1、少年易學老難成，一寸光陰不可輕 - 百度文庫少年易學老難成，一寸光陰不可輕 - 百度文庫 PAGE PAGE 57少年易學老難成，一寸光陰不可輕 - 百度文庫 PAGE Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people fin

2、d that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better. Their refrain might go something like this: I wish it hadnt happened, but Im a better person for it.1颶風、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊，沒人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發現遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會使他們向好的方面轉變。他們可能都會這樣說:“我希望這事沒發生，但因為它我變得更完美了。”2 We lo

3、ve to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult c

4、ircumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest .In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我們都愛聽人們經歷苦難后發生轉變的故事，可能是因為這些故事證實了一條真正的心理學上的真理，這條真理有時會湮沒在無數關于災難的報道

5、中:在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內在的奮發向上的能力會進發出來。對那些令人極度恐慌的經歷作出積極回應的并不僅限于最堅強或最勇敢的人。實際上，大約半數與逆境抗爭過的人都說他們的生活從此在某些方面有了改善。3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what

6、 once passed as bromide: What doesnt kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound-or even eventua

7、lly thrive.3諸如此類有關危機改變一生的發現有著可觀的研究前景，這正是創傷后成長這一新學科的研究領域。這一新興領域已經證實了曾經被視為陳詞濫調的一個真理:大難不死，意志彌堅。創傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經歷之后，也只有一小部分成年人會受到長期的心理折磨。更常見的情況是，人們會恢復過來甚至最終會成功發達。 4 Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happiness. We need more than pleasure to live the best pos

8、sible life. Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for bliss-a life protected from bad feelings ,free from pain and confusion. 4那些經受住苦難打擊的人是有關幸福悖論的生動例證:為了盡可能地過上最好的生活，我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個時代的人對幸福的追求已經縮小到只追求福氣:一生沒有煩惱，沒有痛苦和困惑。5 This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the b

9、etter half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life. It is the dark matter of happiness, the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives. It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to

10、contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for the good life.5這種對幸福的平淡定義忽略了問題的主要方面種富有意義的生活所帶來的那種豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質是我們在明智的男男女女身上所

11、欣賞到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質。事實證明，一些遭受苦難最多的人他們被迫全力應付他們未曾預料到的打擊，并重新思考他們生活的意義或許對那種深刻的、給人以強烈滿足感的人生經歷(哲學家們過去稱之為對“美好生活”的探尋)最有發言權。 6 This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy. It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with n

12、ostalgia and regret. Happiness is only one among many values in human life, contends Laura King, a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia. Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity-sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drast

13、ic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough. We also need to grow-and sometimes growing hurts.6這種對美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過移情與他人建立的深切聯系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配，但同時也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。密蘇里大學哥倫比亞分校的心理學家勞拉.金認為:“幸福僅僅是許許多多人生價值中

14、的一種。”慈悲、智慧、無私、洞察力及創造力有時只有經歷逆境的考驗才能形成這些品質，因為有時只有極端的情形才能迫使我們去承受痛苦的改變過程。只過安寧的、無憂無慮的生活是不足以體驗一段完整的人生的。我們也需要成長-盡管有時成長是痛苦的。7 In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying. A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs t

15、hat kept her arthritis in check. She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reactions that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown. The slightest movement-trying to swallow, fqr example-was excruciating. Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unb

16、earable.7在紐約市皇后區一間漆黑的房間里，31歲的時裝設計師特蕾西?塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個月前，她已經停止服用控制她關節炎的強效免疫抑制藥。她從沒預見到接下來將要發生的事:停藥之后的反應最終使她全身劇烈疼痛，神經系統出現嚴重問題。最輕微的動作比如說試著吞咽對她來說也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。8 Cyr is no wimp-diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had endured the symptoms and the treatments (drugs,

17、surgery) her whole life. But this time, she was way6 past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help. Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself.8塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時就被診斷得了幼年型類風濕性關節炎，一生都在忍受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術)的折磨。但是這一次，她實在不堪忍受了，她的醫生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。

18、要么讓疾病結束她的生命，要么她就得很快了結自己的生命了。9 As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude. She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sy

19、mpathy and compassion. I felt stripped of everything Id ever identified myself with, she said six months later. Everything I thought Id known or believed in was useless-time, money, self-image, perception. Recognizing that was so freeing.9然而，在經歷了若干個不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭開始被新的感激之情所打斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識每一夜都變得更加

20、強烈:一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感。“我感到一切我曾經用來認同自己身份的東西都被剝奪了，”六個月后她這樣說道，“一切我認為我知道或相信的事物時間、金錢、自我形象、對事物的看法都毫無價值了。意識到這一點真是讓我感到解脫。”10 Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs. She says now theres no question that her life is better. l

21、felt I had been shown the secret of life and why were here: to be happy and to nurture other life. Its that simple.10在幾個月內，得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她開始能夠更加自如地活動了。她說，毫無疑問她現在的生活狀況有了好轉。“我感覺我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂地生活，同時扶持他人。就這么簡單!”11 Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise. But that feeling of t

22、ransformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term post-traumatic growth. His studies of people who have endured extreme events, like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most

23、feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath; they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered. A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder . But Tedeschi and others have found that for many peo

24、ple-perhaps even the majority-life ultimately becomes richer and more gratifying.11她這種不可思議的經歷完全是個驚喜。但是北卡羅來納大學夏洛特分校心理學教授里奇.特德斯基認為，這種轉變的感覺從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇.特德斯基教授首創了“創傷后成長”一詞。他對那些經歷了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事件的人群進行了研究，這些研究表明，在剛經歷不幸后大多數人隨即都會感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問題、失眠以及類似的創傷后應激障礙所折磨。但特德斯基和其

25、他學者發現，對很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數人)來說，生活最終會變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。12 Something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat. In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn

26、away. Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and assumptions-go out the window, and we are left with a raw experience of the world.12許多經歷過恐怖的人身威脅的人會遇到類似的情況。在事情發生的那一瞬間，我們的安全感被沖破了，平時處于我們與我們對世界的種種看法之間的自我保護的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習慣、自我認識和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對世界的原始體驗。13 Still, actually imple

27、menting these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort. Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it. The people who find value in adversit

28、y arent the toughest or the most rational. What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life.13盡管如此，要實際實現這些轉變并完全接受新的現實，通常需要有意識地付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承擔這個過程，就是那些在災難中成長和那些被災難所摧毀的人之間主要的區別之一。認為災難有價值的人并不是最堅強或最理性的人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠將所遭遇的事融入他們自己的人生歷程中。”14 Even

29、tually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined. Survivors say they have become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships. They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramou

30、nt-and that the crisis allowed them to recognize life in line with their new priorities.14最終，他們可能會發現自己以從未想到過的方式獲得了解脫。幸存者往往說他們變得更加寬容，也更能原諒別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關系。他們說物質追求突然間變得很無聊，而朋友和家庭帶來的快樂變得極為重要，他們還說危機使他們能夠按照這些新的優先之事來重新認識生活。15 People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the fright

31、ening things theyve been through. They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them. People dont say that what they went through was wonderful, says Tedeschi. They werent meaning to grow from it. They were just trying to survive. But in retros

32、pect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.15從災難中成長起來的人盡管經歷過恐怖的事情，但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。他們對自己的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應付。特德斯基說:“人們不會說他們所經歷的是美好的。他們并不是特意要通過這樣的經歷來成長。他們只是盡其所能生存下來。但回顧起來，他們的收獲遠遠大于他們所預料的。16 In his recent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to e

33、xtreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time. They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery. For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than

34、24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal. After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they are doing.16埃默里大學精神病學家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作滿足中指出，極限耐力運動員每次訓練都要使自己的身體連續數天處于極限狀態。他們和經歷創傷的幸存者所經歷的感覺過程一樣:自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對于經常跑超過24小時的l00英里比賽

35、的超級馬拉松運動員來說，嘔吐和產生幻覺是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后，競賽者有時會忘了自己是誰，忘了自己在干什么。17 For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of lifes biggest challenges: parenting. Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happiness. The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal p

36、leasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks. Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings. The short-term sacrifice of happiness is

37、 outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful legacy.17更普遍的在逆境中成長的例子要數生命中最大的挑戰之一:為人父母。生育孩子一直被認為會降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機。然而，長遠看來，養育孩子是所有人類活動中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時間內犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿足感、無私以及有機會留下一筆意義深遠的遺產。18 Ultimately,

38、 the emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity. This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context :that its possible to live an extraordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face. In some form or o

39、ther, says King, we all must go through this realization. Youre not going to be the person you thought you were, but heres who you are going to be instead-and that turns out to be a pretty great life.18總之，情感上的回報可以彌補災難帶來的痛苦和艱難。這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發生的苦難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個不同的背景中來看待，那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們仍然可以生存得極有價值。

40、金指出，我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經歷這種覺悟。“你將不再是自己心目中曾經的你，取而代之的是一個新的你而事實會證明生活從此將非常美好。”Unit2 Commercialization and Changes in Sports1.Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment. However ,sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial product

41、s as they are today. Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves.

42、 Fun and good games are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential. Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sal

43、e of media rights?1在整個歷史長河中，人們都是把體育當作某種形式的公眾娛樂。然而，體育從未像今天這樣作為一種商業產品被如此盛大地包裝、推廣、呈現和開展，有關體育的決策以及與體育相關的社會關系也同樣從未如此顯然地受到商業因素的影響。對許多人來說，賬本底線已取代了球門線，體育不再只是為了運動員們自身的興趣而存在。今天，樂趣和“好比賽”的定義取決于門票收入、特許權收人、媒體傳播權的出售、市場份額、收視率以及廣告潛力。那么，當體育變得商業化時，它會怎樣?當體育變得依賴于門票收人和媒體傳播權的出售時，它會發生變化嗎?2.We know that whenever any sport i

44、s converted into commercial entertainment, it success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting event is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainty of an events outcom

45、e, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event，and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words, when spectators refer to a good game or an exciting contest, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the

46、 last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or heroic performances. When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for

47、 a long time.2我們知道，每當任何一項體育運動被轉化為商業性娛樂活動時，它的成功就依賴于觀眾的興趣。盡管觀眾對于體育的擁護背后潛藏著多種動機，但他們對體育比賽的興趣通常與三種相結合的因素有關:比賽結果的不確定性，參加一項比賽相關的風險或經濟回報，以及預期中的運動員的卓越、英勇表現。換句話說，當觀眾提及一場“不錯的比賽”或一場“激動人心的比賽”時，這場比賽，通常在比賽即將結束的最后幾分鐘甚至兒秒鐘時，結果仍然撲朔迷離;或者比賽涉及高額獎金，因而運動員們都全身心地投入比賽。或者比賽展示了許多出色的或者“英雄式”的表現。只要運動比賽包含所有這三方面因素，人們就會長時間記得并討論這場比賽。

48、3.Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling th

49、e design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.3商業化對于大多數體育運動的結構

50、和目標沒有太大的影響。盡管觀眾會對其產生影響，但在歷史上，運動項目保持了它們的基本結構。創新也是在這一框架內進行的，并不會完全廢除這項運動的基本設計。例如、奧運會的商業化導致了某些賽事規則的微小變化但其每項運動的基本結構還是和商家贊助及電視轉播權出售之前基本一致。4.Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports. To make money on a sport, its necessary to

51、attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because its made up of many people who dont have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical

52、knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself; they get taken in by hype. During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand. They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger; they are attracted to pl

53、ayers who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being; and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.4看來，與運動的結構和目的相比，商業化更多的是影響運動參與者的取向。若要通過一項運動盈利，就必須吸引廣大觀眾

54、買門票或在電視上觀看比賽。吸引和娛樂廣大觀眾并非易事，因為這些觀眾中有很多人沒有技木性的知識，因而不懂得運動員和教練采取的復雜競技技巧和策略。由于缺乏這些技術性知識，人們容易受到運動或賽事之外的東西的影響，容易受到天花亂墜的宜傳的迷惑。在比賽期間，他們經常關注那些他們容易理解的事情。他們喜歡那種運動員冒險并明顯面臨身體危險的情境，他們喜愛那些善長戲劇化表現或者愿意超越正常的生理極限以致威脅到自己的安全和健康的運動員。他們喜歡看到運動員不惜代價，立志求勝。5.For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, t

55、hey are more likely to talk about a single slam dunks than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game .Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographe

56、d and practiced until they are smooth and flawless. Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored. They like athletes who project exciting or controversial personas ,and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results. They want to see athletes occasion

57、ally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them.5比如，當人們缺乏籃球方面的技術知識時，他們更津津樂道于某一個灌籃，而不會關注球隊取勝必需的因素:自始至終配合得天衣無縫的后防。同樣，那些對滑冰技術知之甚少的人，他們更感興趣的是三連跳或四連跳，而不是那些精心設計并訓練直至流暢、完美的舞步。沒有驚險的跳躍，無知的觀眾會感到厭倦。他們喜歡那

58、些表現得激動人心或有爭議性的運動員。他們往往根據戲劇化的表現是否導致戲劇化的結果來評價比賽。他們想看運動員在超越自己極限時偶爾的突然失敗，而不是多年來穩操勝券，熟知自己極限而不去超越它的運動員。6.When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis f

59、rom what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation. In fact, the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as show-time, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes. This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean th

60、at they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who dont know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.6當一項體育運動變得依賴于娛樂廣大觀眾時，對于運動什么才是重要的，運動參與者們往往會改變觀念。這一改變常常意味著重心從所謂的美學取向向英雄主義取向轉變。其實，運動員可能甚至把運動或比賽稱為“表演秀”，并把自己稱作表演者兼運動員。這并不意味著美學取向不復存在了