pastperfecttense構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞用法：1.過(guò)去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在另一動(dòng)作之前時(shí)。1.他說(shuō)他以前見(jiàn)過(guò)你。Hesaidthathe______________(see)youbefore.hadseen2.到六點(diǎn)鐘為止他們已經(jīng)工作八小時(shí)了。Bysixo’clockthey______________(work)foreighthours.hadworked2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)詞可以表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，這一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去。Bysixo’clockthey____________(work)foreighthours.WhenIcametoGZ,he_____________(be)thereforalongtime.用法：1.到了六點(diǎn)鐘為止，他們已經(jīng)工作了八小時(shí)了。2.我到廣州時(shí)，他在那里很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。hadworkedhadbeen3.到上個(gè)月中旬我們?cè)诒本┳×擞形迥陼r(shí)間了。Bythemiddleoflastmonthwe______________(live)inBeijingforfiveyears.hadlived1.到昨晚上，他已寫(xiě)完那封信。Byyesterdayeveninghe___________(write)thatletter.2.他說(shuō)他以前見(jiàn)過(guò)你。Hesaidthathe____________(see)youbefore.3.當(dāng)我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，他已做完了作業(yè)。WhenIcameinhe________________(finish)hishomework.過(guò)去完成時(shí)與bythen(截止到那時(shí));by9o’clock(直到九點(diǎn)鐘)bytheendof…(在…結(jié)束/末之前);bythetime…(在…時(shí)之前);uptillthen(直到那時(shí));upuntillastnight(直到昨晚）等連用，表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去。hadwrittenhadseenhadfinished3.過(guò)去完成時(shí)和already,just,ever,yet等連用表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去。用法：例如：1.他告訴我說(shuō)他們隊(duì)已經(jīng)贏了。Hetoldmethathisteam_________already___________(win).hadwon2.她說(shuō)她仍沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。Shesaidthatshe_______________(notgoto)theGreatWallyet.hadn’tbeento用法：過(guò)去完成時(shí)與when,before,assoonas,

till/until

等引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的從句連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間前后。例如：1.她到家之前她的孩子已經(jīng)睡著了。Whenshegothomeherchildren____________(sleep).hadslept2.在他們到達(dá)之前電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了。Beforetheyarrivedherethefilm_________already___________(start).hadstartedLastnight,assoonasI_______________(finish)myworkIwenttosleep.3.我完成作業(yè)了就去睡覺(jué)了。hadfinished1.Afterhe______________(finish)hisworkhewentout.hadfinished2.Thechildrenranawayafterthey___________(break)thewindow.hadbroken3.IwenttoTom’shousebuthe__________(go)out.hadgoneExercises:4.Annietoldmethathisfather____________(go)toParisandhe____________(come)backinafewdays.hadgonewouldcome5.Myfriend__________(buy)thecartwoyearsago.He________________(buy)itfortwoyears.boughthashad形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)（假設(shè)A和B為進(jìn)行比較的人或事物）1、原級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞原形，表示A與B一樣（或不一樣）……。2、比較級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)形式，表示A與B二者相比哪一個(gè)更……。3、最高級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞最高級(jí)形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一個(gè)最……。1.一般在詞尾后加er

或est.soon-sooner-soonestclever-cleverer-cleverest2.以輔音字母加“y”結(jié)尾的形容詞副詞,先把“y”變?yōu)椤癷”,再加er或est.(形容詞加-ly構(gòu)成的副詞除外)angry-angrier-angriestbusy-busier-busiest3.以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的形容詞，前面的元音字母發(fā)短元音時(shí),應(yīng)先寫(xiě)雙寫(xiě)這一個(gè)輔音字母，再加er或est.big-bigger-biggestthin-thinner-thinnestfat-fatter-fattestwet-wetter-wettesthot-hotter-hottestred-redder-reddest

形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成4.多音節(jié)詞和一些雙音節(jié)詞在該詞前加more/most變?yōu)楸容^級(jí)/最高級(jí)。(以ly結(jié)尾的副詞除early以及不規(guī)則變化外，也應(yīng)加more/most)Eeresting–more/mostinterestingcareful–more/mostcarefulslowly–more/mostslowlyuseful—moreuseful-themostuseful

例外:tired–more/themosttired以下兩種變化方式都可:

friendly---friendlier,friendliest/more/themostfriendlyOften---oftener/oftenestmore/themostoften形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成不規(guī)則變化

good/well–better,bestbad/badly/ill–worse,worstmany/much–more,mostlittle–less,least

*

old–older,oldest

年長(zhǎng)的；老的；舊的

elder,eldest（親戚關(guān)系中）年長(zhǎng)的

*

far–farther,farthest遠(yuǎn)的

further,furthest

遠(yuǎn)的（有更加、進(jìn)一步的含義）形容詞或副詞各比較等級(jí)的基本用法1、原級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞原形，表示A與B一樣（或不一樣）……。主要用于Aas/(notso)…asB結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg.1) Jimisas

tall

asMike. Jimisnotso

tall

asMike.2) Jimworksas

hard

asMike. Jimdoesn’tworkso

hard

asMike.2、比較級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞比較級(jí)形式，表示A與B二者相比哪一個(gè)更……。主要用于A…thanB結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg.1) Jimistaller

thanMike.2)Jimworksharder

thanMike.

比較級(jí)用法擴(kuò)展1）比較級(jí)前面可以有much,even,far,Still,abit,alittle,alot,等修飾語(yǔ),用以加深程度。

e.g.Thisbookismuchbetterthanthatone.

e.g.He’sfarclevererthanhisbrother.e.g.Eatabitmore,willyou?

2）比較級(jí)＋比較級(jí)，表示越來(lái)越……

hotterandhotter越來(lái)越熱

moreandmorebeautiful

越來(lái)越漂亮3）

than

后面的人稱代詞用主格或賓格都可以。

HeistallerthanI(am).Heistallerthanme.3、最高級(jí)：使用形容詞或副詞最高級(jí)形式，表示三者（或三者以上）相比哪一個(gè)最……。主要用于the

…in/among/of+所包含人或事物的數(shù)量≥3的集合短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg.1) Jimisthe

tallest

inourclass.2)Jimworks(the)hardest

ofalltheboys.最高級(jí)用法擴(kuò)展

最高級(jí)用法擴(kuò)展形容詞最高級(jí)前的the在以下幾種情況下可以省略：1）該形容詞前有物主代詞或名詞所有格。

Heismy/Jim’sbestfriend.2）

比較含義模糊。

WearebusiestonMonday.

Thisisamostinterestingbook.

這里的most相當(dāng)于very。補(bǔ)充：

Chinaisoneofthemostbeautifulcountries.TheYellowRiveristhesecondlongestriverinChina.TheObjectClause

賓語(yǔ)從句是主從復(fù)合句的一種。主從復(fù)合句是由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的。主句是復(fù)合句的主體，從句僅僅是主句的一個(gè)成分，它從屬于主句，不能獨(dú)立。從句在全句中充當(dāng)什么成分，就叫什么從句。賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中的從句在全句中作賓語(yǔ)。了解賓語(yǔ)從句重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)

1、由不同引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

2、直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)

3、賓語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)的變化不同引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

由連接代詞who,whom,whose,which，

what

和連接副詞where,how,why,when引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句由從屬連詞whether,if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句note：that在句中無(wú)詞匯意義，在從句中不能充當(dāng)成分，在口語(yǔ)當(dāng)中往往省略e.g.Ihear(that)_______________________.（一小時(shí)后他會(huì)回來(lái)）Hesaid(that)______________________.（他非常想念我們）Theteachertoldus(that)___________________________.

（地球圍著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)）

hewillbebackinanhour

hemissedusverymuch

theearthmovesaroundthesun1.Heasked__________________________.(誰(shuí)能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題）2.Doyouknow_________________________?（他們?cè)诘日l(shuí)）3.Heasked__________________________________.

（誰(shuí)的書(shū)法是班上最好的）5.Doyouknow_________________________(地球和月亮哪一個(gè)比較小）6.Pleasetellme_______________________.（我們什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)）7.Canyoutellme_______________?（他在哪兒）8.Couldyoutellme______________________?（我該怎么去車站）9.Wouldyoutellme_________________?（為什么火車遲到了）由連接代詞what,whom,whose,which,what及連接副詞

when,where,how,why引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句

whocouldanswerthequestion

whomtheyarewaitingfor

whosehandwritingwasthebestintheclass

whenwe’llhaveameeting

whereheis

howIcangettothestation

whythetrainislate?

whichissmaller,theearthorthemoon?由從屬連詞whether,if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句e.g.1.Iwanttoknow__________________________________.

（他是否跟我們一起去公園）2.Askhim_____________________.（他是否能來(lái)）3.Idon’tknow___________________________.（是否要下雨）

if(whether)hewillgototheparkwithus

whether(if)hecancome

whetheritisgoingtorainornot直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系陳述句變?yōu)橐龑?dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句e.g.1.Hesaid,“YouareyoungerthanI”.

2.Hesays,“Tonyisagoodstudent”.HesaidthatIwasyoungerthanhim.HesaysthatTonyisagoodstudent.直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系一般疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)閕f(whether)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句e.g.Shesaid,“Doyouoftencomeheretoreadnewspaper?”“WilltheygotovisittheGreatWall?”heasked.Sheaskedif(whether)Ioftencameheretoreadnewspaper.

Heaskedif(whether)theywouldgotovisittheGreatWall.直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)閣ho,what,when等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句e.g.1.Heasked,“Wheredoyoulive?”2.“Howcanwegettothepostoffice?”heasked.HeaskedwhereIlived.

Heaskedhowtheycouldgettothepostoffice.

直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系

1、當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用所需要的任何一種時(shí)態(tài)。

2、當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，但當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句敘述的內(nèi)容為客觀真理時(shí)，仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。e.g.

Theteachersaidthatthemoonmovesaroundthesun.Theradiosaysit_________cloudyTomorrow.(be)Theheadmasterhopeseverything______well.(go)Tonysaysthatthey____________(play)basketballatsixo’clockyesterdayevening.Ihearthey__________(return)italready.Hesaidthatthey_________membersofthePartysince1948.(be)Heaskedwhatthey__________ateightlastnight.(do)Theteachertoldhisclassthatlight_______fasterthansound.(travel)Ithinkyou__________abouttherelayracenow.(talk)Ididn’tknowwhomtheletters_________from.(be)

willbe

goes

wereplaying

hasreturned

hadbeentravels

aretalking

were

weredoing10.Ididn’tknowwhattimehe_______theletter.(write)11.Mr

Caitoldmethattheearth______(move)roundtheearth.12.Couldyoutellmewho_________awaythebookalready?(take)13.LingFengtoldmehe_________toseveraltimes.(be)14.Ourteachertoldusinclassthesun_______intheeast.(rise)15.Canyoute