1、NavigationPre-Flight PreparationLP-4A5E0#01NavigationMap preparationDocumentsWeatherFuelWeight and BalanceA/C serviceabilitySurvival EquipmentAerodromeFlight Plan and ItineraryFactors affecting choice of routeTerrainFuel availabilty, requirementsCYR, CYA, CYD areasFlight over water gliding distanceW

2、eatherPRE-FLIGHT PREPARATIONMap PreparationChart a course that is practical.Dont use red or magenta; may be washed out by red cockpit lighting.Alternate aerodromes.Have a planned descent point.Map PreparationFolding and orientationUser friendly in the air.Route selectionDrift lines.Selection of Chec

3、kpointsGood visual reference to SHP.Equal distance if possible.Preparing chart for a flight Track between points on different chartsPRE-FLIGHT PREPARATIONDocumentsWhat do you need on board?Crew licenceP.O.H.RegistrationAirworthinessInsuranceLog BookSchool requires A/C FOM manual.WeatherReview GFAs,

4、TAFs and METARsBriefing from FSSNOTAMSCheck school SOPsAlways get the most information available.Leave yourself a way out.FuelWhat do you legally require on board?Enroute fuel + 45minute reserve.Safe, legal, available(later is better)Check where you can refuel.Some aerodromes may have call out charg

5、es after hours.Weight and BalanceSummerMale182Female135Child(2-11) 75Infant(0-2) 30 WinterMale188Female141Child(2-11) 75Infant(0-2) 30 Must within envelope of aircraft P.O.H. at all times.Aircraft ServiceabilityJourney LogTime remaining to do flight.Additional time for possible delays.Power-driven a

6、/c Night VFRRAC ANNEX 1-7CARS 605.16Position lights, navigation lights.Landing light if carrying passengers.Survival Equipment + ExtrasSurvival KitDispatchExtra ConsiderationsFlashlight + extra batteries.Money or credit card.Fuel card.Chocks/rudder locks.Cowl cover / tow bar / glycol.Snack.Change of

7、 clothes.AerodromeSuitabilityLightingPPR or PNRParkingTie downs or hangarFuel availableFlight Plan or ItineraryFlight Plan or Flight ItinerariesMust file if flight goes beyond 25nm.Going to or from military aerodrome.Transborder flights.How to file:With FSS over the telephone.Air filing by radio.Nig

8、ht flying can be most enjoyable; plan ahead and be prepared!BreakNavigationNavigation Techniques,ATC assistance & DF Steers, Map Reading, Heading Accuracy & Time Keeping,Distance JudgingLP-4A5EO#02-06Navigation TechniquesDepartureEnrouteArrivalDepartureWant a SHP that you are able to distinguish fro

9、m other features on the ground.What would work?Nav aids.Towns.Marine lights.Towers.EnrouteCheckpointsIdentifiable lighted landmarks.OvercastHard to distinguish terrain.Rivers, lakes even coast lines may be hard to pick up.Moon light nightTerrain easier to distinguish.WinterSnow covered terrain.Enrou

10、teGround fog.Clear and clouded skies.Precipitation.Rain, snow.EnrouteWhy should we keep accurate timing?Compass headings should be maintained.Corrections should only be made when position, fixed by checkpoints or radio aids is certain.Watch, Map, GroundEnrouteFlashlight will aid in your map reading.

11、Prefer dim white light.Doesnt distort colors on map.MAKE SURE YOU HAVE SPARE BATTERIES!EnrouteATC assistance & DF Steers.CentreOffer headings and groundspeed checks.DF SteerRequested by pilot.Make sure DG is set.Can only assist in giving bearings to the aerodrome.EnrouteKeep current on weatherObtain

12、 briefings enroute.If weather encountered what should you do?180 turn.Return to destination.Divert to an alternate aerodrome.Call FSS and give a PIREP.ArrivalLook for lighting at arrival aerodrome.Rotating beacon.If served by ATC or FSSRequest higher intensity for runway lights.Not served by ATC or

13、FSSARCAL (type and how to use CFS)Be aware if you have to call ahead.ArrivalBe familiar with airport layout to help make maneuvering at airport easier.If monitored by ATC or FSS ask for assistance.When contacting let them know where your destination at the airport is.Night FlyingDepth perception is different.Bright lighted objects may appear closer than they are.Tendency to overshoot.Dim lights appear farther away.Tendency to undersho