Theessentialelementsofcommunication1.thereshouldbeatleasttwopart1.thereshouldbeatleasttwoparts.2.thereshouldbeamessage3.therealanguagethatshouldbeacontactbetweenthetwoparts4.alanguagethatbothsidesshare.5.thereshouldaplace6.bothsidesshare.5.thereshouldaplace.Message（信息）Sourceofmessageencodecodechannel/mediumdecoderretrieverofmessage（信息源）編碼）（密碼）（渠道/媒介）（解碼）（信息接受者）AttributesofcommunicationItisabornneed2.Itisinteractive3.itcanbeeitherconstructiveordestructivetoarelation4.Itcannotbewhitewashedincaseitisperformed.?I.Whatisculture?Thedefinitioncanbeinthree-stephierarchy/thestructureofcultureSpiritual:beliefs,coreofvalue,ethnics,etc.;Custom/social:manners,organizations,techniques,etc,.Material:food,tools,clothing,etc.Ideologicalculture/socialculture/materialcultureFourAspectsofCultureIt'slearnt,notobtainedfromgenes.Social,family,andregionalfactorsasinput.It'ssharedbyagroupofpeople.Locallanguageandculturetobesharedbypeopleinacertaingroup.It'ssymbolic.Manycanbeofsymbolsofaculture---language（verbalornon-verbalone）,architects,arts,andsoon.It'sadaptive.Nocultureisfixedexceptthedead.Whatmayeffectcross-culturalcommunicationWayofobservingverballanguagenon-verballanguage?Kickbacks回扣（而不是：踢回）?Honeycooler討好女人的男子（而不是：甜飲料）?Dog-eared書頁(yè)的折角（而不是：狗耳朵）?Sea-elephant海豹（而不是：海象walrus）?Streetwalker妓女（而不是：行人）?Hospitaltrust銀行（而不是：友好的信任）?Lover情人（而不是：愛人）?Restroom廁所（而不是：休息室）?Dollarsale全部商品一美圓賤賣（而不是：美圓賤賣）?Greenwash塑造環(huán)保形象（而不是：刷綠色）?busboy飯店里的洗碗檫桌子的雜工（而不是：公共汽車上的售票員?busybody工大忙人，它相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)中的"愛管閑事的人”。?從跨文化角度提出了出口商標(biāo)翻譯的三種方法，即直譯法、音譯法和音意合璧法?Whotowhom??Introducethehosttothevisitor/first(groups)?Firstintroduceyoursidetothevisitingside?Thenthevisitingsidewillmakeanintroductionofthemselves?Youngertotheseniorfirst?Lowranktohighrankfirst?Ladyfirst?Ifonthesameposition,thesenioragedfirst?下面介紹一下西方的名片一些小知識(shí)，這個(gè)也許對(duì)我們將來(lái)會(huì)有幫助的。P.P:即介紹，意思是當(dāng)你的合作伙伴劉總送給一張名片上左下角寫著這個(gè)字樣的時(shí)候，你不用著急，這意思是讓你去認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)人。你要打電話到你要認(rèn)識(shí)的那個(gè)人那邊去，說(shuō):"你好我是某某公司的誰(shuí)誰(shuí)，是劉總讓我打電話給你的。 。。。"P.F:如果名字左下角寫著這樣的字樣是表示當(dāng)有什么節(jié)日或有什么事時(shí)， 你的朋友為了敬祝或答謝你，送你的禮物。他在禮物上留了一張名片，并在名片左下角寫上P.F。表示敬賀的意思。P.R:表達(dá)謹(jǐn)謝。這時(shí)當(dāng)你收到地方的禮物時(shí)，想回敬時(shí)，也可以在禮物上放上一個(gè)名片左下角寫上P.R。當(dāng)對(duì)方收到禮物時(shí)，看看名片就知道是你的回敬了。N.B意為請(qǐng)注意。當(dāng)接到這樣的名片時(shí)，意為請(qǐng)你注意的意思。IndividualismvsCollectivism?Individualismstandsforapreferenceforalooselyknitsocialframeworkinsocietyinwhichindividualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamiliesonly.?Collectivismstandsforapreferenceforatightlyknitsocialframeworkinwhichindividualscanexpecttheirrelatives,clan,orother-in-grouptolookaftertheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.SocialInteractionWhentwoormorethantwopersonsaredoingsomethingtogetherinordertofulfillanaim,asocialsituationexists.Elementsofasocialsituation(atleasttwoparticipants;anaim;asetting;schemaforfulfillingtheaim;verbalornon-verbalcommunication;timeandspace)Itisheardbutitisn 'ttakeninthewayitisuttered.Inasocialsituation,allparticipatingsidescanmonitorthecommunicationprocess.Theutterancemeaning/thespeaker'smeaning/thehearer 'sm.Howtogivegifts:Wrappedinapaper,orinaboxorcontainerWithacardontoporinside—WithareceiptincaseitwillbereturnedbyreceiverPersonalpresentingorbydeliverycompanyMoneyinanenvelopeSocialdistanee isatermreferringtothesimilarityordissimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.?Highcontextcultures emphasizethecontextinwhichacommunicationtakesplace;theypayagreatdealofattentiontoimplicit,nonverbalmessages;?Lowcontextculturesplacelessemphasisonthecontextofcommunication(suchasimpliedmeaningornonverbalmessages);theyrelyonexplicitverbalmessages.?PowerDistaneeistheextenttowhichthemembersofasocietyacceptthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequally.?high-power-distanee (orlarge/strong):—Peopleinhighpowerdistaneesocietiesacceptahierarchicalorder.?low-power-distanee (orsmall/lesspowerdistanee):—PeopleinlowpowerdistaneesocietiesstriveforpowerequalizationanddemandjustificationforpowerinequalitiesAttitudes andbehaviorsLargepowerdistaneeSmallpowerdistaneeHierarchyHierarchiesreflectthebasicinequalityofpeople.Hierarchiesareonlyconvenientwaysoforganizingactivities.RelationshipsComfortable withhierarchicalrelationshipsPreferequalrelationshipsPowerAcceptdifferencesinpowerDislike and distrustauthorityUseofpowerWhoeverholdspowerisrightandgood.Whoeverusestheirpowerwillbejudgedastowhethertheyuseitintherightway.DependencyTheless powerful aredependentonthepowerful.InterdependencebetweenlessandmorepowerfulpersonsDecisionmakingDecision-makingtendstobecentralized; the leaderdecides.Decision-makingisdispersedthroughout organization.Peopleatalllevelsmakedecisions.AuthorityLeadershipLeaders direct theLeaders motivate theiractivities ofsubordinatesby giving specificinstructions.subordinatestoworktowardgoals.Theydonotgiveasmuchspecificdirection.InitiativeOnlytheleaderinitiates.Everyone isexpectedtoinitiate.CommunicationflowFromthetopoforganizationtothebottomFromthetopdownandfromthelowerlevelstohigherlevelsStatusHighstatus peopleenjoyprivileges.Peopledisapproveofspecialprivileges andsymbolsofstatus.Howto changetheorganizationReplacepeopleatthetop.Reformtheorganization.Elementsinfluencingrefusals?Powerdistanee(managervsemployee)? Uncertainty(leaveroomforfurtherthinking)?Faceproblem(savingface)? Personalrelationship(afraidofrefusingorbeingrefused,relationshipbreak-up)? SpecialtimeandspacesituationsLanguageandculture.Closerelated,areflectionof.LanguagecommunicationisaffectedbydiffcGendercommunicationSex-->physical/biologicaldescriptivetermGender=sex+culture+roleinsocietyMainculture:ethnic culture/regionculture/religionculture/genderculture/agecultureMasculinity stands foraprefereneeinsocietyforachievement,heroism,assertiveness( 過(guò)份自信的), competitiveness andtoughnessthathavetraditionallybeenassociatedwithmen.Femininity standsforaprefereneeformodesty,relationships,cooperation,caringfortheweak,andtendernessthathavetraditionallybeenlabeledasfeminine.Differentstyles presented andstrategiesappliesbymenandwomenintheircommunicationdifferStrategiesforbusinesswomentoapplyinmakingadealwiththeirmakecounterparts.Beawareofbusinesschallenge(itisessentialforabusinesswomantoestablishherrankandauthorityearlyinarelationship)Preparerightattitude(betolerantandunderstanding)Alwaysdressandactprofessionally.NonverbalcommunicationCommunicationingeneralisprocessofsendingandreceiving messagesthatenableshumanstoshareknowledge,attitudes,andskillsWhilewespeakwithourvocalorgans,weconversewithourwholebodies.Therangesofnon-verbalcommunicationinbusiness:1.kinesicsincluding:facialexpression,posture,gesture,eye-contact.businessmanners3.spatialandtemporalarrangements.Nonverbalcommunicationhasbeendefinedascommunicationwithoutwords.Thefunctionofnon-verbalcommunicationRepeatingContradicting（否定）Substituting（代替）Complementing（補(bǔ)充）Accenting（強(qiáng)調(diào)）Regulating（調(diào)節(jié)）MessageVerbalmessage NonverbalmessageOralmessageWrittenmessageGestureFacialexpressionBodilymovePhonespeechletterMemoE-mailHandBlinkEyebrowSmileForwardBlendStrategiesofdealingwithnon-verbalcommunicationinbusinessDogoodhomework.DonottakeeverythingneitherforgrantednortooseriouslyThepartners'behaviorsandresponsecouldbeobservedtoadjustone'sownbehaviorAskforexplanationorchancetoexplain.TypesofNonverbalCommunication1.Kinesics（體態(tài)語(yǔ)） Kinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,posture（姿態(tài)）andstance（立姿）,2.Paralanguage/Metacommunication（副語(yǔ)言）ObjectLanguage（客體語(yǔ)）EnvironmentalLanguage（環(huán)境語(yǔ)）Paralanguagecanbecalled類語(yǔ)言或伴隨語(yǔ)言,副語(yǔ)言特征或伴隨語(yǔ)言特征（paralinguisticfeatures）.Paralanguageisrelatedtooralcommunication;itreferstotherate,pitchandvolumequalitiesofthevoice,whichinterruptortemporarilytaketheplaceofspeechandaffectthemeaningofamessage.CultureConflictionCultureshockmeansaconditionofconfusionandanxietyaffectingapersonwhenbeingsuddenlyexposedtoanewcultureorenvironment.Cultureconflictionreferstoinharmoniousorimpactbetweentwoculturalstrengthsorsystems.ThestemofcultureconflictonCollectivist-individualistculturalpattern.Highcontext-lowcontextculturalpatternHigh-powerdistancesandlow-powerdistancesculturalpatternMonochromictime-polychronictimeculturalpattern.REVERSECULTURESHOCKFourstagesofacculturation.Euphoria-depression-adjustment-acceptanceThedimensionsofcultureincludes:Time,past/present/futureActivitydoing/being/becomingRelationshipsindividual/ranked/mutual/Powerdistancehigh/lowCommunicationcontexthigh/lowNaturecontrolling/harmony/yieldingFormalityformal/informalCompetitivenesscompetitive/cooperativeConceptofspaceprivate/publicBehaviortolerancelooseculture/tightcultureUncertaintyavoidancehigh/lowSelfvsgroupindividualism/collectivismBusinessInteractioncredibilityNotricks談判注意needo