AAPBiologychapterAnimalStructureandTThedigestivesystemThecirulatorysystemTheimmunesystemTheexcretorysytemTheneroussystemorinesystemThereproductivesystemMorphogenesis,orPageDDigestiveWWhatdoanimalsneedtoAnimalsmakeenergy–––foodforraw?aminoacids,sugars,fats,nucleotides–ATPenergyforO2PagePage 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PageThermoregulationistheprocessbywhichanimalsmaintainaninternaltemperaturewithinatolerablerange.Birdsandmammalsaremainlyendothermic溫血的,meaningthattheyarewarmedmostlybyheatgeneratedbymetabolism.Page""warmedcountercurrentthetransferofheatbetweenfluidsthatareflowinginoppositedirections.Pagesnsnakes,andmostinvertebratesaremainlyectothermic冷血的,meaningthattheygainmostoftheirheatfromexternalsources."coldBBloodRedbloodcellsaredesignatedastypeAiftheyhavethetypeAcarbohydrateontheirsurface.Similarly,thetypeBcarbohydrateisfoundontypeBredbloodcells;bothAandBcarbohydratesarefoundontypeABredbloodcells;andneithercarbohydrateisfoundontypeOredbloodPageTThelymphaticandimmuneLLymphaticLymphaticsystem淋巴系統madeupofanetworkofvesselsthatconductlymph,aclear,wateryfluidformedfrominterstitialfluids.PageLLymphaticitcollects,filters,andreturnsfliudstothebloodbythecontractionofadjacentmuscles.itfightsinfectionusinglymphocytes,cellsfoundinlymphnodes.itremovesexcessfliudfrombodyPage胸胸脾Pagellymphocytesinlymphnodeareimportantinfightinginfection.lymphnodeswellwhentheyarefightingPageiimmuneWhyanimmunePageAttackAttackfromlotsoforganismswantyouforanimalsareatastynutrient-&vitamin-packedcellsarepackagesofanimalsmustdefendthemselvesagainstinvaders–HIV,flu,cold,measles,chicken?pamoeba,onia,meningitis,Attackfrom–cancers=abnormalbodyPageLLinesof1stline:Non-specificbroad,external“walls&skin&mucous2ndline:Non-specificbroad,internal“patrolling3rdline:Trueimmunespecific,acquired“elitetrainedlymphocytes&Bcells&TPage1st1stline:Non-specificExternalmucousmembranes,cilia,hair,coughing,sneezing,urination,Unfavorablestomachacid,sweat,saliva,digestsbacterialcellPage83?tears,22ndline:Non-specificpatrollingattackpathogens,butdon’t“remember”fornextphagocyticwhitebloodmacrophages,neutrophils,naturalkillercomplementproteinsthatdestroyinflammatoryresponseincreaseinbodyincreasecapillaryattractPage3rd3rdline:Acquired(active)SpecificdefensewithBBTResponds–?cellularnamespecificspecificabnormalbodycellsPageBBmatureinbonemarrowhumoralresponsesystem“humors”=bodyattackpathogensstillcirculatinginblood&lymphproduceTmatureinthymuscellularresponsesystemattackinvadedlearntodistinguish“self”from“non-self”PageBAttack,learn&rememberpathogenscirculatinginblood&lymphProducespecificantibodiesagainstspecificTypesofBplasmamemoryYYYYBAttack,learn&rememberpathogenscirculatinginblood&lymphProducespecificantibodiesagainstspecificTypesofBplasmamemoryYYYYPageBcellimmuneYYBcells(inblood&YYY(foreignmemoryBcells+YY 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