Unit4TextIAViewofMountainsNucleartechnology

Thereisagreatdealofpublicconcernaboutitsdangersandpossibleimplications.Therefore,everyapplicationofnucleartechnologyisreviewedwithcare.Howmuchdoyouknowaboutnucleartechnology?NucleartechnologyNucleartechnologyistechnologythatinvolvesthereactionsofatomicnuclei.Ithasfoundapplicationsfromsmokedetectorstonuclearreactors,andfromgunsightstonuclearweapons.Pre-readingquestions1.Somepeoplethinkpossessingnuclearweaponsthreatenstheexistenceofmankindothersthinkitservesasgooddeterrencetopreventcountriesfromgoingtowar.Areyoufororagainst

nuclearweapons?Why?2.Doyouthinknuclearenergyisasafeandeconomicalsourceofenergy?Explain.3.Wouldyouliveinaplacethathasanuclearpowerplantnearby?Givereasons.TheProsandConsofNuclearEnergyAdvantages:1.Reductioninairpollution:acoal-fireplantreleasesmuchmoreradioactivity,co2andotherelementsintotheatmospherethanaproperly-functioningnuclearpowerplantdoes.Nuclearenergyisextremelycleanandnotpoisonous;2.Medicalapplication:nucleartechniquesforthediagnosisofmanydiseases,suchasleishmaniasis,Chagasdisease,iodinedeficiencies,andsicklecelldiseases.Disadvantages:Miningandpurifyinguraniumhasnotbeenaverycleanprocess;Improperlyfunctioningnuclearpowerplantscancreatebigproblems,liketheChernobyldisaster.Chernobylscatteredtonsofradioactivedustintotheatmosphere.(切爾諾貝利在1986年因核事故而被廢棄)Transportingnuclearfueltoandfromplantsposessomerisk.切爾諾貝利在1986年因核事故而被廢棄Chernobyldisaster1986年4月26日凌晨1點23分，在烏克蘭基輔州普里皮亞特發生，是歷史上最嚴重核能發電廠意外事故。因為切爾諾貝利發電廠沒有保護掩體，造成受到核輻射塵污染云層飄往前蘇聯西部部分地域、西歐、東歐、斯堪地那維亞半島、不列顛群島和北美東部部分地域。另外，在烏克蘭、白俄羅斯及俄羅斯境內遭受到嚴重核污染，超出336,000名居民被迫撤離。依據前蘇聯官方匯報，約60%受到輻射塵污染地域皆位于白俄羅斯境內，但依據TORCH匯報指出，半數輻射塵都落在前述三個前蘇聯國家以外。這次災難所釋放出輻射線劑量是投在廣島原子彈400倍以上。

BackgroundInformationofthetest1.aboutthetextThistextistheepiloguefromJonathanSchell’sbookTheGiftofTime:TheCauseforAbolishingNuclear

weapons

NowpublishedbyHenryHolt&Co.in1998.2.abouttheauthor

JonathanSchell

istheauthorofTheVillageofBenSueandTheFateoftheEarth.HewasawriterfortheNewYorkerfrom1967to1987andacolumnistforNewsdayfrom1990to1996.HeteachesatWesleyanUniversityandtheNewSchool,andistheHaroldWillensPeaceFellowatTheNationInstitute.3.TheNagasakiisacitywhichistheseaportinsouthwestJapan(長崎)andisonethetwocitiesthatgotnuclearbombingintheWarII.4.TheHiroshima

isacitywhichistheseaportinsouthwestJapan(廣島)andistheothercitythatgotnuclearbombingintheWarII.5.TheKokurareferstoaseaportinKitakyushu(九洲),Japan(小倉).Culturalnotes:JappropernamesRegularincertainsense姓名用漢字時，姓前名后：山端庸介姓名用字母時，姓后名前：YosukeYamahata（這是明治維新之后日本人脫亞入歐做法之一）姓名、地名中漢字，現有訓讀（Kun’yomi,orsemanticborrowing），又有音讀，不規則地方不少，因為存在“一對多”或“多對一”現象。LearnsomerulesYōsuke=Yō（庸）+suke（介）庸是音讀（on’yomi），而介是訓讀RyūnosukeAkutagawa（芥川龍之介）Ryū=龍，no=之，suke=介Akuta=芥，gawa<kawa=川YosukeYamahata山端庸介MostwidelyheldworksaboutYo?sukeYamahataSarinagara:romanbyPhilippeForest(Book)NagasakijourneythephotographsofYosukeYamahata:aphotographyexhibitiontouringinternationally1995-1996Languageworkdispatch:(formal)tosendsomeoneorsth.somewhereforaparticularpurpose；tosendofftoadestinationAreporterwasdispatchedtoNaplestocovertheriot.美國朋友們給他寄去了好幾包裹食品。Parcelsoffoodwere~edtohimbyA….政府正準備派出4000士兵對全島進行搜索。Thegov.waspreparingto~4,000s….constitute:1)compose;form.bethecomponetsoressenceof;makeupform組成，組成e,g.Meat，milk，vegetables，fruitandstarchesconstituteabalanceddiet.肉類、牛奶、蔬菜、水果以及淀粉質食物組成了均衡飲食。Nitrogenconstitutes78%oftheearth’satmostphere.2)beequaltoItisuptotheteachertodecidewhatconstitutessatisfactorywork.constitute為正式用語，意為“若干部分組成一個整體”，普通不用于被動語態，如:54cardsconstituteapack.54張卡片組成一副紙牌。compose意為“一個整體由若干部分組成或由哪些要素組成”，慣用短語為becomposedof，如:Wateriscomposedofhydrogenandoxygen.水是由氫和氧組成。comprise也為正式用語，不但有“整體由若干部分組成”意思，也不用于被動語態，如:Thebookcomprisestenchapters.這本書有十章。Studyinganddoingexperiments___practicallythewholeofhislife.研究和做試驗幾乎就是他生活全部內容。

brandv.markwithhotiron;impressfirmly打烙印;銘記，銘刻Imageryofthewarhasbrandeditselfintothenationalconsciousness.戰爭印象深深地銘刻在人民腦海里。(點拔)①其賓語后面接介詞as,意為“指為;使顯得”，如:Theybrandedhimasaliar.他們指他為說謊者。Herhairstylebrandedherasoldfashioned.她發型使她顯得守舊。②其賓語后面接介詞on，意為“銘記，如:Brandthelessononyourmind.切記這個教訓。

survive

v.remainaliveorinexistence;livelongerthan;outlive活著，繼續存在;比…活得長Hewastheonlypassengerthatsurvivedtheplanecrash.他是這次飛機失事中惟一幸存乘客。（點撥）意為“比某人多活……年”時，介詞用by，如:她比他丈夫多活了十年。Sact

adj.remainingsound,entire,oruninjured;notimpairedinanyway完好無損Hecanscarcelysurvivethisscandalwithhisreputationintact．他經此丑聞聲譽極難不受損。(點撥)通常只作表語或賓語補足語，如：Thevasehedroppedremainedintact.他掉下來那個花瓶完整無損。keepourfriendshipintact讓我們情誼不受損害。apprehendv.graspmentally;understand了解，擔心(釋例)AtlastIapprehendedhismeaning．最終，我了解了他意思。apprehend,comprehend,understand，grasp都有“了解，領會”意思Apprehend強調心靈接收Comprehend,understand強調對現實和知識把握Comprehend,apprehend都強調完全認識和知識grasp是指緊緊地抓住和保持一個想法spare

v.refrain/preventfromharming,punishingorkilling免于傷害或毀壞Hedidtheworktospareyouthetrouble.Itwillsparehimembarrassmentifyouspeaktohimaboutitinprivate.Canyouspareadollarfor/tometillpayday?Canyousparemeadollartillpayday?你能在發薪之日前借給我一塊錢用嗎?Theysparedhimfromtheordeal.=Theysparedhimtheordeal.他們免去了時他嚴峻考驗。Thatwillsparehimfromcallsagain.這么就省得他再來造訪。ensurev.makesureorcertain使確信或必定;確保Wemusttakemeasurestoensurethatthepoliciesarecarriedouttothefull.我們必須采取辦法確保這些政策不折不扣地得到落實執行。(點撥)assure，ensure，insure和guarantee為一組近義詞。synonymsassure意為“使……確信，使……放心”，如：Thedoctorassuredherthatherchildwouldrecoversoon.醫生讓她相信她孩子很快就會痊愈。ensure，意為“確保”，指普通性確保，如:Toensurechild’squickrecovery，thedoctorgavehimanantibiotic.為了使孩子快速恢復，醫生給他使用了抗生素。…weensuretheirrighttoexist:…weguaranteeasafelivingenvironmentforthem.ensure用于此義時可與assure通用，但二者搭配不一樣，如:ensuresb.sth.或ensuresth.tosb.，ensure+thatclause;assuresb.ofsth.，assuresb.+thatclause。insure通常意為“保險”，多用于人壽保險，如:Theoldladyhasinsuredherlife.這個老太太已經辦理了人壽保險中國人壽保險股份有限企業（ChinaLifeInsuranceCompanyLimited）guarantee意為“確保”，指對產品質量、人品質確保，或對負擔義務確保,如：Thisclockisguaranteedforoneyear.這個鐘保用一年。.…theirbodiesareoftenbrandedwiththepatternsoftheirclothes…:…theirbodiesareoftenmarkedwiththepatternsoftheirclothes…P1Hangover:menace;overshadowP2Thethreatofnuclearwarhangsoverus,wecouldn’tenjoyourvacation.dispel:causetovanishP3Inhislatestnovelheaimstodispelthemyththatrealmendon’tcry.TextStudy

TextAnalysisTextI

AViewofMountainsThisargumentativeessaycomprisesthreeparts:Inthefirstpart（Paragraph1)Inthesecondpart（Paragraphs2-3)Inthelastpart（Paragraph4)StructuralAnalysis

Inthefirstpart,thewriterputsforwardhisthesis:aviewofmountainsinthebackgroundsuggeststherealextenttowhichthecitywasdestroyedbytheatomicbomb.

Inthesecondpart,theauthorarguesthatthebombingofNagasakiismorerepresentativeofthenuclearperilthreateningtheworldthanthatofHiroshimaandthatweneedtotakeactionstodispelnuclearthreatfromtheEarth.

Inthelastpart,herestateshismainidea,i.e.weshouldnotjustworryaboutthenuclearperilbuttakeactionstoeliminateittocreateasaferworld.SummaryofthetextOnAugust9,1945,thesecondatomicbombwasdroppedonNagasaki.YosukeYamahatawasd__tothedestroyedcitytotakesomep__.SincenosystematicphotographicrecordwasleftofHiroshima,thefirstcitydestroyedbya__bomb,thepicturesYamahatatookofNagasakibecamethefullestphotographicrecordofnucleard__inexistence.In1995,exactly50yearsafterthebombing,Yamahata’spicturesweree__inNewYork.Theywerepicturesofatotallyd__city,picturesoftheendoftheworld.

However,thes__ofthesepictureswasmorethanonlyarecordofwhathadhappened.Itservesmoreasaw__toeveryone.Itseemstotellusthatthesamethingcouldeasilyhappentoanyplaceaslongastherearenuclearw__inexistence.Thinkingofourfuturegenerations,it’sthegreatestofther__ofthegenerationnowalivetod__nuclearweaponsonceandforall.dispatchedphotographsatomicdestructionexhibiteddestroyedsignificancewarningweaponsresponsibilitiesdispelPartIparagraph1Inpara.1thewriterdescribeswhatYamahata’spicturesdisplay:theeffectsofanuclearweapononhumanbeings.Andthenherepeatsthemainpointofhisargument:thetruemeasureliesnotinthewreckagebutinthegonecity,andthisiswherethesignificanceofaviewofmountainsinthebackgroundofoneofthepictureslies.1.whydoestheauthorthinkthatYamahata’spicturescomposethefullestrecordofnucleardestructioninexistence?2.Whywerethebodiesoftenbrandedwiththepatternsoftheirclothes?3.whydoestheauthorparticularlymention“aviewofmountains”inoneofthepictures?

Questionstobeasked:1)WhydoestheauthorthinkthatYamahata'spicturescomposethefullestrecordofnucleardestructioninexistence? Becausetherewerefewpicturesofthedestructiveconsequencesofthefirstatomicbomb.Incontrast,Yamahata'sphotossystematicallyandtimelyrecordtheeffectsofthesecondbombonNagasaki.2)Whywerethebodiesoftenbrandedwiththepatternsoftheirclothes? Becausethedifferentcolorsofthepatternsabsorblightindifferentdegrees.Thatis,theypermittedthebodytobeheatedbythethermalpulseindifferentdegreesinaccordancewiththecolorsofthepatterns.Thelighterthecolor,thelessburnedthepartofthebody.3)Whydoestheauthorparticularlymention"aviewofmountains"inoneofthepictures?

Becausetheviewofmountainsremindstheviewersofthecitythathadbeenerasedfromearth.Itisinthevanishedcityratherthaninthewreckagethatthesignificanceoftheeventlies./phtml

Thethreemostimpressivephotos2.ItwasthereforelefttoYamahatatorecord,methodically---and,asithappens,withagreatandsimpleartistry---theeffectsonahumanpopulationofanuclearweapononlyhoursafterithasbeenused:本句話可了解為：Withskillfulandartistictechniques,Yamahatatooktheresponsibilitytorecordthecalamityagainsthumanbeingproducedbynuclearweaponwithinafewhoursaftertheexplosion.3.Athirdshowsagirlwhohassomehowsurvivedunwoundedstandingintheopenmouthofabombshelterandsmilinganunearthlysmile,shockinguswiththesightofordinarylife,whichseemstohavebeenleftbehindforgoodinthesceneswearewitnessing.本句話可了解為：Inthethirdpicture,agirlescapingfromthecalamityintactly,standsintheentranceofabomeshelterandsmilesghostly/strangeandunnatural.Wewereknockedbackbywitnessingordinarypeople'stragedycausedbynuclearweaponandtheseterriblesceneswerebrandedinourmindsforever.PartIIParagraphs2-3Inthispart,thewriterfirstclaimsthatthebombingofNagasakiisthefittersymbolofthenucleardangermenacingtheworld;thenhearguesthatweshouldnotjustapprehendthenuclearperilbuttrytodispelitfromtheearth.Forthispurpose,hemaintainsthatpicturetakingisnotenoughandactioniscalledfor.PartIIparagraph2-3Thefollowingquestionscanbeconsidered:1.WhyisthemeaningofYamahata’spictureuniversal?

2.WhyhasNagasakialwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima?3.DoyouagreewiththeauthorwhenhesaysthebombingofNagasakiisthefittersymbolofthenuclearperil?Whyorwhynot?4.Whatshouldwedoinadditiontoapprehendingthenuclearperil?5.Whatdoweneedtomeetthemoreimportantchallengeofeliminatingnuclearweaponry?1)WhyisthemeaningofYamahata'spicturesuniversal?Becausetheyexpressanapprehensionofthenuclearperilthathangsoverus.WhathappenedtoNagasakicouldhappentoanyothercityintheworld.2)WhyhasNagasakialwaysbeenintheshadowofHiroshima?BecauseHiroshimawasthecityonwhichthefirstatomicbombwasdroppedandithasdrawnalmostalltheattentionoftheworld.Bycontrast,Nagasakihasnearlybeenforgottenasanatomicallydevastatedcity.3)DoyouagreewiththeauthorwhenhesaysthebombingofNagasakiisthefittersymbolofthenuclearperil?Whyorwhynot?

Thisisanopen-endedquestion.Studentswhoanswer"no"havetooffertheirownexplanations;thosewhosay"yes"canfollowthewriter'sreasoning.Firstitistheevidenceofthedangerthatnuclearweaponscanbeusedagain.Second,itshowstheunpredictabilityofnuclearattacks.4)Whatshouldwedoinadditiontoapprehendingthenuclearperil?Inadditiontoapprehendingthenuclearperil,weshouldtrytodispelitcompletelyfromtheearth.Thisisamoresignificantchallenge.5)Whatdoweneedtomeetthemoreimportantchallengeofeliminatingnuclearweaponry?

Weneedactionsratherthanpictures.Nopictureseemsadequateforthispurpose.LanguageWork1.stumble:

walkorgounsteadilyTheroomwasdarkandStannearlyfelloverachairashestumbledtothephone.Havingdrunkhalfabottleofwhiskey,Istumbledupstairsandintobed.2.ruin:devastate,reducetotheremainsTherainabsolutelyruinedourbarbecue.Ifthepressshouldfindoutaboutthis,hismarriage,hisreputation,andhiscareerwouldallberuined.3.glimpse:averybriefpassinglook,sight,orviewIcaughtaglimpseofthedriverofthegetawaycar,butIdoubtIwouldrecognizeherifIsawheragain.Thisbiographyoffersonlyafewglimpsesofhislifebeforehebecamefamous.PartIIIparagraph4Inthispartthewritercallsonustotaketheresponsibilityofcreatingasaferworldfornewgenerations.

Whatshouldwedotoensureasaferworldforthefuturegenerations?Thisisanopen-endedquestion.Accordingtothetext,oneofthethingsweshoulddoismakeeffortstobanishnuclearperilfromtheEarthforever.However,thereareotherthingstobeconsidered.Forinstance,theissueofpollutionandenvironmentprotection,thedevelopmentandapplicationofhightechnologyincludingcloningandnuclearenergy,andtheissueofterrorism.Wordusagetechnicallyspeaking:

從技術角度來說Technicallyspeaking,theinventionofcarisasimportantasanyinventionsinmoderntime.(從技術角度來說，汽車創造與當代社會任何一項創造都同等主要。)類似于表示結構，如：generallyspeaking（總來說，普通地來說）;honestly/franklyspeaking(坦率地說，老實說)personallyspeaking(就個人來說，就自己而言)plainlyspeaking(坦率地說)properlyspeaking(確切地說)roughlyspeaking(粗略地說)strictlyspeaking(嚴格來說)StructuralanalysisWhatmakescleartheauthor'sopinionaboutthemeaningofYamahata’spicturesisthesentencethatappearsattheendofthefirstpara.Whatmakescleartheauthor'sopiniononwhatshouldbedoneabouttheexistingnuclearperilisthesentencethatappearsinthemiddleofthelastparagraph:Performingthatactisthegreatestoftheresponsibilitiesofthegenerationsnowalive.RhetoricalfeaturesApartfromthetwosentencesthathavebeenalreadymentioned,wecanfindthefollowingsentenceswiththe“AbutB”structureinthetext:Thetruemeasureoftheeventliesnotinwhatremainsbutinallthathasdisappeared.(Para1)…thechallengeisnotjusttoapprehendthenuclearperilbuttoseizeaGod-givenopportunitytodispelitonceandforall…(para3)Apartfromthe“AbutB”sentencestructure,wecanalsofindthe“AyetB”type:NagasakihasalwaysbeeninshadowofHiroshima…yetthebombingofNagasakiisincertainrespectsthefittersymbolofthenucleardangerthatstillhangsoverus.(para2)Yamahata’spicturesaffordaglimpseoftheendoftheworld.Yetinourday…(para3)Andwecanfindasentencethatorganizesinformationinasimilarwaywithouttheuseoftheconjunctionbutoryet:Arrivingahalf-centurylate,theyarestillnews.(para2)Byadmittingsomethingiscorrectfirstandthensayingsomethingelseisevenmorecorrect,oradmittingsomethingisurgentfirstandthensayingsomethingelseismoreurgentwiththehelportheabove-mentionedsentencestructures,theauthorsucceedsinmakinghissentenceswellbalancedandhisargumentationforcefulandconvincing.

IV.ClassCheck1.He_____hishead,wonderinghowtosolvetheproblem.A)scrappedB)screwedC)scrapedD)scratched2.E-mailisaconvenient,highlydemocraticinformalmediumforconveyingmessagesthatwell_____tohumanneeds.A)satisfiesB)conformsC)adheresD)reflects3.Whensupplyexceedsdemandforanyproduct,pricesare_____tofall.A)timelyB)subjectC)simultaneousD)liable4.An_____degreewasconferredonthedistinguishedprofessor.

A)honestB)honoredC)honoraryD)honorificDBDCKeytosomeoftheExercises(inStudent’sBook)IV.Paraphrase1.

TheresponsibilitywasthereforeplacedonYamahata'sshoulderstorecordtheeffectssystematicallyandincidentallywithagreatandsimpleartistry.2.Thatvanishedcityratherthanitsremainsrepresentsthetruemeasureoftheevent.3.InthephotographsNagasakiregainsitsownstatus.4....thehumanimaginationhadbeenexhaustedandstoppedatthewreckageofthefirstruinedcityandfailedtoreacheventheoutskirtsofNagasaki.5....apartfromthepicturesofNagasakiweseemtoneedsomeotherpicturetoinspireahopeoflifetocounterbalancethesenseofdoomsuggestedbytheruinedNagasaki...V.Makesentences:1.Ittookherayeartofindthis

Englishnovel,butittookheronlythreedaystofinishreadingit.2.I'llcomeonlyifyoupromisemethatyouwon'tinviteHenry.Gaseslikehydrogenorcoal-gasorpetrolvaporareperfectlysafe

onlyiftheyarenotmixedwithair.

1.

willcometohisown2.isbrandedwith3.forgood永久，永遠4.layinfeudalsystem5.Incertainrespects6.cameintoexistence7.outskirts8.onceandforall徹底地1.existencetheologian神學者2.survivalnavigationtechniques3.unearthlylandscapevirtualoppositestereotypelush蒼翠繁茂4.wreckedcompartmentblowtorch噴燈5.exhaustiveinvestigation徹底調查6.apprehensive7.continuation8.Accuracy

CABADBCA1.save/relieve/refrain2.danger/risk/jeopardyjeopardize3.incomplete/injured/impaired4.supernatural/mysterious/weird5.omnipresent/ubiquitous6.slip/stagger/flounder掙扎著前進7.individual/personal8.particular/odd/queer

securitycalculatedeffectiveincreased/highernotoftenfoundperspectiv