STUDYTheCOP27ClimateChangeConferencePolicyDepartmentforEconomic,ScientificandQualityofLifePoliciesDirectorate-GeneralforInternalPoliciesAuthors:LorenzMOOSMANN,AnneSIEMONS,FelixFALLASCH,LambertSCHNEIDER,CristinaURRUTIA,NoraWISSNER,RomanMENDELEVITCH,HaukeHERMANN,SeanHEALY,DietramOPPELT,StefanieHEINEMANNENPE733.989-October2022TheCOP27ClimateChangeConferencesAbstractThisstudyprovidesanoverviewofthestatusofinternationalclimatenegotiationsandissuesatstakeattheCOP27ClimateChangeConferencethatwilltakeplaceinSharmEl-SheikhovemberItalsoaddressesthecurrentimplementationoftheParisAgreement,thestakeholdersinthenegotiationsandtheclimatepoliciesofkeyParties.ThisdocumentwasprovidedbythePolicyDepartmentforEconomic,ScientificandQualityofLifePoliciesattherequestoftheCommitteeontheEnvironment,PublicHealthandFoodSafety(ENVI).ThisdocumentwasrequestedbytheEuropeanParliament'sCommitteeontheEnvironment,PublicHealthandFoodSafety(ENVI).AUTHORSLorenzMOOSMANN,AnneSIEMONS,FelixFALLASCH,LambertSCHNEIDER,CristinaURRUTIA,NoraWISSNER,RomanMENDELEVITCH,HaukeHERMANN,SeanHEALY,?ko-Institute.V.DietramOPPELT,StefanieHEINEMANN,HEATGmbHADMINISTRATORRESPONSIBLEGeorgiosAMANATIDISEDITORIALASSISTANTCatherineNAASLINGUISTICVERSIONSOriginal:ENABOUTTHEEDITORPolicydepartmentsprovidein-houseandexternalexpertisetosupportEPcommitteesandotherparliamentarybodiesinshapinglegislationandexercisingdemocraticscrutinyoverEUinternalpolicies.TocontactthePolicyDepartmentortosubscribeforemailalertupdates,pleasewriteto:PolicyDepartmentforEconomic,ScientificandQualityofLifePoliciesEuropeanParliamentL-2929-LuxembourgEmail:Poldep-Economy-Science@ep.europa.euManuscriptcompleted:September2022Dateofpublication:October2022?EuropeanUnion,2022Thisdocumentisavailableontheinternetat:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/supporting-analysesDISCLAIMERANDCOPYRIGHTTheopinionsexpressedinthisdocumentarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyrepresenttheofficialpositionoftheEuropeanParliament.Reproductionandtranslationfornon-commercialpurposesareauthorised,providedthesourceisacknowledgedandtheEuropeanParliamentisgivenpriornoticeandsentacopy.Forcitationpurposes,thestudyshouldbereferencedas:MOOSMANNet.al.,TheCOP27ClimateChangeConference:statusofclimatenegotiationsandissuesatstake.StudyfortheCommitteeontheEnvironment,PublicHealthandFoodSafety,PolicyDepartmentforEconomic,ScientificandQualityofLifePolicies,EuropeanParliament,Luxembourg,2022.?CoverimagebyKiaraWorth(IISD)TheCOP27ClimateChangeConference|Statusofclimatenegotiationsandissuesatstake3PE733.989CONTENTSLISTOFABBREVIATIONS6LISTOFBOXES12LISTOFFIGURES12LISTOFTABLES12EXECUTIVESUMMARY131.INTRODUCTION152.THEINTERNATIONALFRAMEWORKFORADDRESSINGCLIMATECHANGE162.1.TheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange162.2.TheKyotoProtocol172.3.TheParisAgreement172.3.1.Negotiationhistory172.3.2.Signature,ratificationandentryintoforce182.3.3.ThegoalsoftheParisAgreement192.3.4.OverviewofthemaintopicsoftheParisAgreement202.4.TheSixthAssessmentReportoftheIPCC232.5.SectoralagreementsoutsidetheUNFCCC252.5.1.Internationalaviation252.5.2.Internationalmaritimetransport282.5.3.AddressingfluorinatedgasesundertheMontrealProtocol303.IMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEPARISAGREEMENT(COP24-26)ANDISSUESATSTAKEATCOP27333.1.Mitigation333.1.1.OutcomesofCOP24/CMA1Part3343.1.2.OutcomesofCOP25/CMA2343.1.3.OutcomesofCOP26/CMA3353.1.4.IssuesatstakeatCOP27373.2.VoluntarycooperationunderArticle6oftheParisAgreement383.2.1.OutcomesofCOP24-26383.2.2.IssuesatstakeatCOP27403.3.Adaptation413.3.1.OutcomesofCOP24-26413.3.2.IssuesatstakeatCOP27423.4.Lossanddamage433.4.1.OutcomesofCOP24-2643IPOL|PolicyDepartmentforEconomic,ScientificandQualityofLifePoliciesPE733.98943.4.2.IssuesatstakeatCOP27443.5.Support443.5.1.Finance443.5.2.Technologydevelopmentandtransfer463.5.3.Capacitybuilding473.6.Transparencyandcompliance483.6.1.OutcomesofCOP24-26483.6.2.IssuesatstakeatCOP27503.7.Theglobalstocktake503.7.1.Procedureoftheglobalstocktake503.7.2.Thetechnicalphaseoftheglobalstocktake513.7.3.Thepoliticalphaseoftheglobalstocktake523.8.Othertopicsinthenegotiations523.8.1.Koroniviajointworkonagriculture533.8.2.Impactsoftheimplementationofresponsemeasures533.8.3.Researchandsystematicobservation533.8.4.Actionforclimateempowerment543.8.5.Thelocalcommunitiesandindigenouspeoples’platform553.8.6.Thegenderactionplan553.8.7.Internationalaviationandmaritimetransport554.STAKEHOLDERSINTHENEGOTIATIONS574.1.GroupsofParties574.1.1.UmbrellaGroup574.1.2.EnvironmentalIntegrityGroup584.1.3.IndependentAllianceofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(AILAC)594.1.4.AllianceofSmallIslandStates(AOSIS)594.1.5.LeastDevelopedCountries(LDCs)594.1.6.AfricanGroupofNegotiators(AGN)594.1.7.GroupofArgentina,BrazilandUruguay(ABU)604.1.8.BolivarianAllianceforthePeoplesofOurAmerica(ALBA)604.1.9.Like-MindedDevelopingCountries(LMDC)604.1.10.ArabGroup604.1.11.GroupofG-77andChina604.1.12.EuropeanUnion614.2.Observers614.2.1.Civilsociety624.2.2.Localandregionalgovernments65TheCOP27ClimateChangeConference|Statusofclimatenegotiationsandissuesatstake5PE733.9894.2.3.Internationalorganisations664.2.4.UNbodiesandinter-governmentalorganisations665.CLIMATEPOLICIESOFMAINPARTIES685.1.Argentina705.2.Australia715.3.Brazil725.4.Canada735.5.China745.6.Egypt(COPPresidency)755.7.EuropeanUnion765.8.India785.9.Indonesia795.10.Japan805.11.Mexico815.12.RepublicofKorea825.13.RussianFederation835.14.SaudiArabia845.15.SouthAfrica855.16.Turkey865.17.UnitedKingdom875.18.UnitedStates876.RECENTDEVELOPMENTSANDTHEIRIMPACTSONTHENEGOTIATIONSANDONCLIMATEACTION896.1.TheRussianFederation’swaronUkraine896.1.1.Impactsonenergypricesandenergysecurity896.1.2.Impactsonthetransformationofenergysystems/decarbonisationinEurope916.1.3.Impactsoncommoditiesandagriculture926.1.4.Impactsontheglobaleconomyandonglobalgreenhousegasemissions936.1.5.Impactsontheinternationalclimatenegotiations946.2.TheCOVID-19pandemic957.OUTLOOK97REFERENCES98IPOL|PolicyDepartmentforEconomic,ScientificandQualityofLifePoliciesPE733.9896LISTOFABBREVIATIONSABUGroupofArgentina,BrazilandUruguayACAdaptationCommitteeACEActionforClimateEmpowermentADCOMAdaptationCommunicationAILACIndependentAllianceofLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean(AsociaciónIndependientedeLatinoaméricayelCaribe)AFOLUAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUseAGNAfricanGroupofNegotiatorsALBABolivarianAllianceforthePeoplesofourAmerica(AlianzaBolivarianaparalosPueblosdeNuestraAmérica)AOSISAllianceofSmallIslandStatesAR6SixthAssessmentReport(oftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange)ATAGAirTransportActionGroupBAUBusinessAsUsualBINGOBusinessandIndustryNGOsbnBillionBTRBiennialTransparencyReportCANClimateActionNetworkCBAMCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanismCBDR/RCCommonbutDifferentiatedResponsibilitiesandRespectiveCapabilitiesCDMCleanDevelopmentMechanismCIICarbonIntensityIndicatorTheCOP27ClimateChangeConference|Statusofclimatenegotiationsandissuesatstake7PE733.989CMAConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheParisAgreementCMPConferenceofthePartiesservingasthemeetingofthePartiestotheKyotoProtocolCO2CarbonDioxideCO2eqCarbonDioxideEquivalentCOPConferenceofthePartiesCORSIACarbonOffsettingandReductionSchemeforInternationalAviationCOVID-19CoronavirusDisease2019COYConferenceoftheYouthCTCNClimateTechnologyCentreandNetworkDCSDataCollectionSystemECONGOEducationandCapacityBuildingandOutreachNGOsEEDIEnergyEfficiencyDesignIndexEEXIEnergyEfficiencyExistingShipIndexEIGEnvironmentalIntegrityGroupENGOEnvironmentalNGOsETFEnhancedTransparencyFrameworkETSEmissionsTradingSystemUEuropeanUnionEUAEuropeanUnionAllowance(undertheEuropeanEmissionsTradingSystem)EJExajouleExMOPExtraordinaryMeetingofthePartiesF-gasFluorinatedGasIPOL|PolicyDepartmentforEconomic,ScientificandQualityofLifePoliciesPE733.9898FAOFoodandAgricultureOrganizationFBOsFaithBasedOrganisationsFMCPFacilitative,MultilateralConsiderationofProgressFoLUForestryandOtherLandUseFSRUFloatingStorageandRegasificationUnitFWGFacilitativeWorkingGroupG7GroupofSevenG20GroupofTwentyG-77Groupof77attheUnitedNationsGAPGenderActionPlanGCFGreenClimateFundGCoMGlobalCovenantofMayorsforEnergyandClimateChangeGEFGlobalEnvironmentFacilityGGAGlobalGoalonAdaptationGHGGreenhouseGasGlaSSGlasgow-Sharm-el-SheikhworkprogrammeontheglobalgoalonadaptationGLDFLUGlasgowLeaders’DeclarationonForestsandLandUseGMPGlobalMethanePledgeGSTGlobalStocktakeGtGigatonsGWPGlobalWarmingPotentialHFCsHydrofluorocarbonsICAOInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationICCInternationalChamberofCommerceTheCOP27ClimateChangeConference|Statusofclimatenegotiationsandissuesatstake9PE733.989ICLEIInternationalCouncilforLocalEnvironmentalInitiativesiCTUInformationtofacilitateClarity,TransparencyandUnderstandingIDDIIndustrialDeepDecarbonisationInitiativeIGOIntergovernmentalOrganisationIMOInternationalMaritimeOrganizationINDCIntendedNationallyDeterminedContributionIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPOIndigenousPeoplesOrganizationsIRAInflationReductionActITMOInternationallyTransferredMitigationOutcomeITUCInternationalTradeUnionConfederationJIJointImplementationKCIKatowiceCommitteeofExpertsontheImpactsoftheImplementationofResponseMeasuresKJWAKoroniviaJointWorkonAgriculturekWhKilowatthourLCIPPLocalCommunitiesandIndigenousPeoplesPlatformLDCLeastDevelopedCountriesLEGLeastDevelopedCountriesExpertGroupLGMALocalGovernmentandMunicipalAuthoritiesLMDCLike-MindedDevelopingCountriesLNGLiquidNaturalGasLPGLiquefiedPetroleumGasLTFLong-termFinanceIPOL|PolicyDepartmentforEconomic,ScientificandQualityofLifePoliciesPE733.98910LTSLong-termStrategyLULUCFLandUse,LandUseChangeandForestryMEPCMarineEnvironmentalProtectionCommitteeMhaMillionHectaresMOPMeetingoftheParties(totheMontrealProtocol)MPGsModalities,ProceduresandGuidelines(forthetransparencyframeworkforactionandsupport)MegatonsMegawattHourNAPNationalAdaptationPlanNDCNationallyDeterminedContributionNGONon-GovernmentalOrganisationODSOzoneDepletingSubstancesOECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOEWGOpen-EndedWorkingGroupPAWPParisAgreementWorkProgrammePCCBParisCommitteeonCapacity-BuildingppmllionRACHPRefrigeration,AirConditioningandHeatPumpREACHRegistration,Evaluation,AuthorisationandRestrictionofChemicalsRINGOResearchandIndependentNon-GovernmentalOrganisationsSBSubsidiaryBodySBISubsidiaryBodyforImplementationSBSTASubsidiaryBodyforScientificandTechnologicalAdviceTheCOP27ClimateChangeConference|Statusofclimatenegotiationsandissuesatstake11PE733.989SCFStandingCommitteeonFinanceSDGSustainableDevelopmentGoalSED2SecondStructuredExpertDialogueSEEMPShipEnergyEfficiencyManagementPlanSIDSSmallIslandDevelopingStatesTEAPTechnologyandEconomicAssessmentPanelTECTechnologyExecutiveCommitteeTFTechnologyFrameworkTMTechnologyMechanismTUNGOTradeUnionNon-GovernmentalOrganisationsTWhTerawatthourUNEPUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUGUmbrellaGroupUNUnitedNationsUKUnitedKingdomUSUnitedStatesUSDUnitedStatesDollarWGCWomenandGenderConstituencyWarsawInternationalMechanism(forlossanddamage)YOUNGOYouthNon-GovernmentalOrganisationsIPOL|PolicyDepartmentforEconomic,ScientificandQualityofLifePoliciesPE733.98912LISTOFBOXESBox1:TheDohaAmendment