1、第 PAGE8 頁 共 NUMPAGES8 頁2023年最新的長句和復雜句的翻譯長句和復雜句的翻譯 科技英語為了表示嚴謹、精確的含義，長句使用較多。長句主要是由基本句型擴展而成，其方式有增加修飾成分如定語、狀語，用各種短語如介詞、分詞、動名詞或不定式短語充當句子成分，也可能是通過關聯詞將兩個或兩個以上的句子組合在并列復合句或主從復合句。英譯漢時，往往要先分析句子結構、形式，才能確定句子的功能、意義。如前所述，在遇到長句時，宜通過形態識別，突顯主、謂、賓、表等主干成分，了解其“骨架涵義”及次要成分的涵義，理解這些成分之間的邏輯關系和修飾關系，然后通過適當的方法翻譯出來。 英語利用形態變化、詞序和

2、虛詞三大語法手段可構成包孕許多修飾成分或從句的長句或復合句，句中各部分順序靈活多樣。通常英語句中的表態部分如判斷和結論在先，而敘事部分如事實和描寫在后，漢語則正好相反；英語句中先短后長，“頭輕腳重”，而漢語也正好相反；英語借肋形態變化和連接手段而將句中成份靈活排列，漢語則常按時間和邏輯順序由先到后、由因到果、由假設到推論、由事實到結論這樣排列。此外，漢語少用長句，多用短句、分句、流水句按一定的時間或邏輯順序，分層敘述，這就需要對英語長句通過分解、拆散和重組等變通手段進行靈活處理。因此，長句翻譯時根據敘述層次和順序，分為順序法、逆序法、拆分法和重組法四種。 一、順序法 如果長句中定語和狀語較少，

3、或者有但其總體敘述層次與漢語相近，則可按順序法翻譯。 To produce this recombinant molecule, the vector, as well as the DNA to be cloned, must be cut at specific points and then joined together in a controlled manner. 為了產生這種重組分子，載體和要克隆的DNA必須在特異位點切開，并以可控制的方式連接起來。 This simple fact show that the more of the force of friction is g

4、ot rid of, the farther will the ball travel, and we are led to infer that, if all the impeding forces of gravitation and resistance could be removed, there is no reason why the ball, once in motion, should ever stop. 這個簡單事實表明，摩擦力去除得越多，球會滾得越遠；由此我們可以推定，如果一切起阻礙作用的引力和阻力去除的話，就沒有理由認為處于運動中的球還會停下來。 二、逆序法 如果

5、英語長復合句敘述層次與漢語正好相反，就需要將英語長復合句包孕、切斷后，按漢語句子的展開順序進行調整。通常調整后的順序是原句的全部或局部倒置。 So it was that the farm poor were caught in their own past, the double victims of technology: exile from their home by advances in agricultural machinery; unfitted for life in city because of the consequences of industrial mechan

6、ization. 農民由于農業機械的發展而被趕出自己的家園，又由于工業機械化的結果又使他們不適合在城市生活，農民就這樣成了技術發展的雙重犧牲品，陷入舊日的困境中。 I believe strongly that it is in the interests of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我強烈地認為，英國應該繼續是歐洲共同體中一個積極而充滿活力的成員，這是符合我們人民利益的。 The assertion that it w

7、as difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic social and cultural development was now scarcely contested. 如果一個民族不能自由的決定其政治地位，不能自由地保證其經濟、社會和文化的發展，要享受其基本權利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。這一論斷，幾乎是無可置

8、辯的了。 三、拆分法 由于英漢兩種語言的表達差異，在英語長句翻譯成漢語時，要盡可能“化整為零”。按在原句的關系代詞和關系副詞引導的從句處、主謂連接處、并列或轉折連接處，切斷分成幾個意義片段，分別譯成漢語分句。 Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms. 物質由分子組成，而分子則是由原子組成。 A substantial minority of each party in strong opposition to the other party is sometimes the key factor in the par

9、tys policy making. 每一政黨中堅持反對另一政黨的有實力的少數派，往往成為這一政黨在決策時的關鍵因素。 The statement declared that the international economic order must be changed or the gap between developed and developing countries would continue to widen. 聲明宣稱，國際經濟秩序必須改變，否則發達國家和發展中國家之間的差距將繼續擴大。 有時，由于長句中的某些成分如單詞、詞組或句子的存在，翻譯時句子整體難以按照順序法翻譯，這

10、時可考慮將這些成分析出，置于句首或句尾。如： The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible-about one in four. 大約有四分之一的美國青年人沒有閱讀能力。這簡直令人難以置信！ The very important oil industry, which has done much to rejuvenate the economy of the South since the end of World War II, made considerable head

11、way especially in the five states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas. 第二次世界大戰后石油工業對振興南部經濟起了很大的作用。這個十分重要的工業部第一文庫網門物別是在阿肯色、路易斯安那、密西西比、俄克拉荷馬和得克薩斯五個州取得了很大的進展。 四、重排法 由于英漢思維習慣和表達方式的差異，對于結構復雜的長句，需要在語法和語義結構理解的基礎上，對深層結構進行切分，翻譯時通過改變語序、重組結構，按照邏輯或時間順序譯出。重排法是長句翻譯的一種常用手段。 Manufacturing proces

12、ses may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 制造過程可以分為單件生產和批量生產。單件生產就是生產少量的零件；批量生產就是生產大量相同的零件。 There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operatio

13、ns of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who weighs out his goods in common scales and the operations of a chemist who performs a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weight

14、s. 科學家的思維活動和普通人的思維活動之間存在著差別，這種差別就跟一個面包師或一個賣肉者和一個化驗師操作方法上的差別一樣。前者用普通的秤東西的量，而后者則用天平和精密砝碼進行艱難復雜的分析。其差別不過如此而已。 Category contains only four items, and I shall say no more about them except that, since they are under consideration, we should not let the grass grow under feet, but attempt, as early as poss

15、ible, to arrive at a common understanding in the interest of humanity. 這個并列復句，包括多個修飾語和從句，表達五層的意思。漢語要表達同樣的意思，必須按照邏輯順序要重新安排，拆成七個部分，組成三個句子，順序為13542。 第二類只包括四項，而且都已在審議之中。為了人類的利益，我們應該不失時機，力圖盡快求得共識。除此之外，別的我就不多說了。 問題 一、翻譯下述長句 1. These years of activity and discovery were followed by a lull, a period of anti

16、climax when it seemed to some molecular biologists (as the new generation of geneticists styled themselves) that there was little of fundamental importance that was not understood. 2. A whole new methodology was developed, enabling previously impossible experiments to be planned and carried out, if

17、not with ease, then at least with success. 3. The exact nature of the procedure used depends on the size of the DNA molecule involved, with the techniques applicable for small molecules, such as normal and recombinant versions of plasmids and phage chromosomes, being different from those used for ge

18、ne location on the large DNA molecules contained in eukaryotic chromosomes. 4. As the correct solution of any problem depends primarily on a true understanding of what the problem really is and wherein lies its difficulty, we may profitably pause upon the threshold of our subject to consider first, in a more general way, its real nature; the causes which impede sound practice; the conditions on which success or failure depends; the direction in which error is most