Languagelearningbeginswithlisteninggreatly.Individualintheamountchildrenoflisteningvarytheydoaftertheystartspeaking,1.________andthelatestartersareoftenlonglisteners.Mostchildrenwill"obey"spokeninstructionssometimebeforetheycanspeak,thoughthewordobeyishardlyaccuratelikeadiscrptionoftheeagerand2._____delightedcooperationusuallyshownbythechild.Beforetheycanspeak,manychildrenwillaskquestionsingestureandbymaking3._____questioningnoises.Anyattempttotracethedevelopmentfromthenoisesbabiesmaketotheirfirstspokenwordsleadtoconsiderable4._____difficulties.Itisagreethattheyenjoymakingnoises,andthatduringthefirstfewmonthsoneortwobesaidtoshowthebaby’agreed,too,from8.______aboutthreemonthstheyplaywithsoundsforenjoyment,andthatbysixmonthstheyareabletoaddnewsoundstotheirrepertoire.Thisself-imitationleadsontodeliberateimitationofsoundsmakingorwordsspokentobeconsideredasspeech.1.after->before依據(jù)上下文邏輯，此處明顯指孩子學(xué)會(huì)說話以前的聽力，而非以后。2.like->aslike

和as都有“像”的意思，但是此處要求填入一個(gè)擁有“作為”之意的詞，故將

like改為

as3.in->by4.lead->leads此處句子的主語是上一行的

attempt，所以要用動(dòng)詞的第三人稱形式。5.noise->noisesOneortwo后修飾的名詞按復(fù)數(shù)對(duì)待。6.particular->particularly修飾形容詞

indicative

應(yīng)當(dāng)使用副詞

particularly。7.canbesaid->cannotbesaid8.from前加thatit是句子的形式主語，爾后邊的

fromaboutthreemonthstheyplaywithsoundsforenjoyment

才是真實(shí)的主語，too是插入語，因?yàn)槭侵髡Z從句，故指引詞

that不可以省略。9.making->made此處指“發(fā)出的聲音和說的話”，sound與make之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。10.which前加at定語從句的關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞point，可知從句中缺乏的時(shí)狀語，所以在which前加at。“typical”Anotherchangehasbeencausedbythefactpeoplearelivinglonger7.____nowadays,andmanyoldpeoplelivesalonefollowingthedeathoftheirpartners.Asacauseofthesechangesinthepatternofpeople’slives,there8.____aremanyfamiliesconsistofonlyonepersonoronepersonandchildren..9._____Youmightthinkthatmarriageandthefamiliesarenotsopopularastheyonceare.However,themajorityofdivorcedpeoplemarryagainandthey10._____sometimestakeresponsibilityforasecondfamily.and->but依據(jù)上下文，此處應(yīng)為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系2.other->others這里是some.others的固定用法。3.for->sincefor和since都能夠表示“因?yàn)椤保莊or表示原由指引得從句一般放在句末，所以在此處不對(duì)4.made->madeit句子主語是law，位于是made，easier是賓語補(bǔ)足語，邏輯賓語是形式賓語it。5.end->ends主語onemarriageineverythree是單數(shù)，故謂語動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)。6.with->of

easier后邊的

togetadivorce，可見此句缺乏形容詞tolerant后邊只好用of。復(fù)原原句為Societyisnowmoretolerantthanitusedtobe(tolerant)ofunmarriedpeople。7.thefact->thefactthatfact以后的部分是同位語從句，增補(bǔ)說明fact8.cause->resultsacauseof意為“作為的原由”，asaresultof意為“作為的結(jié)果”，依據(jù)上下文語義，應(yīng)當(dāng)用后者。9.consist->consisting或consist前加which或that句子構(gòu)造雜亂。簡單句中不可以同時(shí)出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。10.are->werearequitecertain,andthosefewholdopposite3.______opinions.Asknowledgeincreases,philosophybudsoffthesciences.goesonmovingunlesssomethingslowsitdown.But6.____theyhadgoodargumentsontheirside,andifwestudytheseandtheexperimentsprovedthemright,thiswillhelpusdistinguishtruth7.____fromfalseinthescientificcontroversiesoftoday.Wealsoseehowphilosophersreflectssociallifeofhisday.PlatoandAristole,intheslave-owningsocietyofancientGreece，thoughtman’aregularlyfeudalsystemofnineranksofangels.Herbert9.______Spencer,inthetimeoffreecompetitionbetweencapitalists,foundthekeytoprogressasthesurvivalofthefittest.ThusMarxismisseeingtofitinto10.___itsplaceasthephilosophyfortheworkers,theonlyclasswithafuture.1.divide->separatedivide的意思是“分開”，用法為divideinto;separate的意思是“分開”，用法是separatefrom。此句后邊又介詞from，故要用

separate。2.which->that此處并不是任何從句，而應(yīng)使用代詞指代上文的

history，故用

that，which

沒有這類用法。3.in->aboutbecertain

后邊只好用介詞

about，此處是把這個(gè)代詞提到了定語從句關(guān)系代詞

which

的前面而已，故將

in

改成about。4.discuss->discussed此句的時(shí)間狀語是intheancientworldandtheMiddleAges，所以謂語用一般過去時(shí)。5.move->moving此處用來修飾名詞body，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用此刻分詞作形容詞，表示正在進(jìn)行的、主動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。6.right->wrong依據(jù)上下文，這里說中世紀(jì)的好多科學(xué)家關(guān)于運(yùn)動(dòng)的看法都是錯(cuò)誤的，后來還進(jìn)一步說明錯(cuò)在哪里。7.experiments后加which或thatproved及后來部分應(yīng)當(dāng)是用來修飾experiments的定語從句，但是缺乏從句的關(guān)系代詞和主語。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語不可以省略。8.high->highest詞處指人類的最高境地。9.regularly->regular此處的regular和feudal并列修飾system。10.seeing->seenAmericanslovepets.Andit’snotjustpuppylove,either.Manypetownerstreattheirfurryfriendsaspartofthefamily.Sometimestheyspiceuptheirpets’withfashion,petownerscandresstheirpetsinstylishclothes.2._____Beneaththefluffyluxuries,thereliesabasicAmericanbelief:Petshavearighttobetreatedwell.Atleast75animalwelfareorganizationsexistinAmerica,whichpayforthehigh-techhealthcare,peoplecanbuyhealthinsurancefortheirpets.Andwhenitistimetosaygood-bye,ownerscanburytheirpetsinarespectfulpetcemetery.5.______TheaverageAmericanenjoyshavingpetsaround,andforgoodreason.Researchershavediscoveredthatinteractingwithanimalslowera6.______person’sbloodpressure.Dogscanofferprotectionfromburglarsandunwelcomevisitor.Catscanhelpridthehomeofunwantedcreatureofallshapesandsizescanprovidecompanionshipandlove.In8._______manycases,haveapetpreparesayoungcouplewithresponsibilitiesof9._______parenthood.Petevenencouragesocialrelationships:Theygivetheirownersanappearanceoffriendly,andthey1.living->livesliving意為“生計(jì)”，依據(jù)句意，這里應(yīng)當(dāng)此處指寵物們的豐富多彩的生活，故用life的復(fù)數(shù)lives。2.with->forhaveaneyefor是固定搭配，意為“很能見賞，很能看出”。3.provide->provides該定語從句的先行詞是organizations，故從句的謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)。4.incrediblelevel->anincrediblelevellevel是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)當(dāng)在以前加上不定冠詞。5.respectful->respectablerespectful意為“敬愛的”，respectable意為“值得敬愛的，風(fēng)光的”。此處句意是“主人把自己的寵物埋葬在風(fēng)光的寵物墓地中”，所以使用respectable。6.lower->lowers本句得主語是interactingwithanimals，謂語是lower。動(dòng)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。7.visitors8.creature->creatures由定語ofallshapesandsizes能夠推出被修飾的詞應(yīng)當(dāng)是復(fù)數(shù)。9.have->having簡單句不可以有兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的主謂構(gòu)造，而此處的haveapet要做句子的主語，故應(yīng)當(dāng)使用動(dòng)名詞形式。10.friendly->friendlinessof是介詞，后邊要跟名詞。Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon’tbelievethatthere’sadefinitelinkbetweensmokeandtroubles,heartdiseaseand’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareinagoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthis4.___raised,thegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevil,seenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedly,afewgovernmentshavenottakentimid5.______measures.InBritainforinstance,cigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeased,whilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmoky,cancerousdeath.Youdon’’salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.Intaxrevenuelonely,thegovernmentofBritain8.______collectenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentirelyeducationalfacilities.9._____Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmay,conceivably,harmful,itdoesn’

a1.smoke->smokingsmoke作名詞時(shí)意為“煙霧”，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)意為“抽煙”。此處指抽煙和肺部疾病的關(guān)系故使用smoking。2.and->/或and->thenand是并列連詞，連結(jié)兩個(gè)對(duì)稱的分句。但此處前面是條件狀語從句，不對(duì)稱，故應(yīng)當(dāng)去掉and或?qū)nd改為then，使后邊變?yōu)橹骶?.with->ofaccusesbofsth意為“為.而指控或斥責(zé)某人”，不可以使用介詞with4.a->/此處明顯不是“在一家好企業(yè)”(inagoodcompany)的意思，而是說“有人和你作伴”(ingoodcompany)。此處的company意為“陪同”，抽象名詞，前面不用冠祠。5.not->/邏輯錯(cuò)誤6.that->why此處的意思是要找到“為何官方對(duì)醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)冷漠”。7.simple->simply這里的句意是“答案只是是錢”，故使用副詞simply。simple的意思是“簡單”。8.lonely->alonelonely意為“孤單”的，alone意為“獨(dú)自，一個(gè)”，此處意為“單稅收一項(xiàng)”，故用alone9.collect->collects本句的主語是thegovernmentofBritain10.harmful前加be

，是單數(shù)，所以謂語

collect

也要用單數(shù)。本句的conceivably

是插入語，假如不看它的話，就很簡單看出這個(gè)句子缺乏了系動(dòng)詞

beCulturereferstothesocialheritageofapeople---thelearnedpatternsforthinking,feelingandactingthatcharacterizeapopulationorsociety,includetheexpressionofthesepattemsin___1____materialthings.Cultureiscomposeofnonmaterialculture---____2____abstractcreationslikevalues,beliefs,customsandinstitutionalarrangements-andmaterialculture-physicalobjectlike____3____cookingpots,computersandbathtubs.Insum,culturereflectsboththeideasweshareoreverythingwemake.Inordinary____4____speech,apersonofcultureistheindividualcanspeakanother____5____language-thepersonwhoisunfamiliarwiththearts,music,____6____literature,philosophy,orhistory.Buttosociologists,tobehumanistobecultured,becauseofcultureisthecommonworld___7____ofexperienceforrelatingtoothers.Considerhowyoufredyourwayaboutsociallife.Howdoyouknowhowtoactinaclassroom,oradepartmentstore,ortowardapersonwhosmilesorlaugh____