1、第一節第一節 連詞連詞 連詞是一種虛詞,在句中不能單獨作句子成分，它只是起連接單詞與單詞、短語與短語、句子與句子的作用。連詞主要分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩大類。考點一：并列連詞考點一：并列連詞考點二：從屬連詞考點二：從屬連詞 英語中由兩個或兩個以上的獨立分句組成的句子叫并列句。 英語中的并列句不能只用逗號將分句隔開，而應該加分號或并列連詞將分句隔開。 按照用途分類，并列連詞可表示并列、選擇、轉折、對比、因果等幾類關系。表示并列關系的并列連詞表示并列關系的并列連詞 and連接并列分句,表示意義的引申,分句間有著平行、因果、順接、評論、對比或條件等關系。如： He is a teacher and

2、his wife is a doctor.（平行平行關系關系） Peter heard someone crying for help and he ran out.（因果關系因果關系） 表示并列關系的并列連詞表示并列關系的并列連詞 He went into the restaurant and found a table by the window.（順接關系順接關系） He missed the opening ceremony, and thats a pity. （評論關系評論關系）Tom likes singing and Jane likes dancing.（對比關對比關系系）

3、Work hard and youll make it.（條件關系條件關系）= If you work hard, you will make it. 表示并列關系的并列連詞表示并列關系的并列連詞 在否定句中列舉并列成分不用and，而用or。如： We cant eat or drink in the computer room. There is no air or water on the Moon. = There is no air and no water on the Moon. 3.“both and ”（既（既又又），），“neither nor ”（既不（既不也不也不），），

4、as well as （和）（和） 以及以及“not only but also ”（不僅（不僅而且而且）既可連接兩個名詞或代）既可連接兩個名詞或代詞，也可連接謂語動詞。詞，也可連接謂語動詞。表示并列關系的并列連詞表示并列關系的并列連詞 注意注意：“both and ”連接名詞或代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復數形式；“not only but also ”和“neither nor ”連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞在人稱和數上要與最靠近的主語保持一致（就近原則），also有時可以省略；as well as前后連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞在人稱和數上與as well as前面的主語一致。如： Bill is

5、both a good cook and a good dancer. 表示并列關系的并列連詞表示并列關系的并列連詞 Both Peter and Tom are students. Neither he nor I am going there. = Neither I nor he is going there. Peter as well as me is a student. Not only you but (also) he is a top student. = Not only he but (also) you are a top student. 表示選擇關系的并列連詞表示

6、選擇關系的并列連詞 or（或者），“either or ”（或者或者 / 不是就是）等，在兩個并列名詞或代詞作主語時，謂語動詞的形式在人稱和數上要與最靠近的主語保持一致 （就近一致）。如： You may go or stay. Either you or I am crazy. = Either I or you are crazy. 表示轉折和對比關系的并列連詞表示轉折和對比關系的并列連詞 表示轉折和對比關系的詞有or ，but ，yet和while。but一般表示轉折，指和上一分句的情況相反；yet表示轉折，語氣比but強烈；while表示對比，語氣并不很強。表示轉折和對比關系的并列連詞

7、表示轉折和對比關系的并列連詞 如： I must go now, or I will miss the last train. I would like to go with you, but I cant. He was not very rich, yet he was very happy. He likes dancing while I like singing. 表示因果關系的并列連詞表示因果關系的并列連詞for （因為，由于）表示補充說明理由，一般不用于句首；so （所以）表示結果。如：She felt no fear, for she is a brave girl.I am

8、tired, so I stayed at home. 用and，but，or，while，for或so填空。1. The dress fits me well, _ I dont want to buy it because its too expensive.2. When you are learning English, use it, _ you will lose it.3. It was snowing hard _ we had to stay at home.4. He is short _ his brother is tall.5. The shop is quite n

9、ew, _ it has been open for a week.6. He likes English _ he is good at it.butorsoandwhilefor從屬連詞用于狀語從句中，用于引導從句，與主從屬連詞用于狀語從句中，用于引導從句，與主句一起構成主從復合句。句一起構成主從復合句。用途用途連詞連詞引導時間狀語從句when / while當時候 since自從以來 after在之后 before在之前 as soon as一就 until直到引導條件狀語從句if如果（注意：當if 意為“是否”時引導賓語從句） unless除非引導原因狀語從句 because因為 si

10、nce既然引導目的狀語從句 in order that / so that 以便，以致（續表）注意下列從屬連詞用法注意下列從屬連詞用法until引導從句時，在肯定句中，主句的謂語動詞必須為延續性動詞，意為“一直到結束”；在否定句中，主句的謂語動詞必須為瞬間性動詞，意為“直到才開始”。如： He waited until his mother came back. 用途用途連詞連詞引導結果狀語從句so that / such that 如此以至于引導讓步狀語從句 though / although雖然引導比較狀語從句 as as 像一樣 He did not leave until his mo

11、ther came back. If（如果），unless（除非）和as soon as（盡快），when（當時候）等引導從句時，主句是將來時或含有情態動詞或祈使句，從句用一般現在時表示將來。如： I will go if it doesnt rain tomorrow. Call me when he comes back. You shouldnt speak loudly in class unless you raise your hand to ask a question. when 和while 都有“當時候”的意思，但while 引導的時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞必須用表示狀態的延

12、續性動詞，而when 不受此影響。如： Please buy me some stamps while you are in the post office. “as as ”意為“像一樣”，引導比較狀語從句，結構中要用形容詞或副詞的原級。如： He can run as fast as his brother. although / though和but，because 和so 不能出現在同一個句子中，但although和 yet 可以。如： Though it is raining, they are still working in the field. Because he got u

13、p late, he was late for school. “so that ”與“such that ”引導結果狀語從句，要注意主句和從句的時態要一致。 so + 形容詞 + a / an + 單數名詞 + that such + a / an+形容詞+單數名詞 + that such + 形容詞 + 復數名詞 / 不可數名詞 + that 如：so young a boy = such a young boysuch interesting books so many books 形容詞副詞many / few + 復數可數名詞much / little + 不可數名詞so+ that

14、常用搭配有：He is so young a boy that he cant go to school.= He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.= The boy is so young that he cant go to school.= The boy is too young to go to school.= The boy is not old enough to go to school.選擇適當的單詞填空選擇適當的單詞填空_ (Though / So) it is sunny, the temperature is

15、 very low.Were leaving for Guangzhou _ (if / when) it is fine tomorrow.He may be ill, _ (because / when) he is absent today.Spring comes _ (since / after) winter.He is _ (so / such) smart that he can do it himself.I was cooking _ (when / while) she came in.Thoughifbecauseaftersowhen7.I will call you

16、 _ (until / as soon as) I get there.8.He is _ (such / so) a good student that he often gets high marks.9.He didnt go to bed _ (until / because)he finished the work.10.You must speak louder _ (so that / such that) I can hear you.as soon assuchuntilso that第二節第二節 介詞介詞 介詞是一種表示單詞與單詞、單詞與句子之間的關系的虛詞,在句中不能單獨

17、作句子成分,一般用在名詞、名詞短語或相當于名詞短語的結構前。 它可與動詞和名詞構成短語,表示時間、地點、空間和其他關系。考點一：介詞的分類考點一：介詞的分類考點二：表示場所、方位的介詞的基本用法考點二：表示場所、方位的介詞的基本用法考點三：表示時間的介詞的基本用法用考點三：表示時間的介詞的基本用法用考點四：表示原因的介詞的基本用法考點四：表示原因的介詞的基本用法考點五：其他介詞的基本用法考點五：其他介詞的基本用法簡單介詞at，between，in等2.合成介詞into，without等3.短語介詞because of，instead of等4.二重介詞，from behind，until af

18、ter 5.分詞介詞，including，regarding（關于）等at 和in表示“在某地”。at后接小地方；in后接大地方 如：in Shanghai 在上海 at the station 在車站 In，on和to都表示“位于”。in 表示在某范圍 之內的位置；on表示兩個地方接壤；to表示不接壤。如： Taiwan lies in the south-east of China. Shandong Province lies on the north of Jiangsu Province. Japan lies to the east of China.3.between和among

19、都表示“在之間”。 between用于表示兩者之間； among主要用于表示三者或三者以上的事物之間。如： Dont tell others. Its a secret between us. The teacher is standing among the students. above, over和on都表示“在之上”，below和under表示“在下面”。 above表示“高于”，表示相對高度，反義詞是below； over表示“在正上方”，反義詞是under；on表示“在之上”，與物體表面接觸。如： The plane is flying above the clouds. Ther

20、e is a village below the mountain. There is a bridge over the river. There is a ball under the table. There is a book on the desk. by，beside和near都表示“在附近”。by表示“在旁邊，緊挨著”；beside表示在旁邊或緊靠，相當于next to；near表示在時間或空間上距離很近。 如：I like playing by the sea. He is standing beside Peter. He lives near / by the river.

21、 6.across和through表示“穿過，通過”。across表示從表面穿過、橫跨過；through則強調空間概念，表示從內部穿過。如： He walked across the road. He can go through the forest by himself. in和into表示“進入內”；on和onto表示“在 （到）上”。in和on側重于表示狀態；into和onto側重于表示動作。如： He works in a factory. He put his book into his backpack. The book on the table is mine. The wo

22、rkers lifted the goods onto the truck. at，on和in用來表示年、月、日、時刻等。 （1）at用于表示鐘點或在某一時刻，有時用在節日前。如：at 6 oclock at Christmas （2）on用于表示某日或具體某一天的上午、下午和晚上等。如：on Friday on Monday morning （3）in用在年份、月份和季節前面或用于某一段時間。如：in summer in 2014 before和after表示時間前后。如： You must go back home before 12 p.m. He went to bed after f

23、inishing his homework.3.for，during，through，throughout，between，in和within等表示一段時間。如： He stayed here for 5 weeks. During / In the past 2 years, he has made great progress. for，during，through，throughout，between，in和within等表示一段時間。如： Some animals sleep all through the winter. There are many heroes throughou

24、t history. He was playing games between 7 and 9 last night. I will be back in 10 minutes. His computer has broken down 3 times within a day. from和since表示時間起點（since后面接從句時用作連詞）。如： He works from morning to night. We have been friends since 3 years ago. 5. by表示“到為止”。如： By the time he got to the cinema,

25、the film had been over. 如： He didnt go to school because of his illness. Mark had to leave his homeland for political reasons. The man died from car accident. His nose went red with cold. The man died of illness. about和on表示“關于”。 about是常用詞，只是涉及但不詳細或深入地探討； on用于有準備的正式語言交流，如演講、講學等。如： Can you tell me something about the accident? He will give us a ta