolite.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,_____Iwillalwaystreasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what27.---CanIhelpyou?---I’dliketobuyapresentformyfather’sbirthday,_____ataproperpriceandofgreatuse.A.oneB.itC.thatD.those28.TheParkersboughtanewhousebut_____willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.---Whatdoyouthinkofheridea?IwasnotintheleastsurprisedforIhadfullyexpected______.A.thatmuchB.asmuchC.verymuchD.somuch30.---Whatanamazingfilm.It’sthemostinterestingfilmI’veeverseen.---ButI’msureitwon’tinterest_______.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody31.Heseemstohavelittle,if______,todowithit.A.soB.anyC.someD.anything32.Inthatcase,itwas______shecoulddonottocry.A.somethingB.anythingC.allD.nothing33.Ifyourdaughtercanmakewhatherteachersteach______,shewillmakerapidprogress.A.itB.thatC.herselfD.hers34.Duetolackoffundandequipment,wehave______choicethantogiveuptheexperiments.A.someotherB.otherC.anotherD.noother---Whoonearthcoulditbe?Itwas______otherthanClintEastwood.A.nobodyB.noneC.nothingD.not36.---IsJissicaadiligentstudent?---No,butsheisalazyone,if______.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.nothing1-5ADACA6-10CACCA11-15BBCCD16-20CCCAB21-25CADBD26-30BABBC31-36DCDDBC第四章

冠詞一、冠詞的種類冠詞可分紅不定冠詞a，an和定冠詞the。二、泛指和特指的定義．泛指：一般說起人或事物，不作詳細說明叫泛指。以下兩種狀況為泛指a）未明確交待的人或事物Imetherinacoffeeshopnearthestation.我在車站鄰近的一家咖啡館碰到她的。）表示數目“一”Heaskedforabookandtwomagazines.他要一本書和兩本雜志。．特指：詳細指明人或物叫特指，其基本義思是“這，那”。以下三種狀況為特指。）上文提到過的人或物Iboughtabookyesterday.Thebookisofgreatvalue.昨天我買了一本書，這本書很有價值。）說話人或聽話人心中都有數的人或事物——Whenwillthemeetingbeheld?——At2:00o’clockintheafternoon.）帶有限制性的后置定語ThemoviedirectedbyMr.ZhangYimouwasagreathit.張藝謀執導的那部電影極為叫座。三、冠詞使用的基本規則1．可數名詞泛指

特指2

單數可數名詞abookthebook復數可數名詞booksthebooks表示泛指，單數可數名詞用不定冠詞a（an），復數名詞不用冠詞。表示特指，可數單數名詞和復數可數名詞，均用定冠詞the。．物質名詞和抽象名詞物質名詞和抽象名詞不用冠詞。Bloodisthickerthanwater.血濃于水。Wisdomisbetterthanstrength.智慧勝于力量。特指的物質名詞和抽象名詞，用定冠詞the。Thesnowinfrontofthehouseisbeginningtomelt.房前的雪開始消融了。a(n)與物質名詞連用，可表示種類或一杯之量。Maotaiisanexcellentwine.Bringmeacoffee,willyou?of

選擇：Thewarmthofsweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortwoolused.A．the；theB．the；不填C．不填；the四、需要用定冠詞的其余幾種狀況

D．不填；不填．用于表示世界上獨一無二的事物名詞從前。thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld,thesky．用于表示方向名詞，序數詞和形容詞最高等從前。sailtotheeastturntotherightThisisthemostexpensiveofalltheclothes.ThisisthethirdtimethathehasbeenelectedchairmanoftheStudentUnion.．與某些形容詞或分詞連用，代表一類人或事物。Iwasbroughtuptorespecttheold.我從小就接受教育，要尊敬老人。Thebeautifulcanneverdie.美是永久的。．用在表示江河、大海、山脈、群島、海峽、荒漠，建筑物等名詞從前。thePacific（Ocean）太平洋theSouth-Chinasea南中國海theSahara哈拉荒漠thePersianGulf波斯灣theBeijingStation

北京車站5．用于姓氏的復數形式從前，表示“夫妻”或“一家人”。TheTurnersaresittingatlunchtable.特納一家正吃午餐。由一般名詞構成的專出名詞（如國家，黨派等）前。例：theUnitedStates;theCommunistPartyofChina用在表示發明物的單數名詞前。ThetelephonewasinventedbyBell.．用在某些固定短語中：onthespot就地onthewhole總的來說forthemostpart多半，在多半狀況下outofthequestion不行能五、不用冠詞的其余幾種狀況1．物質名詞，抽象名詞（見第三章），人名，地名等專出名詞前。Airisimportanttous.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.．表示季節、月份、周日、節假日（中國傳統節例外）名詞從前。Ilikespringmost.I’mgoingtoreturntoEnglandatChristmasDay.若詳細指明哪一年的季節，應有定冠詞。Thewarbrokeoutonthespringof1942.．表示學科、球類、棋類和三餐名詞從前Heisgoodatmaths.Ilikeplayingfootball.Ioftengotoschoolwithoutbreakfast.注：重申一頓飯或特指某頓飯可用冠詞。Mothercookedmeanicedinnerthismorning.Thedinnercookedbymymothertastesdelicious.．表示正式的或獨一無二的職位、頭銜的名詞，在句中作賓補或同位語。Hehasbeenelectedchairmanofthestudentunion.Mandela,presidentofSouthAfrica,wasawardedtheNobelprizeforpeacein1997.南非總統曼德拉于1997年獲取諾貝爾和平獎。在與by連用的交通工具名稱從前。例:bytaxi,bybike,byboat但注意：getintoataxi,takeabus,onthetrain等表達形式。6．某些固定短語中，要求不用冠詞。atpresent目前takepartin參加inpeace安全，沉靜bychance碰巧注意：有些詞組中有無冠詞含義不同。attable在進餐inhospital住院atthetable坐在桌子旁inthehospital在醫院工作或觀光等beinchargeof負責?outofquestion不行問題beinthechargeof由?負責outofthequestion根本不行能byday在白日bytheday按天計算．高考取冠詞考察熱門選擇：SummersinsouthofFranceareformostpartdryandsunny.（2000年春天高考）A．the；不填B．不填；theC．不填；不填D．the；the答案為D。剖析：方向名詞要用定冠詞the，故可考慮的選項為A、D。forthemostpart為固定短語，故答案為D。近幾年來，高考試卷對冠詞的命題方式大部分狀況是，一空考冠詞的基本用法，一空考固定短語中冠詞使用。所以在我們學習固定短語中，必定要留意并正確記憶固定短語中名詞前使用的冠詞。冠詞練習1.______on-goingdivisionbetweenEnglish-speakingCanadiansandFrench-speakingCanadiansis______majorconcernofthecountry.---Whereismyblueshirt?---It’sinthewashingmachine.Youhavetowear_____differentone.Thesignreads“Incaseof_____fire,breaktheglassandpush_____redbutton”.4.Thereis______dictionaryon______deskbyyourside.Jumpingoutof_______airplaneat