1、. .7/7英語句子結構和成分分析英語屬于結構性語言。英語的句子成分要按照特定的順序（句子結構）來組織。特定的句子成分要用特定的詞性或語法結構來充當，特定的詞性或語法結構只能充當特定的成分。因此，要學好英語，一定要掌握好詞性、句子成分和句子結構等容。學好這些容是學習好其他語法知識的基礎。考點1. 詞性的英文縮寫在英語學習中，掌握單詞詞性非常重要。如果我們在記單詞的時只記拼寫、讀音而不記詞性的話，我們就不知道如何使用它們，所以我們在記單詞時一定要把單詞詞性記準記牢。口訣：n.為名，v.為動；adv.副adj.形；prep.借，pron.代；num.數art.冠，conj.連interj.感嘆考點

2、2. 與物動詞和不與物動詞實義動詞后面跟賓語時，這個動詞是與物動詞。實義動詞后面不跟賓語時，此時這個動詞是不與物動詞。The door opened. (open后面沒跟賓語，此時，open是不與物動詞。)He opened the door.(open后面有賓語the door, 此時，open是與物動詞。)注意：英語中一個動詞是與物動詞還是不與物動詞，關鍵是看它用在句中時后面是否跟賓語。A. 有些動詞既可作與物動詞又可作不與物動詞，詞義一樣。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. B. 有些動詞既可作與物動詞又可作不

3、與物動詞，但詞義不同。如：The manwalked away. (walk不與物動詞，意為“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk與物動詞，“遛”)C. 英語中一些單詞是與物還是不與物，可能與漢語不同。Helistensto the music every day. (listen為不與物動詞，而漢語中“聽”是與物動詞。)D. 有些動詞只能作與物動詞，就必須帶賓語。I dont know what to do.I dont know why/how/when to do.第一個句子是正確的，what是do的賓語。第二個句子需要在do后加it.E. thi

4、nk, insist, agree, reply等詞，后面可直接跟賓語從句，但跟名詞代詞等作賓語時，是不與物動詞，要跟介詞。I think its interesting.What do you thinkof the film?Ireplied thatI was unable to help them. 我回答說我不能幫助他們。He has not yetrepliedto my question. 他還沒有回答我的問題。Heinsistedthat I (should) apologize to her. 他堅持我應該向她道歉。Heinsistedon paying for the me

5、al. 他堅持要付飯錢。Heinsistedon immediate payment. 他堅持要求對方立即付款。考點3. 實義動詞、助動詞與情態動詞實義動詞和助動詞是根據動詞在句子中的含義和作用來劃分的。實義動詞也叫行為動詞。實義動詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨立作謂語的動詞。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明確的意義，單獨作謂語，為實義動詞。)Ilikereading. （like “喜歡”，意思明確，單獨作謂語，為實義動詞。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “買”，意義明確，單獨作謂語，為實義動詞。）助動詞助動詞的“助”是

6、“幫助”之意。因此，助動詞是指那些用來幫助構成時態、語態、虛擬語氣、疑問句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強調的詞。這些詞本身無詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨作謂語。A. 幫助構成時態的：The boy iscrying. (is 用來幫助構成現在進行時，和crying一起作謂語，是助動詞。)He has arrived. (has用來幫助構成現在完成時，和arrived一起作謂語，是助動詞。)I havebeen painting all day. （have been用來幫助構成現在完成進行時，和painting一起作謂語，都是助動詞。）B. 幫助構成否定句和疑問句的：Doeshe like Eng

7、lish? (does幫助構成一般疑問句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does只是幫助構成否定句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)C. 幫助構成被動語態的Trees are planted in spring. (are幫助構成被動語態，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)The house hasbeen pulled down. (has been幫助構成時態和語態，是助動詞。)D. 幫助構成虛擬語氣If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have幫助構

8、成虛擬語氣，是助動詞，屬于謂語的一部分。)E. 幫助構成倒裝句的So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(他如此愛他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構成倒裝句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)F. 幫助構成強調意義的He did come yesterday. (他昨天確實來過。did起強調作用，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。)因此可以看出，常見的助動詞為do, be, have，它們為基本助動詞。一個詞既可以作實義動詞也可以作助動詞，具體是哪一種，主要看

9、它們在句中的功能。1 He didhis homework at seven oclock. (did單獨作謂語，意為“做”，是實義動詞。)Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助動詞，幫助構成一般疑問句，do是實義動詞，意為“做”，是實義動詞。)2 Hehashadbreakfast. (has是助動詞，幫助構成現在完成時，had是實義動詞，意為“吃”。has had一起構成了句子的謂語。)情態動詞情態動詞同助動詞一樣，不能單獨作謂語，要和實義動詞一起作謂語。因此，情態動詞也稱為情態助動詞。情態動詞同基本助動詞的區別在于，基本助動詞本身無意義，而情態動

10、詞有自己的意義。如：He can swim across the river. (can的詞義為“能夠”)You must stay at home. (must詞義為“必須”)I might leave tomorrow.（might的詞義為“或許”）句子成分英語的句子成分主要有六種：即主 語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有“表語”和“同位語”的說法。但表語和系動詞一起作謂語，因此劃分成分時，劃分在謂語上。同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語，屬于主語或賓語的一部分。考點4. 劃分句子成分時的常用符號英語中劃分句子成分的符號主語 在下面畫

11、直線謂語 在下面畫曲線賓語 在下面畫雙橫線 定語在下面畫虛線（一行點使我們想到一排釘子，“釘”諧音為“定語”的“定”） 狀語 下面為短橫線 （短橫線使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘） 補語 上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補上面短橫間的空隙）同位語 上下雙曲線（都有曲折，上下位置基本一樣）主語主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來充當。可以作主語的詞性或語法結構：1. 名詞 2. 代詞 3. 數詞 4. 不定式 5. 動名詞 6. 主語從句等表示。7. 名詞化的形容詞（如the rich）在英語中，形容詞、副詞和介詞短語是不能作主語的。如果它們在句首時，句子可能是

12、倒裝句，真正的主語在后面。On the desk are somebooks. (主語是books，所以用are)Down jumps the boy. (主語是the boy，所以用jumps )Gone are the days. (主語是the days，所以用are)練習1. 在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線，并說出由什么充當。1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the s

13、tudents in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isn抰 at home is not true.10. There

14、 comes the bus.11. Beyond the village lies a small village.12. Now comes your turn.謂語謂語由動詞充當，說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態。謂語的構成如下：A. 簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：Hepracticesrunningevery morning.Hereadsnewspapers every day.B. 復合謂語：1 由情態動詞或其他助動詞加動詞構成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My si

15、ster is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.Has he come back?He didnt attend the meeting yesterday.2 由系動詞加表語構成。系動詞不能單獨作謂語，要和表語一起作謂語。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.表語表語多是形容詞，用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem

16、等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞與表語從句表示。練習2. 畫出下列句中的表語，并說明由什么充當。1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold. 4. The speech is exciting. 5. Three times seven is twenty-one.6. His job is to teach English.7. His hobby（愛好）is playing football. 8. The

17、machine must be under repairs. 9. The truth is that he has never been abroad.賓語賓語由名詞性的詞充當，表示動作的對象或承受者，一般位于與物動詞和介詞后面。賓語分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語。練習3. 畫出下列句中的賓語, 并說明由什么充當。1. They planted many trees yesterday. 2. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

18、 4. I wanted to buy a car. 5. I enjoy listening to popular music.6. I think（that）he is fit for his office.賓語補足語賓語補足語和賓語構成邏輯上的主謂關系。換句話說，在意思上，賓語相當于賓補的主語。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些與物動詞（如make等）+賓語+賓補。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。練習4. 用下劃線畫出下列句中的賓語補足語，并指出是什么詞充當，同時體會賓補和賓語之間的邏輯關系。1. His father named him Dongming.

19、2. They painted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room.6. We found everything in the lab in good order.7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.8. I want your homework done on time.主補對主語的補充。含有賓語補足語的句子在變成

20、被動語態，賓語作主語時，原來的賓補就成了主語補足語。He was elected monitor.She was foundsinginginthenextroom.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.定語定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語中，許多情況下，定語是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點與漢語習慣不同，也是許多同學不能讀懂長句的主要原因。定語后置常見的有以下幾種情況：A. 副詞用作定語一般要后置。People there are very friendly. (那兒的

21、人們)He didnt like the man downstairs. （樓下的那個人）B. 形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁邊的那個人）C. 介詞短語作定語時要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹下的那個男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個男孩）D. 現在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動詞不

22、定式作定語常后置。I have something to say. (直譯：我有要說的話)The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那邊哭的那個男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）練習5. 口頭翻譯下列句子，用下劃線標出定語部分，留意定語的位置，并說明定語是由什么詞性或結構充當。1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.3. We need

23、 a place twice larger than this one.4. She carried a basket full of eggs.5. Its a book worth no more than one dollar.6. Its a city far from the coast.7. He has money enough to buy a car.8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.10

24、. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.13. There are many clothes to be washed. 14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.15. Then the great day ca

25、me when he was to march past the palace in the team.狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子, 說明動作或狀態特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(認真地寫，慢慢地走，修飾動詞用副詞，作狀語)This material isenvironmentally friendly.（修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語）He runs very slowly.（修飾副詞slowly, 因此very是副詞，作狀語）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修飾整個

26、句子用副詞，作狀語）A. 幾個并列狀語的先后順序：方式地點時間一個句中有幾個并列狀語時，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式地點時間。如：I found a lost pen outside our schoolyesterdaymorning.He was walking slowlyoutsidetheparkatthatmoment.B. 英語中時間狀語、地點狀語的排列一般是從小到大先寫時間，再寫上/下午，再寫星期幾，再寫幾月幾號。最后寫幾幾年。I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015.I wa

27、s born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000.He lives at1120 GreenStreet, London.C. 頻度副詞often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情態動詞、系動詞、助動詞之后, 實義動詞之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.D. 狀語按意義分類在句子成分中，主語、謂語、賓語、定語、表語、補語都比較好辨認，如果這幾個成分都不是，那很可能就是狀語了。因此，狀語的種類很多，可以表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、程度、條件、方式和讓步等。練習6. 指出下列畫線部分屬于什么狀語。1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr. Smith lives on the thirdfloor. 3. Last night she didnt go to