1、 ConfuciusMenciusConfucianismLaoziZhuangzi # TaoismBuddhismTheChinesepeoplepaymoreattentiontotheharmoniousrelationbetweenhumanbeingsandnature.atureandmanareoneisafamiliarstatementintraditionalChineseideology.Muchemphasisislaiduponthemoralcultivationandtemperrefinementaswellasthespiritualenlightenmen

2、tonthepartoftheindividualratherthanuponthelogicreasonning.Forthousandsofyears,China,sotospeak,hasbeenundertheinfluenceofaholisticsystemofthoughts,whichislargelycomposedofConfucianisminitiatedbyConfuciusandMencius,TaoisminitiatedbyLaoziandZhuangzi,aswellasBuddhishwithChinesecharacteristics,amongwhich

3、ConfucianismplayedafundamentalroleinshapingChina.60zaju18InjusticetoDouEGuanHanqingwasthegreatestandmostproductiviveplaywright/dramatistofthetime.Hecreatedover60zajuplays,ofwhich18arestillextant,mostlyaboutthemiseryandstugglesofwomenatthebottomofthesociety,HisrepresentativeworkInjusticetoDouisthebes

4、tknownofthezajutragedies.Ittellsofakind-heartedyoungwomanfalselyaccusedandthrownintoprisonbythelocalauthoritiesandfinallymurdered.Guansplayshadgreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofdramaoflatergenerations.Heisnotonlythegreatestplaywright/dramatistinChina,butalsooneoftheculturalcelebritiesoftheworld.blockp

5、rinting900movabletypeprintingclaymovablecharactersBeforeprintingwasinvented,ascholarhadtocopywordforwordifhewantedtoownit.IntheSuiandTangdynasties,thetechnologyofblockprintingwasinvented,andthereforethespeedofprintingwasincreased.Butwhenabookwastobeprinted,manywoodenblockshadtobeengravedsoitwasrathe

6、rtroublesome.TilltheNorthernSongDynastymorethan900yearsago,BiShenginventedmovabletypeprintingafterrepeatedexperiments.Theinventionoftheprintingtechniquegreatlyspeduptheinternationaldevelopmentofcultureandexchanges.(PekingOperaorBeijingOpera)200troupePekingOperaisthemostpopularandinfluentialoperainCh

7、inawithhistoryofalmost200years.Inthecourseofitsformation,itabsorbedthebestfrommanyotherlocaloperasandwasaffectedbyBeijinglocaldialectandcustoms.ThoughPekingOperaoriginatedfromBeijing,itisnotalocalizedoperaexclusivetoBeijingonly.PekingOperatroupescanbefoundinmostregionsofChina.PekingOpera,asthenation

8、alopera,enjoysahighreputationbothinsideandoutsideChina.ManyforeignershavecometoChinatolearnPekingOpera,whilemanyBeijingOperatroupesandfamousoperaactorsandactresshavefrequentlybeeninvitedtoperformaPekingbroadandhavebeenhighlyappreciatedbyforeignaudiences.600006000TraditionalChinesecharacters/Traditio

9、nalChinese19492000SimplifiedChinesecharacters/SimplifiedChineseTheChinesecharactersconstituteoneofmankindsoldestsystemsofwritingandhavethemostusersintheworld.TherearenumerousChinesecharacters,totalingabout60,000,withabout6,000basicones.Chinesecharactershanvealonghistory.Forthousandsofyears,Chinesepe

10、oplehadbeenwritinginTraditionalChinese.However,theTraditionalChinesecharactersaredifficulttoidentify,memorizeandwriteduetotheircomplicatedstrokes.From1949,forthesakeofthepopularizationofeducation,theChinesegovernmentsimplifiedtheChineseChractersonlargescale.Therearemorethan2,000TraditionalChineseCha

11、ractersthatweresimplifiedtotodaysappearance.NowadaysSimplifiedChineseisoneoftheworkinglanguagesusedbytheUN.theChineselunarcalendartheGregoriancalendarInChina,theSpringFestivalisthemostimportantfestivalinayear.Itmarkstheendofthepreviousyearandthebeginningofthenewyear.Itisthefirstdayofthefirstlunarmon

12、theachyear,usuallybetweenthelasttendaysofJanuaryandthetendaysofFebruary.TheSpringFestivalasacustomhasbeencelebratedinChinaforthousandsofyears.Nowadays,eachyearbeforetheSpringFestival,allrailwaystation,long-distancebusstationandairportsinChinaareextremelybusy.Peopletrytheirbesttocomebacktotheirhomesi

13、ntimeforfamilyreunion.putonghuaorStandardChineseorMandarinChineseChinahasavastterritoryandalargepopulation.EventhoughpeopleallusetheChineselanguage,theyspeakitdifferentlyindifferentareas.Inotherwords,theyspeakdifferentdialects.Generallycalledlocallanguage,dialectsarebranchesoftheChineselanguageonlyu

14、sedincertainareas.Theyarecomplicatedanddifferfromeachotherinthreeaspects:pronunciation,vocabularyandgrammar.Themostoutstandingdifferencescanbefoundinpronunciation.Forthebenefitifpromotingculturalexchangeamongpeopleindifferentareas,theChinesegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetopopularizingputonghuaand

15、encouragespeopletolearnit.magnettheWarringStatesPeriodanazimuthplatesevenmaritimevoyages15ChristopherColumbusFerdinandMagellanAsearlyastheWarringStatesPeriod,theChineseinventedsinan,adirection-indicatinginstrumentusingamagnet.IntheSongDynasty,peoplecreatedluopanbycombiningamagnetneedlewithanazimuthp

16、late,whichenvolvedintowhatwetodayknowasthecompass.Theinventionofthecompasshadanepoch-makinginfluenceonnavigation,therebyopeningupanewerainthehistoryofinternationalnavigation.TheextraordinaryachievementshengessevenmaritimevoyagesintheearlyMingDynasty,ChristopherColumbusdiscoveryoftheewWorldandFerdina

17、ndMagellanssailroundtheworldinthe15thcenturyweremadepossiblebecauseoftheapplicationofthecompassfornavigation.theautumnequinoxsacrificeTheMid-AutumnDay,theAugust15thofthelunarcalendar,fallsduringtheautumnequinox.Thefifteenthofeachlunarmonthinthecalendaristhedayofthefullmoon.OnthenightoftheFestival,pe

18、opleenjoyfruitsandmooncakeswiththeirfamilymembersastheyappreciatethemoonsbeauty.Themooncake,whichwasoriginallyusedforsacrifice,hasgraduallybecomeaspecialfoodoftheFestival.TheChinesepeoplehaveaspecialemotionforthemoon.TheybelievethatthefullmoonoftheMid-AutumnFestivalisasymboloffamilyreunion.Itisforsureatimeforfamilymemberstobereunitedathome.Thosewhocannotmakeithomewouldmakephonecallsandsendtheirbestregardstotheirparentsandrelatives.24theYinRuins1928tortoiseshellsbronzewaresculturalrel