第11課的理Reviewing:Thesymptomsofatransferenceneurosiscandeveloponlyafterafairly anizedbarrierhasbeenestablishedbetweenthepri ndsecondaryprocesses.Onlythencanatruephobia,whichisatransferencephenomenon,occur.Example:Apatienthasanexaggeratedfearoftheatomicbomb.ysisleadstorecoveryofmemoriesfromaroundofsix,memoriesoffearingearthquakes.Abrief,transitoryphobiaoccurredatthattime,thendisappeared,andlaterinlifeappearedagain.Itwaspossibleinthiscasetoconnecttheoriginalphobiaofearthquakeswithinfantile-sexualvoyeuristicactivitiesatagesixandwithdiscoveriesmadeasaresultofthevoyeuristicactivities.Therearealsoearlier,preoedipalphobias,buttheyareadifferentstorywithadifferentstructure.Itisatthetimeoftheoedipal,withitsassociatedcastrationanxietyandsuperegodevelopment,thattherepressionbarrier esfirmenough—withpreponderanceofthesystemPreconsciousoverthesystemUnconscious—thattransferencephenomenasuchas(oedipal)phobiasareabletodevelop.Onecannotspeakof“transference"withouttheexistenceoftwostableandseparatesystems,because“transference"meanstransferofqualitiesfromthesystemUnconscioustoacarrierinthesystemPreconscious.Indreams,thepreconsciouscarrierisadayresiduethattendstobearelativelyunimportant,inconsequentialevent.Theystisadayresidueparexcellence,becauseheremainssoquiet,neutral,andunobtrusiveinthepatient'slife(seePartIIIofFreud's[1916-1917]“IntroductoryLectures"formoreabouttheseconcepts).FreudsTheoryof,accordingtoFreud(1915b;seealsoFenichel,1945,pp.415-452),thereisasimilaritytotransferenceneuroses:Adisappointmentinreality,afrustration.Howthepatientreactstosuchfrustrationsisinfluencedbythe"complementaryseries.”Manifestregression:anincreaseindaydreaming,thesameasintransference表面退行：白日Regressionproper:Thedifferencebetweentransferenceneurosesandpsychosislieshere.Intransferenceneuroses,thepullregressivelycomesfromoldchildhoodfixationsonincestuousorotherwiseforbiddenobjects.Theregressioninschizophreniaistowardpreobjectlevelsorfixationpoints.Inschizophrenia,thecoreofthe alitycontainsno(ormarkedlyreduced)libidinalattaentstoobjects.Inpsychosistheregressionistoanobjectlessfixationpointthatisthreatening,notasanoldhighlycathectedpositionofobjectattaentsthatmightleadtopunishmentasinthetransferenceneuroses,butbecauseintheseobjectlessregressivestateslargetiesofnonobjectlibidofloodthe'sownbodyand etraumatic,leadingPsychotic(incontrasttoneurotic)hypochondria.AccordingtoanastuteobservationbyGlover(1947),thistypeofhypochondriaisthepsychotic'seffortto"theorize”aboutthestrangebodilyexperiencesproducedbytheobjectlesslibidothatattachesitselftohisbody ans.Heattemptstorelievetheconditionbytalkingaboutit,complainingaboutit;hecomplains,forexample,thattheworldseemstobeslipaway.Itisnottheexternalworld,however,buttheinnerunconsciouscoreofobjectsthatislosingcathexes.Unliketheschizophrenic,evenaRobinsonCrusoecanhavethefeelingofobjectexperiencesallabouthim,becausetheexperienceofobjectsisfundamentallyaninnerexperiencebased,forexample,onmemoriesanddaydreamsaboutobjects.Theexperienceofobjectsdependsontheintactnessoflibidinalobjectcathexesinthedeeplayersofthepsyche.Lonelinessisnotschizophrenia.Inthepsychoses,thecathexeswithdrawnfromobject-imagoes eattachedtobody ansandproducedisturbingantensions,an"actualneurosis."孤獨不是沒有客體。例如會感受到客體體驗，因為客體體驗從根本上來說是一種內在體驗，基于和客體相關的和白日夢。客體體驗依賴于內心深處的未受損的力比多客體。而在精神Thuspsychotichypochondriaistheactualneuroticcoreofpsychosis,correspondingwiththetraumatic(anxiety)neurosisasthe“actualneuroticcore"ofthepsychoneuroses.Whenpsychotichypochondriaoccurs,thebody anslosetheirmeaningofI-You;theyceasetobeinstrumentsofobjectrelations.Anexperienceofpreobject,autoerotic,narcissistictensionsetsin,astatethatispainfultothepsychoticbecausethehealthyresidueofhisegoobservesitselflosingitsequilibrium,itsanization,itsinnerobjects.Experiencedschizoidcharactersprotectthemselvesfromthatpainbywallingthemselvesofffromtheworld.癥。一種前客體的、自體的、自戀張力的體驗開始出現，一種痛苦的狀態，因為殘余的健康自分看到自己失去了它的平衡、它的組織、它的內在客體。樣性格通過把自己與外界隔Theyknowtheirsensitivity,andknowthatiftheymakecontactwithpeopleandgethurttheywillregresstotheobjectless-narcissistic-autoeroticstatethatissopainfultotheremainingego.Anothercommonandfrighteningregressivesymptomisthedelusionthattheworldiscomingtoanend,thebasisofwhichisthatduetothenarcissisticregressionthepsychoticistheworld,hisinnerobjectworldiscollapsing;theobjectcathexesinhisUnconsciousare“comingtoanend."Thepainofnarcissisticregressionmotivatesthepsychotic'sattemptstomakerestitution—thatis,toregaincontactwith(inner)objectsinorderto“cure"thepsychoticstate.Anexampleofsuchrestitution,accordingtoFreud(1915b),isthepsychotic'suseofneologisms.Althoughthepsychotic'snuclear(childhood)objectsaredecathectedintheUnconscious,theverbalrepresentationsofobjectsinthePreconsciousremaincathected.Inhisrestitutiveeffortstohealhimself,thepsychotichypercathectsthepreconsciousword-symbolsofobjects.Asaresult,wordstakeongreatermeaning;they e“objects,"andthepatientcreatesnew“objects"outofhiswords.He“loves"wordsand“plays"withthemasiftheywerenotjustthesymbolsofobjectsbutobjectsthemselves,whichproducestheneologismsoftheschizophrenicpatient.Additionalrestitutiveeffortsincludethedevelopmentofdelusionsandhallucinations.Inhisseminalp ronthe“influencingmachine"inschizophrenia,ViktorThusk(1933)wasabletofathomtheessentiallyobjectlessnarcissisticstateofapsychoticpatientwhoatthesametimetriedtoexpressandexplainthestrangenessofthatstate.ItwasastrokeofgeniusonTkusk'spartwhenherecognizedthatthepatient'sdelusionofan“influencingmachine"wasanattempttoregainsomekindofcontactwithobjects:“Atleasttheyareafterme,tryingtogetme."Whois?Notobjects,becausetheyaredecathected.Thenwhatisthatbehindthepatient,chasinghim?Anarcissisticallyhypercathectedexperienceofhisownbuttocksandfeces,whichhavebeenprojected(restitutively)asexternal"objects”—adesperateattempttoregainsomekindofcontactwithobjects.Likeneologisms,therefore,delusionsandhallucinationsprovidearestitutivepretenseofobjectrelations.Fromalongitudinal,thetraumaticfixationinpsychoticpathologyoccursveryearly—forexample,inconnectionwithexperiencesofnotbeingabletotrustreality.Asaresult,an“asif”adjustmentismade.Psychoticregressionsbeginoccurringinearlyadulthood,whenfrustrationsassociatedwithadultobjectrelationsarefrequent.Somuch