15/15第一章：名詞、語法點及練習1、以-f或-fe結尾的名詞變復數以-f或-fe結尾的名詞變復數，大多把f或fe改為v,再加-es；也有一些直接加-s或兩種形式皆可。（1）、將f或fe改為v,再加-es的有thief（小偷），wife（妻子），life（生活），self（自己），leaf(葉子)，wolf（狼），shelf（架子），knife（刀子），half（一半）等。這種情況可熟記下面一句話：樹葉半數自己樹葉半數自己黃，妻子拿刀去割糧，架后竄出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙（2）直接在后面加-s的有gulf(海灣)，cliff（懸崖）,roof(屋頂)，chief（首領），belief（信仰），serf（農奴），proof（證據）等。這種情況可熟記下面這段話：證據顯示，證據顯示，海灣附近懸崖邊屋頂上的農奴相信首領（3）、兩種形式皆可有的handkerchief（手帕），scarf（手帕），dwarf（矮子），wharf（碼頭），hoof（蹄）。這種情況可熟記下面一句話：一個一個矮子在碼頭邊拿著手帕甩蹄子漢譯英他按照自己的信念做事。Heactedinaccordancewithhisbeliefs.她房間里有兩個書架，豎在長著大葉子的花的旁邊。Therearetwoshelvesinherroom.Botharebesidestheflowerswithlargeleaves.選擇The＿＿＿ofthesecottageswerecoveredwith＿＿＿.A.roofs；leafsB.roofs；leavesC.roovs；leafsD.rooves；leaves2、以-o結尾的名詞變復數以-o結尾的名詞變復數時有兩種情況：（1）、詞尾加-s,主要有bamboo（竹子），radio（收音機），zoo（動物園），photo（照片），piano（鋼琴），kilo(公斤)等。可熟記下面一段話：動物園動物園里的熊貓坐在自己的玉照旁，悠閑地聽著收音機里的鋼琴曲，一連吃掉了好幾公斤竹子（2）、詞尾加-es,主要有Negro（黑人），hero（英雄），tomato（西紅柿），potato(馬鈴薯)。黑人英雄黑人英雄愛吃西紅柿和馬鈴薯漢譯英那些帶有袋鼠的照片洗不出來了，因為膠卷壞了。Thephotoswithkangaroosdidn`tcomeout,becausethefilmwasfaulty.兩位英雄是種植馬鈴薯和西紅柿的黑人。ThetwoheroesareNegroeswhoplantpotatoesandtomatoes.選擇Zhouzhenglongwasarrestedbecauseofthefaketiger＿＿＿.A.photosB.photoesC.photoeD.photo3、常見的名詞復數的不規則變化man–menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-micegoose-geesechild-childrenox-oxenwomanteacher-womenteachers4、表示“某國人”的名詞的單復數形式（1）、直接加-s。主要有Russians（俄國人），Germans（德國人），Americans（美國人）(2)、以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men或-women。如：Englishmen(英國人),Frenchwomen(法國女人)等。(3)以-ese結尾的詞和Swiss(瑞士人)單復數同形.如:Japanese(日本人),Chinese(中國人),Portuguese(葡萄牙人)等一句話搞定這些規則：中日不變，中日不變，英法變，其余-s添后面我們兩個是中國人，他們兩個是法國人。WetwoareChinese,andtheytwoareFrenchmen.選擇BothMarxandEngelsare＿＿＿.A.GermanB.GermansC.GermenD.German5、具有兩種復數形式的名詞（1）、penny“便士”。表示“價值”時，復數為pence；表示“錢幣的個數”時，復數為pennies。（2）、people表示“人，人們”時，是復數名詞，無單數形式；表示“民族，種族”時，是可數名詞，其復數形式為peoples。（3）、fish表示“魚的種類”時，復數為fishes；表示“條數”時，單復數同形；表示“魚肉”時，是不可數名詞。漢譯英一英鎊等于一百便士Thereare100penceinonepound.這條河里有各種各樣的魚Therearemanykindsoffishesinthisriver.6、容易混淆的可數名詞和不可數名詞區分可數與不可數可以用“一分為二”的方法來判定，即把判定的事物任意分成兩半之后，若每半都能有原來整個物質的性質，就是不可數名詞。如：wood分成兩半之后還有木頭的性質，而desk分成兩半之后就不是桌子了。常見的一些不可數名詞集錦：air空氣water水cotton棉花meat肉suger糖ink墨水gold金子flour面wealth財富love愛danger危險beauty美麗happiness幸福patience耐心cold寒冷honesty誠實7、可轉化為可數名詞的不可數名詞（1）、物質名詞表示個體概念時常可數wind風—awind一陣風tea茶—atea一杯茶paper紙—apaper一份論文\報紙light光線—alight一盞燈(2)、抽象名詞具體化時為可數名詞，表示“某種人或物”beauty美人或美麗的事物failure失敗的人或事物danger令人感到危險的人或事物pity令人遺憾的人或事物surprise令人驚訝的人或事物success成功的人或事物（3）、有些可數名詞的復數形式有特殊的含義Rains大量的雨水，多場雨snows大量的雪，多場雪winds大風，多場風waters大片水域sands沙灘woods森林fruits各種各樣的水果glasses眼鏡forces軍隊brains智力，聰明的人looks外表manners禮貌（4）、個別專有名詞視為可數名詞ANewton一個牛頓式的人物twoMarys兩個叫瑪麗的選擇MayItakeyourordernow?We`dlikethree＿＿＿andtwo＿＿＿.A.tea;cupsofcoffeeB.teas;coffeesC.cupsoftea;coffeeD.cupofteas;cupofcoffees8、’s所有格的構成規則一般單數名詞的詞尾加-’s;以s結尾的復數名詞的所有格，在詞尾加-’；不以-s結尾的復數名詞的所有格，在詞尾加-’s.漢譯英婦女節離現在還有兩周Women’sDayisintwoweeks’time.(Y)9、何時在最后一個名詞后加s，何時在每個名詞后都加s表示幾個人共有一物，只在最后一個名詞用所有格形式；如表示各自擁有時，則每個名詞后都要用所有格形式。史密斯先生是我爸爸和媽媽的朋友。MrSmithismyfatherandmother`sfriend.露西的房間比湯姆和莉莉的都大。Lucy`sroomisbiggerthanTom`sandLily`s.10、表示時間、距離等無生命的名詞的所有格是在后面直接加-’s或-’。他父親離開五年之后又回來了。Herfatherreturnedhomeafterfiveyears’absence.選擇Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It`s＿＿＿walk.A.afourhourB.afourhour’sC.afour-hoursD.afourhours’11、of所有格與雙重所有格的區別Of所有格用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格，雙重所有格中of后用名詞’s所有格或名詞性物主代詞。而picture,photo,portrait等詞用of所有格側重同位關系，用雙重所有格側重所有與部分關系。這是我媽媽的一張照片Thisisaphotoofmymother.What’sthatonthedesk?It’salettersentby＿＿＿.A.myfatherfriendB.myfatherfriend’sC.afriendofmyfather’sD.friendsofmyfather12、名詞的修飾語只修飾可數名詞的修飾語有（a）few,several,many(a),anumberof,morethanone等；只修飾不可數名詞的修飾語有（a）little,much,agood\greatdealof,abitof,alargeamountof等；既修飾可數名詞也可修飾不可數名詞的有some,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,enough,most,amassof,all,quantitiesof,aquantityof,therest,massesof等。漢譯英我有幾本有關園藝的書Ihavegotafewbooksongardening.每年大量的錢都被花在煙草上Alargeamountofmoneyisspentontobaccoeveryyear.選擇Hedoesn’thave＿＿＿furnitureinhisroomjustanolddesk.(2008陜西)A.anyB.manyC.someD.muchInchina＿＿＿graduatesgoabroadtohavefurtherstudyeveryyear.A.agreatdealofB.manyaC.alargeamountofD.massesof13、名詞作定語時用單數還是復數名詞作定語說明事物的用途、材料等，一般用單數；man\woman作定語時，單復數形式要與被修飾的名詞一致；還有一些只以復數形式出現的名詞作定語仍然用復數形式。aclothesshop一家服裝店aglassesstore一家眼鏡店agoodstrain一輛運送貨物的火車asportsmeet一次運動會女同學正在操場上打排球Thegirlstudentsareplayingvolleyballontheplayground.The＿＿＿isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon’tmissit(2001上海)A.bicycle’sshopB.bicycleshopC.bicyclesshopD.bicycles’shop-It’sgettingdarkearlierthanbefore,isn’tit?-Yes,Ithinkso.Isee＿＿＿areonalready.A.thestreetslightsB.thelightsofthestreet’sC.thestreets’lightsD.thestreetlights14、cause,reason,excuse有何不同？cause是造成一種事實或現象的“原因。起因”，后常接介詞of;reason是說明一種看法或行為的“理由”，后常接for;excuse“借口，辯解”，多指為免受指責或推卸責任而找出的理由。翻譯火災通常起因于粗心。Carelessnessistheusualcauseoffire.又遲到了，你這次的借口是什么？Lateagain！What’syourexcusethistime?選擇-I’msorryIsteppedoutsideforasmoke.Iwasverytired.(2003北京)-Thereisno＿＿＿forthiswhileyouareonduty.A.reasonB.excuseC.causeD.explanation15、mistake，error，和fault的用法區別三個詞有“錯誤，過錯”之意。mistake強調日常生活中判斷和看法的錯誤；error強調違反某一標準做的錯事，包括道德上的錯誤；fault強調責任過錯或性格上的弱點、缺點。這三個詞在一些固定短語中不能混用，如anerrorofjudgement(判斷錯誤)，bymistake(錯誤地)，findfaultwith…(找茬兒，挑剔,吹毛求疵)等她的美德彌補了她的缺點。Hervirtueoffsetherfault.IbrokeoffmyrelationshipwithJohnbecausehealwaysfound＿＿＿withwhateverIdid.A.errorB.mistakeC.faultD.failure16、energy，force，power，strength的用法區別energy主要指精力、活力、身體內部的能量、能源；force著重指發揮出的力量、效力、暴力，也可指物質和精神力量等，復數形式指“武力”；power著重指人的權力、勢力、能力和物的動力；strength指本身具有的并能給人一種“強壯”感覺的體力或內力。空軍被派往前線。Airforcesweresenttothefront.這匹馬身大力強。Thehorsewasofgreatsizeandstrength.中國是個人民掌權的國家。Chinaisacountrywherethepeopleareinpower.選擇Youarealwaysfullof＿＿＿.Canyoutellmethesecret?(2007福建)A.powerB.strengthC.forceD.energy17、situation，state，condition，occasion的用法區別situation“形勢，情況”，指明確、具體的環境情況或處境；state“狀態，情形”，指人或物在環境、外表、心靈以及健康方面的狀況，或指在某一階段的狀態或形式，常用單數形式；condition“狀況，情況”，指處于一定的原因、條件或環境產生的特定情況；occasion“場合，時機”，時間性較強，表示某個時間內的狀況。副總統健康狀況不佳。Thevicepresidentisinastateofpoorhealth.他抓住機會邀請她回家吃飯。Heseizedtheoccasiontoinviteherhomefordinner.選擇Schoolchildrenmustbetaughthowtodealwithdangerous＿＿＿(2006遼寧)A.stateB.conditionsC.situationsD.positions1.

()1Shewasveryhappy.She

inthemathstest.

A.makesafewmistakeB.madeafewmistakes

C.madefewmistakesD.makesfewmistake

()2Weneedsomemore____.Canyougoandgetsome,please?

A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.potatoe

()3_____are____forcuttingthings.

A.Knife/usedB.Knives/usedC.Knife/usingD.Knives/using

()4Whatbig____thetigerhas!

A.toothB.teethC.toothsD.toothes

()5Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesometree___.

A.leafsB.leavesC.leafD.leave

()6-Canwehavesome___?

-Yes,please.

A.bananaB.orangesC.appleD.pear

()7Onthetabletherearefive____.

A.tomatosB.pieceoftomatoesC.tomatoesD.tomato

2

()1Theygotmuch___fromthosenewbooks.

A.ideasB.photosC.informationD.stories

()2Hegaveus____onhowtokeepfit.

A.someadvicesB.someadviceC.anadviceD.aadvice

()3Whenwesawhisface,weknew___wasbad.

A.somenewsB.anewsC.thenewsP.news

()4What___lovelyweatheritis!

A./B.theC.anD.a

3

()1-Wouldyoulike___tea?

-No,thanks.Ihavedrunktwo____.

A.any,bottlesoforangeB.some,bottlesoforange

C.many,bottlesoforangesD.few,bottleoforanges

()2Heishungry.Givehim___toeat.

A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbread

C.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads

()3Itreallytookhim:___todrawthenicehorse.

A.sometimesB.hourC.longtimeD.sometime

()4Iwouldliketohave___.

A.twoglassesofmilkB.twoglassofmilkI

C.twoglassesofmilksD.twoglassofmilks

()5Canyougiveme____?

A.ateaB.somecupofteaC.acupteaD.acupoftea

()6Pleasegiveme___paper.A.oneB.apieceC.aD.apieceof

()7Johnbought___forhimselfyesterday.

A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoeC.twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoes

4

()

1-Howmany____haveyougotonyourfarm?

-I'vegotfive.

A.sheepsB.sheepC.pigD.chicken

()2Some___cametoourschoolforavisitthatday.

A.GermansB.GermenC.GermanyD.Germanies

()3Inthepicturetherearemany____andtwo.

A.sheep;foxesC.sheeps;foxes

B.sheeps;foxD.sheep;foxs

()4Agroupof______willvisitthemuseumtomorrow.

A.HungarianB.AustralianC.JapaneseD.American

5

()1Thistableismadeof___.

A.manyglassB.glassesC.someglassesD.glass

()2-Whatwouldyouliketohaveforlunch,sir?

-I'dlike____.!

A.chickenB.achickenC.chickensD.thechicken

()3Childrenshouldmake____foroldpeopleinabus.

A.roomB.aroomC.roomsD.theroom

6

()1Tablesaremadeof___.

A.woodB.somewoodsC.woodenD.woods

()2Iwonderwhy______aresointerestedinaction(武打片)films.

A.peopleB.peoplesC.thepeopleD.thepeoples

()3Ihaveread____oftheyoungwriter.

A.worksB.workC.thisworksD.theworks

7

()1Let'smeetat7:30outsidethegateof___?

A.thePeople'sParkB.thePeoples'Park

C.thePeopleParkD.People'sPark

()2___Chinesepeopleare___hardworkingpeople.

A./;aB.We;theC.The;theD.The;a

()3Howmany

werethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappened?

A.policemanB.policesC.policeD.peoples

8

()1Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____.

A.setB.oneC.pieceD.pair

()2LastweekIboughtaTV____.

A.pair.B.setC.pieceD.block

()3Thereisaofwoodleftontheground.

A.cupB.piece,C.boxD.pair

9

()1Therearesixty-seven___inourschool.

A.women'steacherB.womenteachersC.womanteachersD.womenteacher

()2Therearefive___inourfactory.

A.womandriverB,womendriverC.womandriversD.womendrivers

()3These____weresenttothevillagestohelpthefarmers.

A.womendoctorB.womendoctorsC.womandoctorsD.womandoctor

10

()1Theywritemostoftheir___inEnglish.

A.businessletterB.businesslettersC.businessesD.businessesletters

()2Wecametoa___atlast.andwentin.

A.watchshopB.watchesshop,'C.watchingshopD.watchsshop

()3Thisshopsellsapples,bananasandthingslikethese.It'sa___.

A.foodshopB.bookshopC.fruitshopD.vegetableshop

()4Shebrokea___whileshewaswashingup.

A.glassofwineB.glassforwineC.glasswineD.wineglass

()5I'veforgottenbothofthe____.

A.roomnumbers.B.roomsnumberC.roomsnumbersD.roomnumber

11

1.September10this____inChina.

A.Teacher'sDayB.Teachers'DayC.TeacherDayD.TeachersDay

()2-Isthebroomunder____desk?-No,it'sunder____.

A.theteacher's;myB.teacher's;mineC.teacher's;meD.theteacher's;mine

()3Excuseme,whereisthe___?

A.men'sroomB.mens'roomC.men'sroomsD.menrooms

12

()1Thefootballunderthebedis____.

A.LilyandLucyB.Lily'sandLucy'sC.Lily'sandLucyD.LilyandLucy's

()2Thisismy____dictionary.

A.sisterMaryB.sister'sC.sister,Mary'sD.sister'sMary's

()3Hewentto___shoptobuyashirt.

A.atailorB.thetailorC.atailorsD.thetailors'

()4Joanis____.

A.Mary'sandJacksisterB.MaryandJack'ssister

C.MaryandJacksisterD.Mary'sandJack'ssister

13

()1Inafew____time,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.

A.yearB.years'C.year'sD.years

()2It'sabout___walkfrommyhouse.

A.tenminuteB.tenminutes'C.tenminute'sD.tenminutes

()3Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.It'sabout_____.

A.thirtyminutes'swalkB.thirtyminute'swalk

C.thirtyminutes'walkD.thirtyminuteswalk

()4Half___telephonecallsaremadeinEnglish.

A.theworldB.worldC.theworld'sD.world's

14

()1____facetothesouth.

A.WindowsoftheroomB.Thewindowsoftheroom

C.Theroom'swindowsD.Thewindowsinroom

()2Pleasetaketwo___.

A.pictureoftheparkB.picturesofthepark

C.thepicturesofaparkD.pictureofapark

()3Theworkersarerepairing____.

A.theroofofthehouseB.aroofofthe