2020

年研究生入學統一考試試題（英語一）SectionIUseof

EnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)Eveniffamiliesdon'tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequentlyasbefore,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthatnation'sgreattraditions;theSundayroast.

1

acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan

2it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedourhealth.Thatthis

3

shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure

4

todamageour

health.TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has

5apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked

6hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould

7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurnthin-crustpizzasandonly

8

toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?

9

studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno

10

evidencethatitcausescancerin

humans.Scientistssaythecompoundis"

11tobecarcinogenic"buthavenohardscientificproof.

12theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis

13

tofollowtheFSAadvice.

14

,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea

15

.Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe

16

uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?

17

,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods

18

,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their

19riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.Constanthealthscaresjust

20

withnoonelistening.11.[A]

In[B]

Towards[C]On[D]

Till2.[A]

match[B]

express[C]

satisfy[D]

influence3.[A]

patience[B]

enjoyment[C]

surprise[D]

concern4.[A]

intensified[B]

privileged[C]

compelled[D]

guaranteed5.[A]

issued[B]

received[C]

ignored[D]

canceled6.[A]

under[B]

at[C]

for[D]

by7.[A]

forget[B]

regret[C]

finish[D]

avoid8.[A]

partially[B]

regularly[C]

easily[D]

initially9.[A]

Unless[B]

Since[C]

If[D]

While10.[A]

secondary[B]

external[C]

inconclusive[D]

negative11.[A]insufficient[B]

bound[C]

likely[D]

slow12.[A]Onthebasis

of[B]Atthecost

of[C]Inaddition

to[D]Incontrast

to13.[A]

interesting[B]

advisable[C]

urgent[D]

fortunate14.[A]As

usual[B]In

particular[C]By

definition[D]After

all15.[A]

resemblance[B]

combination[C]

connection[D]

pattern16.[A]

made[B]

served[C]

saved[D]

used17.[A]Tobe

fair[B]For

instance[C]Tobe

brief[D]in

general18.[A]

reluctantly[B]

entirely[C]

gradually[D]

carefully19.[A]

promise[B]

experience[C]

campaign[D]

competition20.[A]follow

up[B]pick

up[C]open

up[D]end

up2020年研究生入學統一考試試題（英語一）Directio2SectionⅡReading

ComprehensionPart

ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40

points）Text

1AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK"townofculture"award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforzoz1.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccess

of

the

crown

for

Hull,

where

it

brought

in

￡220m

of

investment

and

an

avalanche

of

arts,

out

not

to

beconfinedtocities.Britain'town,itistruearenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabittobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreating

jobs.SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asough-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletof

culture?Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun"yearofculture"washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,community.groupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.A"townofculture"couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonoringatown'speculiarities-helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeopleandturnitinto

action.Copperandhercolleaguearguethata"townofculture"

awardwould

.consolidatethetowncitytiesin

BritainpromotecooperationamongBrain's

townsincreasetheeconomicstrengthofBrain's

townsfocusBrain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.Accordingtoparagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedby

some

as

..asensiblecompromiseaself-deceivingattemptaneye-catching

bonusaninaccessible

targetTheauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyif

it

endeavortomaintainits

imagemeetstheaspirationofits

peoplebringsitslocalartstoprominence2SectionⅡReadingComprehensi3D.commitstoitslong-termgrowth“Glasgow”ismentionedinParagraph3to

present

acontrastingcaseasupportingexampleabackgroundstoryarelatedtopicWhatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthe

proposal?A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavorableD.

CriticalText

2Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjoumalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan￡210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochange

them.Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforall

participants.InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneral

release.Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround￡500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts”hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingof

power.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprintmoney"partly

because

itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease

.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeen

successful.itspaymentforpeerreviewis

reduced.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevier

have

thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.gonethroughanexistential

crisis.revivedthepublishing

industry.financedresearchers

generously.3D.commitstoitslong-termg4Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessof

Sci-Hub?Relieved.Puzzled.ConcernedEncouraged.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopen

access

terms

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomake

money.renderpublishingmucheasierfor

scientists.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsthescientificpublishing

model?Trialsubscriptionis

offered.Labourtriumphsover

status.Costsarewellcontrolled.D]Thefewfeedonthe

many.Text

3Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaverage

people.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provideacasein

point.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernment

quotas.

If

the

bills

become

law,

state

boards

and

commissions

will

be

required

to

set

aside

50

percentofboardseatsforwomenby

2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifomia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobably

unconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butso

what?The

number

of

women

on

corporate

boards

has

been

steadily

increasing

without

government

interference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54

percent.Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategender

quota.WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa“goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyof

boards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaverage

women.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddad

wills

4Howdoestheauthorfeelabou5helplittletoreducegender

bias.poseathreattothestategovernment.raisewomen'spositionin

politics.greatlybroadencareer

options.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCalifornia

measure?Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.ItiswelcomedbytheSupreme

Court,Itmaygoagainstthe

Constitution.Itwillsettletheprior

controversies.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate

theharmfromarbitraryboard

decision.theimportanceofconstitutional

guarantees.thepressureonwomeninglobal

corporations.theneedlessnessofgovernment

interventions.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasled

to

theunderestimationofelitewomen's

role.theobjectiontofemaleparticipationon

boards.theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintothe

board.thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthe

text?Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbe

considered.Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcernin

policymaking.Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocial

justice.Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusof

legislation.Text

4LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservces.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnited

States.ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainst

France.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservices

taxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationand

Development5helplittletoreducegender(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltax

system.France`splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeand

costly.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabill

to

regulatedigitalservices

tectFrenchcompanies'

interests.imposealevyontech

multinationals.curbtheinfluenceof

advertising.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservices

taxmaytriggercountermeasuresagainst

France.isapttoarousecriticismathomeand

abroad.aimstoeaseinternationaltrade

tensions.willpromptthetechgiantstoquit

France.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthatredistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbe

ensured.thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneeds

upgrading.techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbe

prevented.allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxing

rights.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO'scurrentwork

isbeingresistedbyUS

companies.needstobereadjusted

immediately.isfacedwithuncertain

prospects.needstoininvolvemore

countries.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitleforthis

text?FranceIsConfrontedwithTrade

SanctionsFranceleadsthechargeonDigital

TaxFranceSays"NO"toTech

MultinationalsFranceDemandsaRoleintheDigital

EconomyPartBDirections:In

the

following

text,

some

sentences

have

been

removed.

For

Questions

41

-45,

choose

the

most

suitable

onefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10

points)Eyefixactionsare

briefToomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttobe

rudeEyecontactcanbeafriendlysocial

signalPersonalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeye

contactBiologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeing

investigatedMostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwith

strangersEyecontactcanalsobe

aggressive.Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentionin

afriendlyway.6(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwi7Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidatetumstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabouteye

contact:41.

Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom,"Eyecontactandsmile"cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonica

Moore.42.

NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrain

scanning.43.

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituationWhileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceOFintimidationinadversarialsituations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeep'inmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,"said

Minson.44.

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembled

andperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.45.

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues.Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer-"Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyat

them.PartC

TranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.46.With（thegapbetween）thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbythe

Renaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexplored

intellectual

territories.7Butitcanalsobeantagonist8DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.47.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersat

thetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthe

centreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpense.Offeringupsuchatheoryduringatimeofhightensionbetweenscientificandreligiousmindswasbrandedasheresy,andanysuchhereticsthatcontinuedtospreadtheseliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.GalileowasexcommunicatedbytheChurchandimprisonedforlifeforhisastronomicalobservationsandhissupportoftheheliocentricprinciple.48.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtostrong-armthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists,moreexplanations

for

how

the

universe

functioned

were

being

made,

and

at

a

rate

that

the

people-including

the

Church-couldnolongerignore.

Itwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewkindofphilosophyfoundedinreasonwasborn.TheChurch'slong-standingdogmawaslosingthegreatbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.

ThisveryfactembodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEuropeduringmostofthe17thcentury.49.As

manytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld.TheRenaissance

wasoveranditwastimeforanewera-theAgeof

Reason.The17thand18thcenturiesweretimesofradicalchangeandcuriosity.Scientificmethod,reductionismandthequestioningofChurchidealswastobeencouraged,aswereideasofliberty,toleranceandprogress.50.Such

actionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatin

phrase'sapereaude'or'daretoknow',afterImmanuelKantused