1、環境污染與治理環境：是相對于某一事物來說，是指圍繞著某一事物(通常稱為主體)并對該事物會產生某些影響的所有外界事物(通常稱其為客體)，即環境是指相對并相關于某項中心事物的周圍事物。Biosphere:Theentirepartofearthsland,soil,water&atmosphereinwhichlivingorganismarefoundiscalledbiosphere。Thecombinedarealithosphere,hydrosphereof&atmosphereisknownasbiosphere.Ecologicalfootprint:Theamountofbiolo

2、gicallyproductivelandandwaterneededtoindefinitelysupplythepeopleinagivenareawithrenewableresources0Alsoincludesthelandandwaternecessarytoabsorbandrecyclewastesandpollution。(Percapitaecologicalfootprint:Averageecologicalfootprintofanindividualinagivenarea)。Sustainableliving:Theabilityoftheearthsvario

3、usnaturalsystemsandhumanculturalsystemsandeconomiestosurviveandadapttochangingenvironmentalconditionsindefinitely.(可持續發展被定義為：“能滿足當代人的需要，又不對后代人滿足其需要的能力構成危害的發展。提出可持續發展的四大支柱是經濟、社會、環境和文化，只有四個方面協調發展，才能實現可持續發展)。(太陽能、生物多樣性、化學循環)自然資本(naturalcapital):Ourlivesandeconomiesdependonenergyfromthesunandnaturalreso

4、urcesandnaturalservices(naturalcapital)providedbytheearth.水的自然循環和人為循環：ImportantContaminantsOfConcernInWastewaterTreatmentSuspendedsolids(SS)Leadtothedevelopmentofsludgedepositsandanaerobicconditionswhenuntreatedwastewaterisdischargedintotheaquaticenvironment.Nutrients(P,N2&C)Whendischargedintotheaqu

5、aticenvironment,thesenutrientscanleadtothegrowthofundesirableaquaticlife.Whendischargedinexcessiveamountsonland,theycanalsoleadtothepollutionofgroundwater.Prioritypollutants:Organicandinorganiccompoundsselectedonthebasisoftheirknownorsuspectedcarcinogenicity,orhighacutetoxicity.Manyofthesecompoundsa

6、refoundinwastewaterRefractoryorganics:Theseorganicstendtoresistconventionalmethodsofwastewatertreatment.Typicalexamplesincludesurfactants,phenols,andagriculturalpesticides.HeavymetalsHeavymetalsareusuallydischargedtowastewaterfromcommercialandindustrialactivitiesandhavetoberemovedifthewastewateristo

7、bereused.DissolvedinorganicSnorganicconstituentssuchascalcium,sodium,andsulfateareaddedtotheoriginaldomesticwatersupplyasaresultofwateruseandmayhavetoberemovedifthewastewateristobereused.CharacteristicsOfWastewaterPhysicalCharacterisecsTotalSolidsAnalyticallythetotalsolidscontentofawastewaterisdefin

8、edasallthematterthatremainsasresidueuponevaporationat103to105C.OdorsWastewatermaycontaineitherodorouscompoundsorcompoundsthatproduceodorduringtheprocessofwastewatertreatment.TemperatureThetemperatureofwaterisaveryimportantparameterbecauseofitseffectonChemicalreactionsandreactionratesintreatmentproce

9、ss.Aquaticlife.ColorColorofindustrialwastewatervariesaccordingtothetypeofindustry.Mostcoloredmatterisinadissolvedstate.TurbidityTurbidity,ameasureofthelight-transmittingpropertiesofwater,isanothertestusedtoindicatethequalityofwastewaterdischargesandnaturalwaterswithrespecttocolloidalandresidualsuspe

10、ndedmatter)2。5血1QohhMsMcs21OrganicMatterThTtswaofsubstance珈w叩心由d岫前idMsttra幡trtttwwtbeuusewnyofIhenncawtbevwryslculy蛇呻皿他用ic曲.Typd風唧后府心；FgOil:血幻岷Sir%加稱Phenols.VolcrileOrkAnpotrds(VOCsPtiticidesIAjituhnlMcdlt2-L1ParamE怕sOfCrgoni匚CwitentInorganicMatter:Nitrogen&Phosphorus,Sulfur,HeavyMetals.Howtomeasure

11、BOD/Fiveddybioassayforexygenconsumption,BOD5*300mltninspecialboTTlcs,.Usesanoxygenmetertomedfurcdiffolvcdoxygen(DO)eartiumptj*rtinafivedayptndduTheO口與ycalculatedby-審BOD5(m9/L)St1i-D/PDjHgtwlDOfnvg/Lof產sairple1t2sampleDOfmg/L)after5Pdecimalvlwwetricfna-ctiouiof.0tr甲&uwd.BiologicalCharacteristics：Path

12、ogenicorganismslikeslaughterhousesothershavemoldsandfungiasstarchandyeastfactories.Biologicalinformationisneededtoassessthedegreeoftreatmentofthewastewaterbeforeitsdischargetotheenvironment.NaturalPurification(SelfPurificationWhenwastewaterisdischargedintotheriverorstream,theBODofmixincreasesinitial

13、lyandDOlevelstartsfalling.AsriverwatertravelsfurtherBODgraduallyreducesandDOincreasesandreachesitssaturationlevel.Thusrivergetspurifiedonitsown.Thisphenomenaisknownasselfpurificationofstream.環境容量(Theselfpurificationcapacity)一定水體在規定的環境目標下所能容納ACTIONSINVOLVEDINSELFPURIFICATIONOFSTREAMS1.DILUTION2.DISPE

14、RSIONDUETOCURRENTSEDIMENTATIQN4.OXIDATION5.REDUCTION6.TEMPERATURE7.SUNLIGHTDOSAGCURVE(氮垂Utl要戈)=2 1dllHcuwuC餐SIAXOSturst Join C cncfl ，/ i 的OMyger) (Sag Curve jB.O.DDow n*t mam Distaince-氧垂曲線：Whenpollutionalloadisdischargedintothestream,DOgoesonreducing.Thisprocessisknownasdeoxygenation.Itdependsupon

15、organicmatterpresentandtemperature.ThevariationordepletionofDOisrepresentedgraphicallybydeoxygenationcurve.Atthesametimeoxygengetsaddedintothestreamthroughvariousprocessessuchasphotosynthesis,rainsetc.ThecurverepresentingoxygengainingprocessisknownasReoxygenationorreaerationcurve.Inarunningpolluteds

16、treamdeoxygenationandreaerationprocessesgohandinhand.Euthophication(富營養化)：由于氮、磷等植物營養物質含量過多而引起的水質污染現象，一般發生在湖泊、江河、海灣等緩流水體中。NaturalEutrophicationAndCulturalEutrophication。點源污染：(pointsourcepollution)：以點狀的形式集中排放的工業廢棄物或從污水處理廠排放的工業廢水。非點源污染：(non-pointsourcepollution)：從田間和果園沖刷下來的農藥、化肥和畜禽養殖產生的廢水，通過徑流進入河流、湖泊或滲

17、入地下水。廢水處理分級：LevelsofTreatmentPnlni)ryKrnmiiloflatrloliibvuchnsrui.tkkjkgritMdsrtEhrthatmagrriitlpnirFiilorrewllInoperBllonalprobilennhPhyiculPrimaryKemovalofandeltlmblesmrhniisuspendrdaiimllifttletPhysical,nnridirmicalKeruoiL甫Iofblodefiradaiblenrintlernadu+pmded、口Hd，HlvitKKkalJllOlcbriiikTiliei叩加,富n

18、eedKpnirni|nfFhyiilrAL,rhmlir|.口*MoJogtciJPhysicalUnitOperationsTreatmentmethodsinwhichtheapplicationofphysicalforcespredominates.Screening,mixing,flocculation,sedimentation,flotation,filtration,andgastransferaretypicalunitoperations.ChemicalUnitProcessesTreatmentmethodsinwhichtheremovalorconversion

19、ofcontaminantsisbroughtaboutbytheadditionofchemicalsorbyotherchemicalreactions.Precipitation,adsorption,anddisinfectionarethemostcommonexamplesusedinwastewatertreatment.BiologicalUnitProcesses:Treatmentmethodsinwhichtheremovalofcontaminantsisbroughtaboutbybiologicalactivity.Biologicaltreatmentisused

20、primarilytoremovethebiodegradableorganicsubstances(colloidalordissolved)andnutrients(nitrogen&phosphorus)fromwastewater.Basically,thesesubstancesareconvertedintogasesthatcanescapetotheatmosphereandintobiologicalcelltissuethatcanberemovedbysettling.水的物理處理：1、格柵，格柵的基本結構是由一組平行設置的柵條所組成的框架，主要是去除一些大塊的固體懸浮物

21、和漂浮物。2、沉淀，沉砂池，可分為平流式、旋流式和曝氣沉砂池三大類。3、離心分離，物體高速旋轉時產生離心力場利用離心力分離廢水中密度與水不同的懸浮物的處理方法；4、氣浮，氣浮法是利用高度分散的微細氣泡作為載體去黏附廢水中的污染物利用其密度小于水的特性，使其上浮到水面，從而實現固液或液液分離的過程，又稱氣泡浮上法。5、過濾，過濾是用來分離懸浮液，獲得清凈液體的單元操作。在水處理中，過濾一般是指以石英砂等粒狀顆粒的濾層截留水中懸浮雜質，從而使水獲得澄清的工藝過程。6、隔油，API、CPI。水的化學處理：1、中和處理的目的是中和廢水中過量的酸或堿，使中和后的廢水呈中性或接近中性，以滿足下一步處理或外

22、排的要求。2、Oxidation/ReductionOxidants(Oxygen(O2).Chlorine(Cl2).Sodiumhypochlorite(NaClO).Calciumhypochlorite(Ca(ClO)2).Potassiumpermanganate(KMnO4).Hydrogenperoxide(H2O2).)areusedinwastewatertreatmentasafirststepintheremovalofheavymetalstooxidizeorganicsorasalaststepinatreatmentprocess,tooxidizeodorife

23、rouscompoundssuchashydrogensulphideortooxidizeinorganicssuchascyanideandfordisinfection.3.Chemicalprecipitationinwastewatertreatmentinvolvestheadditionofchemicalstoalterthephysicalstateofdissolvedandsuspendedsolidsandfacilitatetheirremovalbysedimentation.凝聚是指膠體被壓縮雙電層而失去穩定性，發生相互聚集的過程；絮凝是指脫穩膠體聚結成大顆粒絮體

24、的過程；混凝則是凝聚和絮凝的總稱。Biological TreatmentPrimary treatment：，Npn-bialogical treatment d Removes solids$ Was+e haj high nutrientfood (eg C, N, 5, and P)Second try rre 加士nt：$ Decreases dissolved organic carbon D。Ujw biological trccitment* A cro b rc arid arme ro bk secfrndcry treatment2AnaerobicBiologicalT

25、reatmentThemiaerobieprocesshasbeendevelopedforthetreatmeritofsludgeandhighstrengthonganicloadThedisodvanfageoftheanaerobictrtdttmerrtascompared忖aerobictreafmenti$Thatttiedo留grwthratesrequirearelatiwly心叫detentrontmetnthedigesterfore加qwfewaste鼾砧酒工口日前館Btcur.Ontheotherhandriflosto(ftheorganicwaskrsconve

26、rtedtomethanegas.whKhiscrnbusfibleandfhtreforeausefulwndproduct.Thehighternperaturinecessarytouhieveddequfitetreatmentareoftenlifted05dixdvan怕oftheanaerobictreatmentprflx驍；however,highlemperotirwarecearywilywhensufficientlylon9加anedbresidencetimecannotbeobtainedatncniindtemperatures.ActiveSludgecanb

27、edefinedasamixtureofmicroorganismswhichcontactanddigestbiodegradablematerials(food)fromwastewater.細菌在活性污泥的生物量中占95%,利用污水中蛋白質、碳水化合物等進行生長，為了較好的保證活性污泥的生物降解進程，控制細菌的生長成為關鍵(細菌的生長曲線、合成(Anabolism)和分解代謝(Catabolism)。AerobicBiologicalTreatment,95%oftheBODisreducedduringthisstageConventionalActivatedSludgesystem

28、containsatankforwastewateraerationfollowedbyasettlerandasolidsrecycleline.TheunitprocessesinvolvedintheSBR(SequentialBatchReactor)andconventionalactivated-sludgesystemsareidentical.Aerationandsedimentation/clarificationarecarriedoutinbothsystems.However,thereisoneimportantdifference.Inconventionalpl

29、ants,theprocessesarecarriedoutsimultaneouslyinseparatetanks,whereasinSBRoperationtheprocessesarecarriedoutsequentiallyinthesametank.Ascurrentlyused,allSBRsystemshavefivestepsarecommonlycarriedoutinsequenceasfollows:1-fill.2-react(aeration).3-settle(sedimentation/clarification).4-draw(decant).5-idle.

30、AuniquefeatureoftheSBRsystemisthatthereisnoneedforareturnactivated-sludge(RAS)system.Becausebothaerationandsettlingoccurinthesamechamber,nosludgeislostinthereactstep,andnonehastobereturnedfromtheclarifiertomaintainthesludgecontentintheaerationchamber.TricklingFilterBiologicalAirFilters(生物接觸氧化法):Thet

31、ricklingfilterconsistsofabedofahighlypermeablemediumtowhichmicroorganismsareattachedandthroughwhichwastewaterispercolatedortrickledRotatingBiologicalContractor物轉盤)：ConsistsofaseriesofcloselyspacedplasticcirculardisksDisksaresubmergedinwastewaterandrotatedslowlythrough1.Operation,biologicalgrowthsbec

32、omeattachedtothesurfacesofthedisksandformaslimelayerovertheentirewettedsurface.RotatingBiologicalContractorTertiaryTreatmentNitrogenandPhosphorusRemovalDisinfectionNitrification(conversiontoNitrate)Denitrification(conversiontoN2gas)Nitrifying bacteria/ tnmoflia is converted into n(+rate/ 4巾何niQ has

33、a high BOD because NH: oxidation requires oxygen./ Two groups of mkMb器 m 而加M.Aeiwnic oxidizing baritr (AOB)Kitrtt axid 力峭 baCEra (NCB)/ROB oxidize MH Jo NO”n two stepsnrrtnia n-cnwxyjcncje (AQO)Hydroxy enw dx dcrEiLCtase HAO)/NOBoxidceNO. toNOfUses the Mor enzyme eplex/ Both AOB 血 NOB respire oxygen

34、B ologial DenitrifiutionA nod ficaticn cf oerobit ptrtt邳(no oxycen)-Saw bocterw ttwt mmt carbon rnhwl cerobi叫1 位而 ri啊 bfideria obtan energy fromMFwersior ofNOj-to Nosf but隰，啊H如N*即知鳴硝化和反硝化(反硝化的要求：Needlow(no)oxygen(NeutralpH(pH7)、Concofnitrate)。廬罔號廬OD底回目頌歐VZNLAJNA1SKOB1C/ABROBICP ROCIiSS1：SAtHJI I ION

35、 UP M l hze The n小icn抬* Ljw toltntt to bubble cold climafei* Odor and馬口歿而帕SubsurfaceFlowConstructedWetlandLargegraveIand加聞-filledchonnel,pJarrtedwithaquotvegetationWastewaterflewshorizorrtdlythroughthechannel“MainlyanaErobicccndrtfoisnF/-VHrt- M4N|HThefdterrnattrialfiltersoutparticiesandmicroongamsm

36、sdegradeorganicmatterPollutionRemovalHorizontal CWVertical CWFree-Surface CWHybrid CWHighreductioninBOD,suspendedsolidsandpathogensProvidesmainlydenitrification.HighreductioninBOD,suspendedsolidsandpathogens.Providesrnainiynitrificaticn.HighremovalsofsuspendedsolidsModerateremovalofpathogens,nutrien

37、tsandotherpollutantssuchasheavymetalsIncreasedperformanceduetoacombinationofdifferentmethods恒昌VF&HF)Simple O&M du# to High prfAcidrain（了解其危害）。TheimportantdevicestoremovePMGravitysettlingchamber:Thesearetheoldestandsimpletypeofparticulatecollector.Particlessize40-100仙mindiameterarereadilycollectedbyt

38、histechnique.Theefficiencyisverypooronfinedustanddecreaseastheloadincreases.Havingthelargephysicalsize,buttheyareinexpensiveandreliable.Costofequipmentisverylowandveryeasytomaintain.CyclonesCyclonesusecentrifugalforcesforremovingthefineparticles.Theyarealsoknownascentrifugalorinertialseparators.Thec

39、ycloneconsistsofaverticallyplacedcylinderwhichhasaninvertedconeattachedtoitsbase.Theparticulateladengarstreamenterstangentiallyattheinletpointtothecylinder.Centrifugalforceisutilizedtoseparatetheparticulatematter.Itcanremove10to50仙mparticlesize.ElectrostaticPrecipitators（ESPs）:AnESPisaparticlecontro

40、ldevicethatuseselectricalforcestomovetheparticlesoutoftheflowinggasstreamandontocollectorplates.TheESPplaceselectricalchargesontheparticles,causingthemtobeattractedtooppositelychargedmetalplateslocatedintheprecipitator.99%efficiency.Canremoveparticlesizerangeof0.1仙mto1仙m.FabricFiltersFabricfilters,o

41、rbaghouses,removedustfromagasstreambypassingthestreamthroughaporousfabric.Thefabricfilterisefficientatremovingfineparticles（upto1仙m）andcanexceedefficienciesof99%inmostapplications.TherearefourcommonlyusedcontroltechnologiesforgaseouspollutantsAbsorption（吸收），Adsorption（吸附），Condensation（冷凝），andInciner

42、ation（combustion）（燃燒）固體廢棄物：Municipalsolidwaste(MSW)isgeneratedfromhouseholds,offices,hotels,shops,schoolsandotherinstitutions.Themajorcomponentsarefoodwaste,paper,plastic,rags,metalandglass,althoughdemolitionandconstructiondebrisisoftenincludedincollectedwaste,asaresmallquantitiesofhazardouswaste,su

43、chaselectriclightbulbs,batteries,automotivepartsanddiscardedmedicinesandchemicals.Waste management concept: The 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)WastemanagementistheCollectionTransportandhandlingRecycling、Disposalandmonitoringofwastematerials.Figure 3-1. The Soitd ManageHt&rarchyRecyditvqVSource Reductio

44、nResource RecoveryWas電Dispo sa/Inci tie rationLandfill1MoitTreatmentanddisposalofsolidwasteomposting(Compostingbytrenching、Openwindrowcomposting、Mechanicalcomposting)、Anaerobicdigestion、IncinerationLandfilling、PyrolysisRecycling土壤：SoilisthethinlayeroforganicandinorganicmaterialsthatcoverstheEarthsro

45、ckysurface.Soiliscomposedofparticlesofbrokenrockthathavebeenalteredbychemicalandmechanicalprocessesthatincludeweatheringanderosion.土壤污染：Itisdefinedasthebuild-upinsoilsofpersistenttoxiccompounds,chemicals,salts,radioactivematerials,ordiseasecausingagents,whichhaveadverseeffectsonplantgrowthandanimalh

46、ealth.Soilpollutionisalsocausedbymeansotherthanthedirectadditionofxenobiotic(man-made)chemicalssuchasagriculturalrunoffwaters,industrialwastematerials,acidicprecipitates,andradioactivefallout.污染原因：SeepagefromalandfillDischargeofindustrialwasteintothesoilPercolationofcontaminatedwaterintothesoilRuptu

47、reofundergroundstoragetanksExcessapplicationofpesticides,herbicidesorfertilizerSolidwasteseepageDeforestationandsoilerosionBiodegradation-theuseoflivingorganismssuchasbacteria,fungi,andplantstodegradechemicalcompoundsBioremediation(生物修復)-processofcleaningupenvironmentalsitescontaminatedwithchemicalp

48、ollutantsbyusinglivingorganismstodegradehazardousmaterialsintolesstoxicsubstances生物修復條件：Itrequiresthecontrolandmanipulationofmicrobialprocessesinsurfacereactorsorinthesubsurface.Thecontaminantscanbebiodegradedinsituorremovedandplacedinbioreactor(atoroffthecontaminationsites).Toisolatemicrobesthatcan

49、degradeoreataparticularcontaminantToprovidetheconditionswherebyitcandothismosteffectively,therebyeliminatingthecontaminantREQUIREMENT 三 FOR B IO R E MEOIATIOMProkaryotic cellEucaryotic cellBlLiA-gre-n badena or cyanobajctanaPkan 誨 Aninnalt Protozoa Fungf MostMicrobial DtvlslansTwo kiftd $ of cell$ 日

50、 re recogn the prMkaFgtlc eukaryotiic.mo式 important groups to biOFcmediatioin!- are Iwctena fungLInsitubioremediationswhenthecontaminatedsiteiscleanedupexactlywhereitoccurred.Itisthemostcommonlyusedtypeofbioremediationbecauseitisthecheapestandmostefficient,soitsgenerallybettertouse.Therearetwomainty

51、pesofinsitubioremediation:intrinsicbioremediationandacceleratedbioremediation.ExSituBioremediationvhichiswhencontaminatedlandaretakenoutoftheareatobecleanedupbytheorganisms.Thistypeofbioremediationisgenerallyusedonlywhenthesiteisthreatenedforsomereason,usuallybythespillthatneedstobecleanedup.Exsitub

52、ioremediationisonlyusedwhennecessarybecauseitsexpensiveanddamagingtothearea,sincethecontaminatedlandisphysicallyremoved.-|4il)khSurmnaryolhuHiiidJi/aliu。slraLei；TeLlhnDloyy日仃up府1“f-atoraIgocirmi.clMjmAi附南M帆*4C1141心山*瞿dicingHki1aMKinenlMiu”MuniQfl.ufTikk111Hlrhi.liiriy再12福匚NjAufiI.pmcesK-HHYenUnulldm

53、!wdioIjnirionimtbUltmlcikdkxJILEvaliiiciil.timeh-liidlurhigJitTkuLtieHimk.川山ahilinicii*狀mumliUfiHiQJdnkliilil*臚incmXETudEElClalblUJcHfieriiiorganiKnfcjTvmmjamtalpwAnieiJEnRdi3d|frjiilj|NLll|iyHliiLmn(,heinicjiilmHuEUu*訕電瓶中打wil汝EK,DiirihulinnERiiiiilM舊ExJ-andranrLiin(.aniipiKlirilfH叫CostefticienlCmhe

54、dniwsm那以Spa:：erequirmientskHtendedgrigtHlimeNwJIo0餐1tn/用以1匕hvlk1口看4作；1b3門pmhimhmhailonSeeaJhciveflinmrtan1stiirryrerlzirKRpidcte-ftrnilslacirikinf-hiT(timidFcdirnrnwimcnijllrJirrr-undfurfrirdJinlG,hi|huKi、醇Stw-aHnvrBfoaiimBUlInfltieliLynni吐nslnwiM七TsaiiczmlnilMinr*Phytoremediation(植物生物修復)istheuseofl

55、ivinggreenplantsforinsituriskreductionand/orremovalofcontaminantsfromcontaminatedsoil,water,sediments,andair.Phytoext ract ionPhvtovolat il izationRhizofil t rationAdvantagesofbioremediationBioremediationisanaturalprocessandisthereforeperceivedbythepublicBioremediationisusefulforthecompletedestructi

56、onofawidevarietyofcontaminants.Insteadoftransferringcontaminantsfromoneenvironmentalmediumtoanother,forexample,fromlandtowaterorair,thecompletedestructionoftargetpollutantsispossible.Bioremediationcanoftenbecarriedoutonsite,oftenwithoutcausingamajordisruptionofnormalactivities.Bioremediationcanprove

57、lessexpensivethanothertechnologiesthatareusedforcleanupofhazardouswasteDisadvantagesofbioremediationBioremediationislimitedtothosecompoundsthatarebiodegradable.Notallcompoundsaresusceptibletorapidandcompletedegradation.Therearesomeconcernsthattheproductsofbiodegradationmaybemorepersistentortoxicthan

58、theparentcompound.Biologicalprocessesareoftenhighlyspecific.microbialpopulations,suitableenvironmentalgrowthconditions,andappropriatelevelsofnutrientsandcontaminants.Bioremediationoftentakeslongerthanothertreatmentoptions.附錄：各章節的重難點KeyPointsThefocusofthischapter口MinitiogSustainabilitvEOC.CCCJheself-

59、puriiicatio0口必埒Environment. B osphere, Ecological FootprintSustainable living, Natural Capital.Wtiatara the five majot environmental issues?惘i玳 are the three key points for sustainable livingsEutrophication,PointSourcePollution,Non-pointSourcePollutionShortArmorsWhatareimportantcontaminantsofconcern

60、inwastewatertreatment?Descriptthecharacteristicsofwastewater.Descripttheprocessofnaturalpurification.KeyPointsDelnition:Scmnng,S?drwtati3i.Flalator.CMgLlaUorFlocojl3：icnAerobe-JiBBTtICAvijaC1r=3tT?n(kilkiprlfAjertAcfr.&Skjdge般岫Obn,An曲Definiions：torKJSphene PolLtion, Primary Pollutants,Seconwrv Pollu