2022年寧夏大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試模擬卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時(shí)間為180分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位: 姓名: 考號(hào):題號(hào)單選題多項(xiàng)選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項(xiàng)選擇題（共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項(xiàng)中,只有一個(gè)最符合題意）I.Hollywood’strueheroesarelosingtheirjobs.Stuntpeople（替身演貝）whoentertainedcinema-goersbyfallingforthesky,swimmingwithsharksanddrivingfastcarshavebeenreplacedbytechnology.Aftergenerationsofstreetfights,highfaIIs,andsettingfiretothemseIves,thesepeopIehavehadnearlyalItheirworkreplacedbycomputers.ThemostdangerousandcostlystuntscannowbeachievedbymixingcomputerpicturewithIiveaction.Inthemid-1990stherewere12,000registeredstuntpeople,butmorethanhalfofthemhaddifficultyfindingwork.Sometimes,sixorseventeamswouldbeworkingonafilm.Then,afterafewdays,theproducerswouldcomeinandsay,"Youcangohome."Thereasonwassimple:cost.Computertechnologymadeitpossibletocreatestuntswhichwouldeitherbetooexpensiveortoodangeroustoattempt.Withtheriseofdigitaltechnology（數(shù)字技術(shù)），insurancecompaniesbecamemorereluctanttocoverrealstunts."Iftheyknowitcanbedonesafelywithvisualeffects,thecompanieswi11notinsurerealstunts,"saidastuntperson.ManyintheirindustrybeIievestuntpeopIeshoulddeveIopexpertiseinthenewtechnology,actingasadvisersonthevirtuaIstunts.Some,however,thinkthatstuntpeopIecansurviveintheirtraditionalcareers.TheybeIievethataudienceswon’tacceptstuntsproducedbycomputersfortoolong.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage()ComputerswillsurelymakestuntpeopIelosejobs.ThestuntpeopIeshouIdblameontheuseofcomputerinmakingstunts.ComputersmakethejobofthestuntpeopIemorechaiIenging.AudiencesarelosinginterestinthestuntpeopICompetitionwithresearchinuniversitiesisveryharmfultoteaching.Therefore,itwouldbemuchmorebeneficialtoteachingtodevelopasoundprogramofeducationalresearch.Suchaprogramwouldimproveteachingtheoryandtechnique.Itwouldalsomakeclearwhatcompetenciesarerequiredofagoodteacheraswellashelpprofessorsattainthem.Educationalresearchshouldberequiredtomeetthesamestandardsasscientificresearch,butitcannotberaisedtothosestandardswithoutcomparablesupportandduty.Competenteducationalresearchisnomoreapart-timeactivitythancompetentscientificresearch.Therelativelytrivial(瑣碎的)educationalresearchsocommonintheuniversitiesisaninseparableresultoftrivialdutiesbytheuniversities.Ratherthanlookdownuponsuchresearch,theprofessorshaveanobligationtoseethatitisupgraded.Letnoonethinkthateducationalresearchiseasy；itisconcernedwithnolessthansolvingthecomplexitiesofthehumanmind.Thereisnoreasontobelievethataneffectivetheoryandtechnologyofinstructioniseasiertoachievethancontrollednuclearfusion.Itiscertainlyeverybitasworthy.WhatistheauthorJsattitudetowardstrivialeducationalresearch()A.Itshouldnotbepaidattentiontobyprofessors.Itcanbelookeddownuponbycompetentprofessors.Itdoesnothavethesamedutieswithcompetentresearch.Itdoesnotneedimprovement.HoIIywood’strueheroesarelosingtheirjobs.StuntpeopIe(替身演員）whoentertainedcinema-goersbyfallingforthesky,swimmingwithsharksanddrivingfastcarshavebeenreplacedbytechnology.Aftergenerationsofstreetfights,highfaIIs,andsettingfiretothemseIves,thesepeopIehavehadnearlyalItheirworkreplacedbycomputers.ThemostdangerousandcostIystuntscannowbeachievedbymixingcomputerpicturewithIiveaction.Inthemid-1990stherewere12,000registeredstuntpeople,butmorethanhalfofthemhaddifficultyfindingwork.Sometimes,sixorseventeamswouldbeworkingonafilm.Then,afterafewdays,theproducerswouldcomeinandsay,"Youcangohome."Thereasonwassimple:cost.Computertechnologymadeitpossibletocreatestuntswhichwouldeitherbetooexpensiveortoodangeroustoattempt.WiththeriseofdigitaltechnoIogy（數(shù)字技術(shù)），insurancecompaniesbecamemorereluctanttocoverrealstunts."Iftheyknowitcanbedonesafelywithvisualeffects,thecompanieswi11notinsurerealstunts,"saidastuntperson.ManyintheirindustrybeIievestuntpeopIeshoulddeveIopexpertiseinthenewtechnology,actingasadvisersonthevirtuaIstunts.Some,however,thinkthatstuntpeopIecansurviveintheirtraditionalcareers.TheybeIievethataudienceswon’tacceptstuntsproducedbycomputersfortoolong.Thepurposeofthispassageisto（）promotetheuseofrealstuntsinthefiIm-makingdescribetheworkingscenesofthestuntpeopIerecommendjobstothestuntpeopIeintroducethedifficultsituationofthestuntpeopleatworkCompetitionwithresearchinuniversitiesisveryharmfultoteaching.Therefore,itwouldbemuchmorebeneficialtoteachingtodevelopasoundprogramofeducationalresearch.Suchaprogramwouldimproveteachingtheoryandtechnique.Itwouldalsomakeclearwhatcompetenciesarerequiredofagoodteacheraswellashelpprofessorsattainthem.Educationalresearchshouldberequiredtomeetthesamestandardsasscientificresearch,butitcannotberaisedtothosestandardswithoutcomparablesupportandduty.Competenteducationalresearchisnomoreapart-timeactivitythancompetentscientificresearch.Therelativelytrivial(瑣碎的)educationalresearchsocommonintheuniversitiesisaninseparableresultoftrivialdutiesbytheuniversities.Ratherthanlookdownuponsuchresearch,theprofessorshaveanobligationtoseethatitisupgraded.Letnoonethinkthateducationalresearchiseasy；itisconcernedwithnolessthansolvingthecomplexitiesofthehumanmind.Thereisnoreasontobelievethataneffectivetheoryandtechnologyofinstructioniseasiertoachievethancontrollednuclearfusion.Itiscertainlyeverybitasworthy.Thispassageismainlyabout()competitionwithresearchinuniversitiesasoundprogramofeducationalresearchstandardsofasoundprogramofeducationalresearchcompetenteducationalresearchInthissectionyouwiIIheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestion.Questions6and7arebasedonthefollowingnews.Mostofthethirty-thousandpeopIewereaboutMr.Sarkozy'svictory.nervousworriedoptimisticpessimistic6.InsectionB,youwiIIheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatf〇11ow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestion.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.WhatsubjectisMr.PittgoodatArt.French.German.Chemistry.Questions9and10arebasedonthefollowingnews.WhatisthefeatureofTATPItisansimpleexplosive.Itisamilitaryexplosive.ItismadeinU.S.factories.Itcanbeeasilymadeindoors.Inthissectionthereareseveralreadingpassagesf〇IIowedbyatotaIoftwentymu11ipIe-choicequestions.Readthepassagescarefully.{{B11TEXTA{{/B}}"Ido.nToAmericansthosetwowordscan-ygreatmeaning.TheycanevenchangeyourIife.Especiallyifyousaythematyourownwedding.MakingweddingvowsisIikesigningacontract.NowAmericansdon'trea11ythinkmarriageisabusinessdeal.Butmarriageisseriousbusiness.ItalIbeginswithengagement.Traditionally,ayoungmanasksthefatherofhissweetheartforpermissiontomarryher.Ifthefatheragrees,themanlaterproposestoher.Oftenhetriestosurpriseherby"poppingthequestionMinaromanticway.SometimesthecoupIejustdecidestogetherthatthetimeisrighttogetmarried.ThemanusuallygiveshisfianceeadiamondringasasymboIoftheirengagement.Theymaybeengagedforweeks,monthsorevenyears.Asthebigdayapproaches,bridalshowersandbachelor5spartiesprovidemanyusefulgifts.TodaymanycouplesalsoreceivecounseIingduringengagement.ThispreparesthemforthechailengesofmarriedIife.Atlastit'stimeforthewedding.AlthoughmostweddingsfollowIong-heIdtraditions,there'sstillroomforAmericanindividualism.Forexample,theusualplaceforaweddingisinachurch.ButsomepeopIegetmarriedoutdoorsinascenicspot.Afewevenhavetheceremonywhilesky-divingorridingonhorseback!ThecouplemayinvitehundredsofpeopIeorjustafewcIosefriends.TheychoosetheirownstyIeofcoIors,decorationsandmusicduringtheceremony.ButsomethingsrareIychange.Thebrideusuallywearsabeautiful,longwhiteweddingdress.Shetraditionallywears"somethingold,somethingnew,somethingborrowedandsomethingblue".ThegroomwearsaformaIsuitortuxedo.Severalclosefriendsparticipateintheceremonyasattendants,includingthebestmanandthemaidofhonor.Astheceremonybegins,thegroomandhisattendantsstandwiththeminister,facingtheaudience.Musicsignalstheentranceofthebride'sattendants,f〇(Iowedbythebeautifulbride.Nervously,theyoungcouplerepeatstheirvows.Traditionally,theypromisetoloveeachotherHforbetter,forworse,forricher,forpoorer,insicknessandinhealthH.ButsometimesthecoupIehascomposedtheirownvows.Theygiveeachotheragoldringtosymbolizetheirmarriagecommitment.Finallytheministerannouncesthebigmoment:MInowpronounceyoumanandwife.Youmaykissyourbride!"Attheweddingreception,thebrideandgroomgreettheirguests.Thentheycuttheweddingcakeandfeedeachotherabite.GuestsminglewhiIeenjoyingcake,punchandothertreats.Laterthebridethrowsherbouquetofflowerstoagroupofsinglegirls.TraditionsaysthattheonewhocatchesthebouquetwiIIbethenexttomarry.Duringthereception,playfulfriends"decorate”thecouple1scarwithtissuepaper,tincansandaHJustMarried"sign.Whenthereceptionisover,thenewIywedsruntotheir"decorated0carandspeedoff.ManycoupIestakeahoneymoon,aone-to-two-weekvacationtrip,tocelebratetheirnewmarriage.AlmosteveryculturehasritualstosignaIachangeinone'sIife.MarriageisoneofthemostbasicIifechangesforpeopIeofalIcultures.Soit'snosurprisetofindmanytraditionsaboutgettingmarried...eveninAmerica.YeteachcoupIef〇IIowsthetraditionsinawaythatisuniquelytheirown.Theword"business"occurstwiceinthefirstparagraph,whatdoesthesecond"business11meanA.Trade.Affair.Duty.Right.{{Bl}TEXTC{{/B})Initsmodernformtheconceptof"Iiterature"dienotemergeearIierthaneighteenthcenturyandwasnotfullydevelopeduntiIthenineteenthcentury.YetheconditionsforitsemergencehadbeendevelopingsincetheRenaissance.TheworditselfcameintoEnglishuseinthefourteenthcentury,followingFrenchandLatinprecedents;itsrootwasLatinIitter,aletterofthealphabet.Litterature,inthecommonearlyspelIingrwasthenineffectaconditionofreading:ofbeingabIetoreadandofhavingread.ItwasoftenclosetothesenseofmodernIiteracy,whichwasnotintheIanguageuntiItheIatenineteenthcentury,itsintroductioninpartmadenecessarybthemovementofIiteraturetoadifferentsense.ThenormaladjectiveassociatedwithIiteraturewasIiterate.LiteraryappearedinthesenseofreadingabiIityandexperienceintheseventeenthcentury,anddidnotacquireitsspecializedmodernmeaninguntiItheeighteenthcentury.LiteratureasanewcategorywastenaspecializationoftheareaformerIycategorizedasrhetoricandgrammar:aspecializationtoreadingand,inthematerialcontextofthedeveIopmentofprinting,totheprintedwordandespeciallythebook,ItwaseventuaIlytobecomeamoregeneralcategorythanpoetryortheearIierpoesy,whichhadbeengeneraltermsforimaginativecomposition,butwhichinrelationtothedeveIopmentofIiteraturebecamepredominantlyspecialized,fromtheseventeenthcentury,tometricalcompositionandespeciallywrittenandprintedmetricalcomposition.ButIiteraturewasneverprimarilytheactivecomposition-the"making"-whichpoetryhaddescribed.Asreadingratherthanwriting,itwasacategoryofdifferentkind.ThecharacteristicusecanbeseeninBaconM.learnedinalIIiteratureanderudition,divineandhumane"-andaslateasJohnson"hehadprobablymorethancommonIiterature,ashissonaddresseshiminoneofhismostelaborateLatinpoems."Literature,thatistosay,wasacategoryofuseanconditionratherthanofproduction.Itwasaparticularspecializationofwhathadhithertobeenseenasanactivityorpractice,andaspecializationfinthecircumstances,whichwasinevitablymadeintermsofsociaIclass.Initsfirstextendedsense,beyondthebaresenseof"Iiteracy"itwasadefinitionof"polite"or"humane"learning,andthusspecifiedapartinteractedwithapersistendemphasison"literature"asreadinginhe"classical"languages.Butstill,inhisfirststage,intotheeighteenthcentury,IiteraturewasprimarilyageneralizedsociaIconcept,expressingacertain(minority)levelofeducationalachievement.ThiscardedwithitapotentiaIandeventuaIIyrealizedalternativedefinitionofIiteratureas"printedbooks:"theobjectsinandthroughwhichthisachievementwasdemonstrated.Itisimportantthat,withinthetermsofthisdevelopment,IiteraturenormallyincIudedalIprintedbooks.TherewasnotnecessaryspeciaIizationto"imaginative"works.Literaturewasstillprimarilyreadingabilityandexperience,andthisincIudedphilosophy,history,andessaysaswe11aspoems.WeretheneweighteenthcenturynoveIsIiteratureThatquestionwasfirstapproached,notbydefinitionoftheirmodeorcontent,butbyreferencetothestandardsof"polite"or“humane"learning.WasdramaIiteratureThisquestionwastoexercisesuccessivegenerations,notbecauseofanysubstantialdifficultybutbecauseofthepracticaIIimitsofhecategory.IfIiteraturewasreading,couldamodewrittenforspokenperformancebesaidtobeIiterature’,andifnot,wherewasShakespeareAtonelevelthedefinitionindicatedbythisdevelopmenthaspersisted.LiteraturelostitsearIiestsenseofreadingabilityandreadingexperience,andbecameanapparentlyobjectivecategory,ofprintedworksofacertainquaIity.TheconcernsofaMIiteraryeditor"a"Iiterarysupplement"wouldstillbedefinedinthisway.ButthreecompIicatingtendenciescanthenbedistinguished:first,ashiftfrom"learning"to"taste"or"sensibiIity"asacriteriondefiningIiteraryquaIity;second,anincreasingspeciaIizationofIiteratureto"creativenor"imaginative"works;third,adeveIopmentoftheconceptof"tradition"withinnationaIterms,resultinginthemoreeffectivedefinitionofManationaIIiterature.nThesourceofeachofthesetendenciescanbediscernedfromtheRenaissance,butitwasintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesthattheycamethroughmostpowerfully,untiItheybecame,inthetwentiethcentury,ineffectreceiveassumptions.Whendidthemodernconceptofliterature“emergeIntheseventeenthcentury.Intheeighteenthcentury.Inthenineteenthcentury.Inthetwentiethcentury.({B11TEXTCancunmeans“snakepit”inthelocalMayanlanguage,anditIiveduptoitsnameasthehostofanimportantWorIdTradeOrganizationmeetingthatbeganlastweek.RatherthantackIingtheproblemoftheirhighagriculturaltariffsandlavishfarmsubsidies,whichvictimizefarmersinpoorernations,anumberofrichnationsderailedthetalks.Thefailureby146tradedeIegatestoreachanagreementinMexicoisaseriousblowtotheglobaleconomy.AndcontrarytothemindlesscheeringwithwhichthebreakdownwasgreetedbyantiglobalizationprotestersatCancun,theworld5spoorestandmostvulnerablenationswillsuffermost.ItisabitterironythatthechiefarchitectsofthisfailurewerenationsIikeJapan,KoreaandEuropeanUnionmembers,themselvesadsfortheprosperityaffordedbyincreasedgIobaItrade.TheCancunmeetingcameatthemidpointoftheW.T.0.5s”deveIopmentroundoftradeIiberalizationtalks,onethatbegantwoyearsagowithaneyetowardextendingthebenefitsoffreertradeandmarketstopoorercountries.Theprincipaldemandofthesedevelopingnations,IedatCancunbyBraziI,hasbeenanendtohightariffsandagriculturalsubsidiesinthedeveIopedworld,andrightIyso.Poornationsfindithardtocompeteagainstrichnationsfarmers,whogetmorethan$300billioningovernmenthandoutseachyear.ThetalksappearedtobreakdownsuddenlyontheissueofwhethertheW.T.0.shouIdextenditsrulemakingjurisdictionintosuchnewareasasforeigninvestment.Butintruth,therewasnothingabruptabouttheCancunmeltdown.TheJapaneseandEuropeanshaddevisedthisdemandforanunwieldyandunnecessaryexpansionoftheW.T.0.9smandateasapoisonpi11-todefIectanyattemptstogetthemtoturntheirbacksontheirpowerfulfarmlobbies.Theirplanworked.TheAmericanroleatCancunwasdisappointinglymuted.TheBushadministrationhadlittleinterestintheproposaItoexpandtheW.T.0,'sauthority,buttheAmericanfarmlobbyissplitbetweenthosewhowanttoprofitfromgreateraccesstoforeignmarketsandlessefficientsectorsthatdemandcontinuedcoddIingfromWashington.ThatisonereasontheUnitedStatesmadetheunfortunatedecisiontosidewiththemoreprotectionistEuropeansinCancun,apositionthatleftAmericantraderepresentativesplayingdefenseonsubsidiesratherthantakingacreativestance,alongsideBraziI,onloweringtradebarriers.Thiswasanunfortunatesubjectonwhichtoshowsomeraretrans-Atlanticsolidarity.Theresulting' coaIitionoftheunwiIIing"IentthetaIksanunfortunatenorth-versus-southcast.AnyhopethattheUnitedStateswouldtakethemoralhighgroundatCancun,andreclaimitshistoricleadershipinpressingforfreertrade,wasfurtherdashedbythedisgracefulmannerinwhichtheAmericannegotiatorsrebuffedtherightfuIdemandsofWestAfricannationsthattheUnitedStatescommititselftoaclearphasingoutOfitsharmfulcottonsubsidies.Americanbusinessandlaborgroups,nottomentiontaxpayers,shouldbeenragedthattheadministrationseemsmoresolicitousofprotectingthemostindefensiblesegmentofUnitedStatesprotectionismratherthanofprotectingthenationaIinterestbypromotingeconomicgrowththroughtrade.ForstruggIingcottonfarmersinsub-SaharanAfrica,andformillionsofothersinthedevelopingworIdwhoseIiveswouldbenefitfromthefurtherloweringoftradebarriers,thefailureofCancunamountstoacrushingmessagefromthedeveIopedworld一一oneofcallousindifference.TheauthormentionsthatCancunmeans"snakepitMintheIocaIMayanlanguage.Snakepitpossiblymeans.aplaceorstateofchaoticdisorderanddistresssnakeholesnaketrapaplaceorsituationofpotentialdangerInsectionB,youwiIIheareverythingONCEONLY.ListencarefuIlyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestion.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.WhatdoesMr.PittNOTdoinhissparetimeDoingabitofactingandphotography.Goingtoconcertsfrequently.Playingtraditionaljazzandfolkmusic.TravellinginEuropebyhitch-hiking.Inthissectionyouwi11heareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestion.Questions6and7arebasedonthefollowingnews.Mr.Sarkozywonpercentofthevote,whichgavehimacomfortablemajorityoverhisopponent.35536351Questions9and10arebasedonthefollowingnews.RichardRvidedbyterroristsstolenfromthemilitarymadeaccordingtothemethodsshowninInternetmadeinhislabInthissectionthereareseveralreadingpassagesf〇IIowedbyatotaIoftwentymu11ipIe-choicequestions.Readthepassagescarefully.{{B}}TEXTA{{/B}}nIdo.”ToAmericansthosetwowordscan-ygreatmeaning.TheycanevenchangeyourIife.EspeciaIIyifyousaythematyourownwedding.MakingweddingvowsisIikesigningacontract.NowAmericansdon'trea11ythinkmarriageisabusinessdeal.Butmarriageisseriousbusiness.ItalIbeginswithengagement.Traditionally,ayoungmanasksthefatherofhissweetheartforpermissiontomarryher.Ifthefatheragrees,themanlaterproposestoher.Oftenhetriestosurpriseherby"poppingthequestionHinaromanticway.SometimesthecoupIejustdecidestogetherthatthetimeisrighttogetmarried.ThemanusuallygiveshisfianceeadiamondringasasymboIoftheirengagement.Theymaybeengagedforweeks,monthsorevenyears.Asthebigdayapproaches,bridalshowersandbachelor'spartiesprovidemanyusefulgifts.TodaymanycouplesalsoreceivecounseIingduringengagement.Thispreparesthemforthecha11engesofmarriedIife.Atlastit'stimeforthewedding.AlthoughmostweddingsfollowIong-heIdtraditions,there'sstillroomforAmericanindividualism.Forexample,theusualplaceforaweddingisinachurch.ButsomepeopIegetmarriedoutdoorsinascenicspot.Afewevenhavetheceremonywhilesky-divingorridingonhorseback!ThecoupIemayinvitehundredsofpeopIeorjustafewcIosefriends.TheychoosetheirownstyIeofcoIors,decorationsandmusicduringtheceremony.ButsomethingsrareIychange.ThebrideusuallywearsabeautifuI,longwhiteweddingdress.Shetraditionallywears"somethingold,somethingnew,somethingborrowedandsomethingblue".ThegroomwearsaformaIsuitortuxedo.Severalclosefriendsparticipateintheceremonyasattendants,includingthebestmanandthemaidofhonor.Astheceremonybegins,thegroomandhisattendantsstandwiththeminister,facingtheaudience.Musicsignalstheentranceofthebride'sattendants,f〇|Iowedbythebeautifulbride.Nervously,theyoungcouplerepeatstheirvows.Traditionally,theypromisetoloveeachother"forbetter,forworse,forricher,forpoorer,insicknessandinhealth1'.ButsometimesthecoupIehascomposedtheirownvows.TheygiveeachotheragoldringtosymboIizetheirmarriagecommitment.Finallytheministerannouncesthebigmoment:**Inowpronounceyoumanandwife.Youmaykissyourbride!"Attheweddingreception,thebrideandgroomgreettheirguests.Thentheycuttheweddingcakeandfeedeachotherabite.Guestsminglewhileenjoyingcake,punchandothertreats.Laterthebridethrowsherbouquetofflowerstoagroupofsinglegirls.Traditionsaysthattheonewhocatchesthebouquetwi11bethenexttomarry.Duringthereception,playfulfriendsMdecorate"thecouple1scarwithtissuepaper,tincansanda11JustMarried'*sign.Whenthereceptionisover,thenewIywedsruntotheirndecoratedMcarandspeedoff.ManycoupIestakeahoneymoon,aone-to-two-weekvacationtrip,tocelebratetheirnewmarriage.AlmosteveryculturehasritualstosignaIachangeinone'sIife.MarriageisoneofthemostbasicIifechangesforpeopIeofaIIcultures.Soit'snosurprisetofindmanytraditionsaboutgettingmarried...eveninAmerica.YeteachcoupIef〇11owsthetraditionsinawaythatisuniquelytheirown.Therearemanytraditionsaboutgettingmarried,whichofthefollowingisNotmentionedinthispassageTheengagement.Theweddingceremony.Thebridalparty.Themarriageapplication.{{BUTEXTD{(/B}}"Awriter'sjobistotelIthetruth,nsaidHemingwayin1942.Nootherwriterofourtimehadsofiercelyasserted,sopugnaciouslydefendedorsoconsistentIyexempIifiedthewriter'sobiigationtospeaktrulyHisstandardoftruth-telIingremained,moreover,sohighandsorigorousthathewasordinarilyunwiIIingtoadmitsecondaryevidence,whetherIiteraryevidenceorevidencepickedupfromothersourcesthanhisownexperience."IonlyknowwhatIhaveseen,*'wasastatementwhichcameoftentohisIipsandpen.Whathehadpersonallydone,orwhatheknewunforgettablybyhavinggonethroughoneversionofit,waswhathewasinterestedintellingabout.Thisisnottosaythatherefusedtoinventfreely.Buthealwaysmadeitasacrosanctpointtoinventintermsofwhatheactuallyknewfromhavingbeenthere.Theprimaryintentofhiswriting,fromfirsttolast,wastoseizeandprojectforthereaderwhatheoftencallednthewayit.was."ThisisacharacteristicallysimplephraseforaconceptofextraordinarycompIexity,andHemingway'sconceptionofitsmeaningsubtlychangedseveraltimesinthecourseofhiscareer-alwaysinthedirectionofgreatercomplexity.Atthecoreoftheconcept,however,onecaninvariablydiscerntheoperationofthreeaestheticinstruments;thesenseofplacethesenseoffactandthesenseofscene.Thefirstofthese,obviousIyastrongpassionwithHemingwayisthesenseofplace."Unlessyouhavegeography,background,"heoncetoldGeorgeAnteiI,"Youhavenothing.MYouhave,thatistosay,adramaticvacuum.Fewwritershavebeenmoreplace-conscious.FewhavescarefullychartedoutshegeographicalgroundworkoftheirnoveIswhilemanagingtokeepbackgroundsoconspicuouslyunobtrusive.Few,accordingly,havebeenabletorecordmoreeconomicallyandgraphicaIlythewayitiswhenyouwalkthroughthestreetsofParisinsearchofbreakfastatcornercaf6--Orwhen,ataroundsixo,clockofaSpanishdawn,youwatchthebullsrunningfromthecorralsatthePuertaRochapeathroughthestreetsofPampIonatowardsthebulIring."WhenIwokeitwasthesoundoftherocketexpIodingthatannouncedthereleaseofthebullsfromthecorralsattheedgeoftown.Downbelowthenarrowstreetwasempty.AlIthebalconieswerecrowdedwithpeople.Suddenlyacrowdcamedownthestreet.TheywerealIrunning,packedclosetogether.TheypassedalongandupstreettowardthebulIringandbehindthemcamemoremenrunningfaster,andthensomestraggIerswhoerereaIIyrunning.BehindthemwasaIittIebarespace,andthenthebulls,galIoping,tossingtheirheadsupanddown.ItalIwentoutofsightaroundthecorner.Onemanfell,rolledtothe