書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-華南理工大學(xué)廣州學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

A“scientific”viewoflanguagewasdominantamongphilosophersandlinguistswhoaffectedtodevelopascientificanalysisofhumanthoughtandbehaviorintheearlypartofthiscentury.Undertheforceofthisview,itwasperhapsinevitablethattheartofrhetoricshouldpassfromthestatusofbeingregardedasofquestionableworth(becausealthoughitmightbebothasourceofpleasureandameanstourgepeopletorightaction,itmightalsobeameanstodistorttruthandasourceofmisguidedaction)tothestatusofbeingwhollycondemned.Ifpeopleareregardedonlyasmachinesguidedbylogic,astheywerebythese“scientific”thinkers,rhetoricislikelytobeheldinlowregard;forthemostobvioustruthaboutrhetoricisthatitspeakstothewholeperson.Itpresentsitsargumentsfirsttothepersonasarationalbeing,becausepersuasivediscourse,ifhonestlyconceived,alwayshasabasisinreasoning.Logicalargumentistheplot,asitwere,ofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatitgoesbeyondthisandappealstothepartsofournaturethatareinvolvedinfeeling,desiring,acting,andsuffering.Itrecallsrelevantinstancesoftheemotionalreactionsofpeopletocircumstances—realorfictional—thataresimilartoourowncircumstances.Suchisthepurposeofbothhistoricalaccountsandfablesinpersuasivediscourse:theyindicateliterallyorsymbolicallyhowpeoplemayreactemotionally,withhopeorfear,toparticularcircumstances.Aspeechattemptingtopersuadepeoplecanachievelittleunlessittakesintoaccounttheaspectoftheirbeingrelatedtosuchhopesandfears.

Rhetoric,then,isaddressedtohumanbeingslivingatparticulartimesandinparticularplaces.Fromthepointofviewofrhetoric,wearenotmerelylogicalthinkingmachines,creaturesabstractedfromtimeandspace.Thestudyofrhetoricshouldthereforebeconsideredthemosthumanisticofthehumanities,sincerhetoricisnotdirectedonlytoourrationalselves.Ittakesintoaccountwhatthe“scientific”viewleavesout.Ifitisaweaknesstoharborfeelings,thenrhetoricmaybethoughtofasdealinginweakness.Butthosewhorejecttheideaofrhetoricbecausetheybelieveitdealsinliesandwhoatthesametimehopetomovepeopletoaction,musteitherbeliarsthemselvesorbeverynaive;purelogichasneverbeenamotivatingforceunlessithasbeensubordinatedtohumanpurposes,feelings,anddesires,andtherebyceasedtobepurelogic.

1.Accordingtothepassage,torejectrhetoricandstillhopetopersuadepeopleis（）

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthelatenineteenthcenturyrhetoricwasregardedas（）

3.ThepassagesuggeststhataspeechthatattemptstopersuadepeopletoactislikelytofailifitdoesNOT（）

4.WhichofthefollowingpersuasivedevicesisNOTusedinthepassage？

5.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor'smainpointaboutlogicalargument？

問題1選項

A.anaimofmostspeakersandwriters

B.anindicationeitherofdishonestyorofcredulity

C.awayofdisplayingdistrustoftheaudience‘smotives

D.acharacteristicofmosthumanisticdiscourse

問題2選項

A.theonlynecessaryelementofpersuasivediscourse

B.adubiousartinatleasttwoways

C.anoutmodedandtediousamplificationoflogic

D.anopenoffensetotherationalmind

問題3選項

A.distortthetruthalittletomakeitmoreacceptabletotheaudience

B.appealtotheself-interestaswellasthehumanitarianismoftheaudience

C.addresslisteners'emotionsaswellastheirintellects

D.concedethelogicofotherpointsofview

問題4選項

A.Asampleofanactualspeechdeliveredbyanorator.

B.Thecontrastofdifferentpointsofview.

C.Therepetitionofkeyideasandexpressions.

D.Ananalogythatseekstoexplainlogicalargument.

問題5選項

A.Itisasterile,abstractdiscipline,oflittleuseinreallife.

B.Itisanessentialelementofpersuasivediscourse,butonlyonesuchelement.

C.Itisanimportantmeansofpersuadingpeopletoactagainsttheirdesires.

D.Itisthelowestorderofdiscoursebecauseitistheleastimaginative.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“Butthosewho...verynaive;”但那些認為修辭是在說謊而拒絕使用修辭的人，同時又希望說服別人采取行動的人，要么是騙子，要么就是天真的人。選項B中的不誠實和易上當受騙的人與之相對應(yīng)，所以正確。

第2題:根據(jù)第一段的第二句“Undertheforce...whollycondemned.”在這種觀點的影響下，修辭藝術(shù)可能不可避免地要從被認為具有可疑價值的地位過渡到被完全譴責的地位。所以，選項B符合原文。

第3題:根據(jù)第一段的最后一句，一篇試圖說服人們的演講，如果不考慮到他們與這些希望和恐懼有關(guān)的方面，是不會有什么結(jié)果的。選項C正確。

第4題:試題分析：結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，文中并沒有提到演說者演說的實際例子，所以本題選A。

第5題:根據(jù)第一段“Logicalargumentistheplot,asitwere,ofanyspeechoressaythatisrespectfullyintendedtopersuadepeople.Yetitisacharacterizingfeatureofrhetoricthatitgoesbeyondthis...”邏輯論證就像任何演講或文章的情節(jié)一樣，都是有禮貌地試圖說服人們的。然而，它只是修辭的一個特點，并且超越了這一點。選項B符合原文。

2.單選題

Afterafewmonthsofworkingwithhishands,Dr.Brownreturnedtohiscollege,______thathistimehadbeenwellspent.

問題1選項

A.persuaded

B.convinced

C.noticed

D.promised

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項persuade“勸說，說服，使信服”，指通過勸說、感情交流等而使對方做勸說者所希望的事；B選項convince“使確信，使相信”，指憑行動、事實或言語使他人從思想感情上信服；C選項notice“注意，察覺”；D選項promise“允諾，許諾”。根據(jù)Afterafewmonthsofworkingwithhishands和histimehadbeenwellspent可知B選項符合語義。句意：經(jīng)過幾個月的動手操作后，確信自己的時間花得值得的布朗博士回到了大學(xué)。

3.單選題

ItisinterestingtoreflectforamomentuponthedifferencesintheareasofmoralfeelingandstandardsinthepeoplesofJapanandtheUnitedStates.TheAmericansdividetheseareassomewhatrigidlyintospiritandflesh,thetwobeinginoppositioninthelifeofahumanbeing.Ideally,spiritshouldprevailbutalltoooftenitisthefleshthatdoesprevail.TheJapanesemakenosuchdivision,atleastbetweenoneasgoodandtheotherasevil.Theybelievethatapersonhastwosouls,eachnecessary.Oneisthe"gentle"soul,theotheristhe"rough"soul.Sometimesthepersonuseshisgentlesoul,sometimeshemustusehisroughsoul.Hedoesnotfavorhisgentlesoul,neitherdoeshefighthisroughsoul.Humannatureinitselfisgood,Japanesephilosophersinsist,andahumanbeingdoesnotneedtofightanypartofhimself.Hehasonlytolearnhowtouseeachsoulproperlyattheappropriatetimes.VirtuefortheJapaneseconsistsinfulfillingone'sobligationstoothers.Happyendings,eitherinlifeorinfiction,areneithernecessarynorexpected,sincethefulfillmentofdutyprovidesthesatisfyingend,whateverthetragedyitinflicts.Anddutyincludesaperson'sobligationstothosewhohaveconferredbenefitsuponhimandtohimselfasanindividualofhonor.Hedevelopsthroughthisdoublesenseofdutyaself-disciplinewhichisatoncepermissiveandrigid,dependingupontheareainwhichitisfunctioning.

Theprocessofacquiringthisself-disciplinebeginsinchildhood.Indeed,onemaysayitbeginsatbirth—howearlytheJapanesechildisgivenhisownidentity!IfIweretodefineinawordtheattitudeoftheJapanesetowardtheirchildrenIwouldputitinonesuccinctword.Love?Yes,abundanceoflove,warmlyexpressedfrom.themomentheisputtohismother'sbreast.Foramotherthisnursingofherchildisimportantpsychologically.

Rewardsarefrequent,abitofcandybestowedattherightmoment,aninexpensivetoy.Astimecomestoenterschool,however,disciplinebecomesfirmer.Tobringshametothefamilyisthegreatestshameforthechild.

WhatisthesecretoftheJapaneseteachingofself-discipline?Itlies,Ithink,inthefactthattheaimofallteachingistheestablishmentofhabit.Rulesarerepeatedoverandover,andcontinuallypracticeduntilobediencebecomesinstinctive.Thisrepetitionisenhancedbytheexpectationoftheelders.Theyexpectachildtoobeyandtolearnthroughobedience.Thedemandisgentleatfirstandtemperedtothechild'stenderage.Itisnolessgentleastimegoeson,butcertainlyitisincreasinglyinexorable.

Now,farawayfromthatwarmJapanesehome,IreflectuponwhatIlearnedthere.What,Iwonder,willtaketheplaceofthewebofloveanddisciplinewhichforsomanycenturieshassurroundedthelifeandthinkingofthepeopleofJapan?

1.AccordingtoJapanesebeliefachildisborn（）.

2.ThetrainingoftheJapanesechildcanbestbedescribedas（）.

3.Intheteachingofself-disciplinetheJapaneseemphasize（）.

4.TheJapaneseideaofvirtueis（）.

5.TotheJapanese,theaimofexistenceis（）.

問題1選項

A.basicallygood

B.amoral,neithergoodnorevil

C.withtwosoulswhichareincombatwithoneanother

D.insin

問題2選項

A.asystemofrewardsandpunishments

B.frequentdiscipliningwhichbecomesmoreinexorablysevereasthechildgrowsolder

C.benevolentandindulgentduringtheearlyyears,butsomewhatmoresevereasthechildgrowsolder

D.almostentirelypsychological

問題3選項

A.dutytoone'sfamilyandrelations

B.earlytoilettrainingcombinedwithrestrictivemovement

C.heavyexternalcontrolincludingbothverbalandphysicalpunishment

D.apermissiveatmospherealmostuntilpuberty

問題4選項

A.sublimatingthe"rough"soultopermitascendancyofthe"gentle"soul

B.fulfillingone'sobligationstoothers

C.doinggoodandavoidingevil

D.beingfriendlyandcourteoustoallpeople

問題5選項

A.thepursuitofhappiness

B.rewardintheafterlife

C.ahappyendingtoone'sactivities

D.fulfillingone'sduty

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段“Humannatureinitselfisgood,Japanesephilosophersinsist,andahumanbeingdoesnotneedtofightanypartofhimself.Hehasonlytolearnhowtouseeachsoulproperlyattheappropriatetimes.”日本哲學(xué)家堅持認為,人性本身是好的,一個人不需要與自己的任何一部分作斗爭。他只需要學(xué)習(xí)如何在適當?shù)臅r候恰當?shù)厥褂妹恳粋€靈魂。所以選項A符合原文。

2.根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的最后一句“Thedemandisgentleatfirstandtemperedtothechild'stenderage.Itisnolessgentleastimegoeson,butcertainlyitisincreasinglyinexorable.”這種要求一開始是溫和的,根據(jù)孩子們幼小的年齡而進行調(diào)整,隨著時間的推移這種要求就不那么溫和了,可以肯定的說是越來越無情了。選項C符合原文。

3.本題與上一題意思相近,這種要求一開始是溫和的,根據(jù)孩子們幼小的年齡而進行調(diào)整,隨著時間的推移這種要求就不那么溫和了,可以肯定的說是越來越無情了。選項D符合原文。

4.根據(jù)第一段中提到的“VirtuefortheJapaneseconsistsinfulfillingone'sobligationstoothers.”可知選項B符合原文。

5.根據(jù)第一段的后半部分的內(nèi)容可知,對于日本人來說,存在的目的就是履行職責。所以選項D正確。

4.翻譯題

“Allnatureismeanttomakeusthinkofparadise,”ThomasMertonobserved.BecausetheCreationputsonanonstopshow,beautyisfreeandinexhaustible,butweneedtraininginordertoperceivemorethanthemostobviouskinds.Even15billionyearsorsoaftertheBigBang,echoesofthateventstilllingerintheformofbackgroundradiation,onlyafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero.Lustso,Ibelieve,theexperienceofbeautyisanechooftheorderandpowerthatpermeatetheuniverse.Tomeasurebackgroundradiation,weneedsubtleinstruments;tomeasurebeauty,weneedalertintelligenceandourfivekeensenses.

Anyonewitheyescantakedelightinafaceoraflower.Youneedtraining,however,toperceivethebeautyinmathematicsorphysicsorchess,inthearchitectureofatree,thedesignofabird’swing,ortheshiverofbreaththroughaflute.Formostofhumanhistory,thetraininghasfromelderswhotaughttheyounghowtopayattention.Bypayingattention;welearntosavorallsortsofpatterns,fromquantummechanicstopatchworkquilts.Thispredilectionbringswithitaclearevolutionaryadvantage,fortheabilitytorecognizepatternshelpedourancestorstoselectmates,findfood,avoidpredators.Butthesameadvantagewouldapplytoallspecies,andyetwealonecomposesymphoniesandcrosswordpuzzles,carvestoneintostatus,maptimeandspace.

【答案】托馬斯?默頓曾感言：“天地萬物欲使我們想到天堂?！鄙咸煸煳?，生生不息，猶如連番上演的舞臺劇，美亦展示得無拘無朿、無窮無盡。若要從最顯見的物類中獲得更多美的感悟，則須經(jīng)專門訓(xùn)練。即使在宇宙大爆炸的一百五十億年后，其反射仍以背景輻射的形式，略略徘徊于絕對零度之上。正因為此，人們對美的體驗，實則是對宇宙間無處不在的秩序與力量的回應(yīng)。測量背景輻射，要有精巧的儀器；體驗美，則需機敏的智能與敏銳的五官了。

凡眼見于俏臉、鮮花，無人不覺賞心悅目。然而，要參透數(shù)學(xué)、物理或棋弈之美，欣賞樹之有形、鳥之翼趣，乃至對長笛奏出的悠悠顫音心領(lǐng)祌會，則必經(jīng)專門訓(xùn)練方可體味。在人類大部歷史上，這種訓(xùn)練就是學(xué)會如何觀察，歷來由長者教之于幼者。通過觀察，人類學(xué)會鑒賞天地萬化之模式，從量子力學(xué)到百納被無所不包。此癡情所至，亦使人類在進化過程中占盡先機，能辨萬化之象，有助于先人們擇偶、覓食，逃避猛獸。按理，同一進化優(yōu)勢本應(yīng)造福世間一切物種，然惟獨人類能譜出交響曲、制作填字游戲、創(chuàng)造石雕藝術(shù)、標示時空天體。

那么，是人類為獲敏銳的感知而一味將其動物的本能需求推向了乖戾之極致，還是人腦構(gòu)造與宇宙天體碰巧契合呢？

5.單選題

Thiskindofglassesmanufacturedbyexperiencedcraftsmen______comfortably.

問題1選項

A.wearing

B.areworn

C.isworn

D.wears

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查主謂一致。句意：這種眼鏡由經(jīng)驗豐富的工匠制作，戴起來很舒服。Thiskindofglasses是句子主語，manufacturedbyexperiencedcraftsmen是修飾主語的定語，橫線部分是謂語動詞，comfortably是狀語。根據(jù)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)確定wears符合題意。A選項wearing是非謂語動詞；B選項areworn和C選項isworn是被動語態(tài)，這里不用被動語態(tài)。因此D選項正確。

6.單選題

ThefirstmentionofslaveryinthestatutesoftheEnglishcoloniesofNorthAmericadoesnotoccuruntilafter1660—somefortyyearsaftertheimportationofthefirstBlackpeople.Lestwethinkthatslaveryexistedinfactbeforeitdidinlaw,OscarandMaryHandlinassureus,thatthestatusofBlackpeopledowntothe1660’swasthatofservants.AcritiqueoftheHanlins’interpretationofwhylegalslaverydidnotappearuntilthe1660ssuggeststhatassumptionsabouttherelationbetweenslaveryandracialprejudiceshouldbereexamined,andthatexplanationforthedifferenttreatmentofBlackslavesinNorthandSouthAmerica'shouldbeexpanded.

TheHandlinsexplaintheappearanceoflegalslaverybyarguingthat,duringthe1660's,thepositionofWhileservantswasimprovingrelativetothatofBlackservants.Thus,theHandlinscontend,BlackandWhiteservants,heretoforetreatedalike,eachattainedadifferentstatus.Thereare,however,importantobjectionstothisargument.First,theHandlinscannotadequatelydemonstratethattheWhiteservant’spositionwasimproving,duringandafterthe1660’s;severalactsoftheMarylandandVirginialegislaturesindicateotherwise.AnotherflawintheHandlin’interpretationistheirassumptionthatpriortotheestablishmentoflegalslaverytherewasnodiscriminationagainstBlackpeople.Itistruethatbeforethe1660’sBlackpeoplewererarelycalledslaves.Butthisshouldnotovershadowevidencefromthe1630sonchatpointstoracialdiscriminationwithoutusingthetermslavery.Suchdiscriminationsometimes,stoppedshortoflifetimeservitudeorinheritedstatusthetwoattributesoftrueslavery-yetinothercasesitincludedboth.TheHandlins'argumentexcludestherealpossibilitythatBlackpeopleintheEnglishcolonieswerenevertreatedastheequalsofWhitepeople.

Thepossibilityhasimportantramifications.IffromtheoutsetBlackpeoplewerediscriminatedagainst,thenlegalslaveryshouldbeviewedasareflectionandanextensionofracialprejudiceratherthan,asmanyhistoriansincludingtheHandlinshaveargued,thecauseofprejudice.Inaddition,theexistenceofdiscriminationbeforetheadventoflegalslaveryoffersafurtherexplanationfortheharshertreatmentofBlackslavesinNorththaninSouthAmericA.FreyreandTannenbaumhaverightlyarguedthatthelackofcertaintraditionsinNorthAmerica-suchasaRomanconceptionofslaveryandaRomanCatholicemphasisonequality—explainswhythetreatmentofBlackslaveswasmoreseveretherethanintheSpanishandPortuguesecoloniesofSouthAmericA.Butthiscannotbethewholeexplanationsinceitismerelybasedonlyonalackofsomething.AmorecompellingexplanationisthattheearlyandsometimesextremeracialdiscriminationintheEnglishcolonieshelpeddeterminetheparticularnatureoftheslaverythatfollowed.

1.Whichofthefollowingisthemostlogicalinferencetobedrawnfromthepassageabouttheeffectsof“severalactsoftheMarylandandVirginialegislatures”(lines11)passedduringandafterthe1660’s?

2.WithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthestatusofBlackpeopleintheEnglishcoloniesofNorthAmericabeforethe1660'swouldtheauthorbeLEASTlikelytoagree?

3.Accordingtothepassage,theHandlinshavearguedwhichofthefollowingabouttherelationshipbetweenracialprejudiceandtheinstitutionoflegalslaveryintheEnglishcoloniesofNorthAmerica?

4.ThepassagesuggeststhattheexistenceofaRomanconceptionofslaveryinSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadtheeffectof（）.

5.TheauthorconsiderstheFreyreandTannenbaumforthetreatmentaccordedBlackslavesintheEnglishcoloniesofNorthAmericatobe（）.

問題1選項

A.Theactsnegativelyaffectedthepre-1660'spositionofBlackaswellasofwhiteservants

B.TheactshadtheeffectofimpartingratherthanimprovingthepositionofWhiteservantsrelativetowhatithadbeenbeforethe1660's

C.TheactshadadifferenteffectonthepositionofWhiteservantsthandidmanyoftheactspassedduringthistimebythelegislaturesofothercolonies

D.Theacts,attheveryleastcausedthepositionofWhiteservantstoremainnobetterthanithadbeenbeforethe1660's

問題2選項

A.AlthoughBlackpeoplewerenotlegallyconsideredtobeslaves,theywereoftencalledslaves

B.Althoughsubjecttosomediscrimination;Blackpeoplehadaheightlegalstatusthantheydidafterthe1660’s.

C.Althoughsometimessubjecttolifetimeservitude,Blackpeoplewerenotlegallyconsideredtobeslaves.

D.AlthoughoftennottreatedthesameasWhitepeople,Blackpeople,likemanyWhitepeople,possessedthelegalstatusofservants.

問題3選項

A.Racialprejudiceandtheinstitutionofslaveryarosesimultaneously

B.Racialprejudicemostoftentooktheformoftheimpositionofinheritedstatus,oneortheattributesofslavery

C.Thesourceofracialprejudicewastheinstitutionofslavery

D.BecauseoftheinfluenceoftheRomanCatholicChurch,racialprejudicesometimesdidnotresultinslaveryslay

問題4選項

A.extendingratherthancausingracialprejudiceinthesecolonies

B.hasteningthelegalizationofslaveryinthesecolonies

C.mitigatingsomeoftheconditionsofslaveryforBlackpeopleinthesecolonies

D.delayingtheintroductionofslaveryintotheEnglishcolonies

問題5選項

A.ambitiousbutmisguided

B.validbutlimited

C.popularbutsuspect

D.anachronisticandcontroversial

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞severalactsoftheMarylandandVirginialegislatures可以定位到文章中“TheHandlinsexplaintheappearanceoflegalslaverybyarguingthat,duringthe1660,s,thepositionofWhiteservantswasimprovingrelativetothatofBlackservants.”中文翻譯為：漢林夫婦認為，在17世紀60年代，白人仆人的地位相對于黑人仆人的地位正在改善，從而解釋了法律奴隸制的出現(xiàn)。以及原文中“Thus,theHandlinscontend,BlackandWhiteservants,heretoforetreatedalike,eachattainedadifferentstatus.Thereare,however,importantobjectionstothisargument.”，中文翻譯為：.因此，黑奴和白種人爭論不休，黑人和白人仆人歷來待遇相同，每個人都獲得了不同的地位。然而，對于這一論點，有一些重要的反對意見；和原文“First,theHandlinscannotadequatelydemonstratethattheWhiteservant’spositionwasimprovingduringandafterthe1660’s;severalactsoftheMarylandandVirginialegislaturesindicateotherwise.”，中文翻譯為：首先，馬里蘭州和維吉尼亞州立法機構(gòu)的幾項法案表明，17世紀60年代期間和之后，這位白人仆人的地位并沒有得到充分證明?？梢酝茰y出白人仆人的地位沒有提高，因此D選項符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第中“ThefirstmentionofslaveryinthestatutesoftheEnglishcoloniesofNorthAmericadoesnotoccuruntilafter1660—somefortyyearsaftertheimportationofthefirstBlackpeople.”中文翻譯為：在北美英國殖民地大法規(guī)中，只有在1660年之后才首次對奴隸制度有所提及，即黑人被輸入到美洲后的四十年?！癓estwethinkthatslaveryexistedinfactbeforeitdidinlaw,OscarandMaryHandlinassureus,thatthestatusofBlackpeopledowntothel660’swasthatofservants.”，中文翻譯為：唯恐我認為奴隸制度事實上的存在先于其法律上的存在，奧斯卡和瑪麗?漢德林使我們相信，直到十七世紀六十年代為止，黑人的地位是充當傭人。以及“Itistruethatbeforethe1660'sBlackpeoplewererarelycalledslaves.”中文翻譯為：的確，在1660年以前，黑人很少被稱為奴隸?？梢酝茰y出A選項是作者最不可能同意的觀點。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第中“Thepossibilityhasimportantramifications.”中文翻譯為：這種可能性具有重要的意義。以及“IffromtheoutsetBlackpeoplewerediscriminatedagainst,thenlegalslaveryshouldbeviewedasareflectionandanextensionofracialprejudiceratherthan,asmanyhistoriansincludingtheHandlinshaveargued,thecauseofprejudice.”，中文翻譯為：假若從一開始起黑人就遭到歧視，那么，法律上的奴隸制度應(yīng)被視作種族歧視的一種反應(yīng)和延伸，而不應(yīng)像包括漢德林夫婦在內(nèi)的許多史學(xué)家所指出的那樣，被視作種族偏見的起因。可以推測出C選項正確。

4.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章中“FreyreandTannenbaumhaverightlyarguedthatthelackofcertaintraditionsinNorthAmerica-suchasaRomanconceptionofslaveryandaRomanCatholicemphasisonequality—explainswhythetreatmentofBlackslaveswasmoreseveretherethanintheSpanishandPortuguesecoloniesofSouthAmerica.”中文翻譯為：弗雷爾和坦納博不無道理指出，北美洲某些傳統(tǒng)的缺失一一比如古羅馬有關(guān)奴隸制度的觀念以及羅馬天主對于平等的強調(diào)一一可以說明黑人奴隸在那里的待遇要比在南美洲西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地的黑人奴隸的待遇更為苛刻?？梢缘弥狢選項符合題意。

5.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第中“FreyreandTannenbaumhaverightlyargued...”中文翻譯為:“弗雷爾和坦納博正確地主張了/論證了……”以及“Butthiscannotbethewholeexplanationsinceitismerelybasedonlyonalackofsomething.”中文翻譯為：但是，這并不能成為一種完整的解釋，因為僅僅是從反面進行的，以某些事物的缺乏為其依據(jù)?？梢酝茰y出B選項正確。

7.不定項選擇題

ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid-1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,butduringthelate1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.

TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthattime,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessesheretoforeconsidereduntreatable(penicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,andnewspaperexposescalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswereslowincominguntiltheearly1910s.Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemandtheirrights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,wasboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patient’sfightsgroupssuccessfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.

Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffects,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingdaytodaycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceofpatientrightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.

1.Whichofthefollowinghappenedinmentalinstitutionsaftereconomicdepression?

2.Itcanbeinferredthat,hadtheCivilRightsmovementnotpromptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions,（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,mentalhospitalconditionswereradicallychangedbecauseof（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whoisresponsibleforsurveillanceofgoodpatientcare?

5.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto（）.

問題1選項

A.Patientsbecameinflexibleandinsensitive.

B.Fewerpatientsledtoshortageoffundsandinhumanecare.

C.Morepatientswerereluctanttogethelpfromphysicians.

D.Patientsweredisappointedtoliveinasylums.

問題2選項

A.stateswouldneverhaveestablishedasylumsforthementallyill

B.newtreatmentsformajormentalillnesswouldhavelikelyremaineduntested

C.theCivilRightsmovementinAmericawouldhavebeenpoliticallyineffective

D.conditionsinmentalhospitalsmighthaveescapedjudicialscrutiny

問題3選項

A.agroupofyoungangrymeninthe1900s

B.activeyounglawyersinthe1910s

C.innocentinsanepatient’sprotest

D.powerfulcourtinterventions

問題4選項

A.Thestatecourts.

B.Thepublicinterestlawyers.

C.Thestatementalhealthadministrators.

D.Thehospitals.

問題5選項

A.provideanhistoricalperspectiveonproblemsofmentalhealthcare

B.increasepublicawarenessoftheplightofthementallyill

C.shockthereaderwithvividdescriptionsofasylums

D.describetheinventionofnewtreatmentsformentalillness

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第一段中“Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.精神病院變得人滿為患，像監(jiān)獄一樣?！焙汀癕entalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.精神病院成了令人恐懼和沮喪的地方，病人的權(quán)利幾乎被遺忘?！笨芍狣項與原文相符。A項“病人變得僵硬和麻木”，與原文不符；B項“病人減少導(dǎo)致資金短缺和不人道的護理”，與原文不符；C項“更多的病人不愿意得到醫(yī)生的幫助”，與原文不符；D項“病人住在精神病院里很失望”，因此D選項正確。

第2題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.當時，民權(quán)運動促使律師們調(diào)查美國的監(jiān)獄，那里的黑人比例不成比例，他們轉(zhuǎn)而跟蹤囚犯進入唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機構(gòu)——精神病罪犯醫(yī)院?！笨芍狣項與原文相符。A項“國家將永遠不會為精神病人建立精神病院”，與原文不符；B項“針對主要精神病的新治療將可能仍然未被檢驗”，與原文不符；C項“美國的民權(quán)運動在政治上是無效的，與原文不符；D項“精神病院的條件可能逃脫了司法審查”，因此D選項正確。

第3題:推理判斷題。由題干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.當時，民權(quán)運動促使律師們調(diào)查美國的監(jiān)獄，因為那里的黑人比例不成比例，他們轉(zhuǎn)而跟蹤囚犯進入唯一比監(jiān)獄更糟糕的機構(gòu)——精神病罪犯醫(yī)院?！焙汀癟heyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthemental