1、Unit3 Life in the future（導(dǎo)學(xué)案）Grammar 學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：掌握過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的用法，并靈活運(yùn)用學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)：過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的幾種情況學(xué)習(xí)難點(diǎn)：過(guò)去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞及不定式作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)通常是句子的主語(yǔ)，與主語(yǔ)關(guān)系是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的具體用法： 1過(guò)去分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, he lowered his head. 當(dāng)他被問(wèn)問(wèn)題的時(shí)候,他低下了頭。 2過(guò)去分詞作原因狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句

2、。例如： Frightened (=Because / As she was frightened) by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone. 因?yàn)楹ε吕匣? 這個(gè)女孩不敢單獨(dú)睡覺(jué)。 3過(guò)去分詞作條件狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： Grown (If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果種在肥沃的土壤里， 這些種子能長(zhǎng)得很快。 Given (If we were given) more time, we could do it

3、better. 如果給我們更多時(shí)間的話，我們可以做得更好。 4過(guò)去分詞作讓步狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： Left (Although he was left) at home, John didn't feel afraid at all. 雖然John被單獨(dú)留在房間里, 他一點(diǎn)都不害怕。 5 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示伴隨動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如： The teacher entered the classroom, (and he was) followed by a group of students. 老師進(jìn)入教室，后面跟著一幫學(xué)生。 1. 現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。現(xiàn)在分詞做狀

4、語(yǔ)與過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)關(guān)系的區(qū)別。a.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。b.過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作是句子主語(yǔ)承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。Given more attention, the trees could have grown be

5、tter.如果對(duì)這些樹(shù)多關(guān)心一些，它們本來(lái)會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時(shí)候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。2. 動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別a.分詞作狀語(yǔ)一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(目的)b.分詞作狀語(yǔ)放在句子開(kāi)頭，除表示原因之外有時(shí)

6、表示時(shí)間或條件。動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch由于在專心讀書(shū)，他忘了吃午飯的時(shí)間。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before他仔細(xì)讀書(shū)時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時(shí)間)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會(huì)學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)His family was too poor to support him

7、他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf這男孩個(gè)子不夠高，手伸不到書(shū)架。(結(jié)果)We are glad to hear the news我們很高興聽(tīng)到這消息。(原因)高考練習(xí)：(   )1. _ more attention, the tree could have grown better. (90全國(guó))     A

8、. Given       B. To give        C. Giving         D. Having given.(   )2. The computer center, _ last yea

9、r, is very popular among the students in this school(93全國(guó))     A. open        B. opening        C. having opened   

10、D. opened(   )3. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.(94全國(guó))     A. having written B. to 

11、;be written    C. being written    D. written(   )4. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.(96全國(guó))     A. Losing

12、      B. Having lost      C. Lost          D. To lose (   )5. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now 

13、be too late to clean up the river. (01全國(guó)夏)     A. Having suffered    B. Suffering   C. To suffer      D. Suffered(   )6. 

14、;The researcher is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.(02全國(guó))  A. begins            B. having begun D. beginning&#

15、160;   D. begun(   )7. _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.(00上海)     A. Being founded   B. 

16、It was founded    C. Founded     D. Founding(   )8. When _, the museum will be open to the public next year. (02上海春)     A. c

17、ompleted      B. completing        C. being completed   D. to be completed(   )9. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer 

18、can be lower than store prices.(02京皖春)     A. are bought      B. bought      C. been bought     D. buying(   )10. D

19、ont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge. (02上海)     A. being known    B. having been known    C. to&

20、#160;be known   D. known(   )11. Unless _ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.(03上海春)     A. invited         B.&#

21、160;inviting      C. being invited    D. having invited(   )12. Friendship is like money: easier made than _. (03北京)     A. kept  

22、         B. to be kept     C. keeping        D. having kept(   )13. Mr. Smith, _ of the _ speech, started

23、 to read a novel. (03北京春)     A. tired; boring    B. tiring; bored    C. tired; bored     D. tiring; boring(   )14. _ ti

24、me, hell make a first-class tennis player. (03北京)     A. Having given   B. To give        C. Giving         D. 

25、;Given(   )15._ into use in April 2000， the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.(2005年上海卷) A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put 閱讀理解：What is your favorite color? Do you like yellow, orange, red? If you do, you must be an optimist(樂(lè)觀者),

26、 a leader, an active person who enjoys life, people and excitement. Do you prefer grays(灰色)and blues? Then you are probably quiet, shy and you would rather follow than lead. If you love green, you are strong-minded and determined(意志堅(jiān)定的). You wish to succeed and want other people to see you are succe

27、ssful. At least this is what psychologists(心理學(xué)家)tell us, and they should know, because they have been seriously studying the meaning of color preference(愛(ài)好), and the effect(影響)that colors have on human beings. They tell us that we don't choose our favorite color as we grow up. If you happen to l

28、ove brown, you did so as soon as you opened your eyes, or at least as soon as you could see clearly. A yellow room makes us feel more cheerful(開(kāi)心的)and more comfortable(舒服的)than a dark green one, and a red dress rings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. On the other hand, black is depressing(

29、壓抑). Light and bright colors make people not only happier but more active. It is a fact that factory workers work better, harder, and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or dark gray. Remember, then, that if you feel low, you can always brighten your day or

30、your life with a new shirt or a few colorful things. Remember also that you will know your friends and your enemies better when you find out what colors they like and dislike. And don't forget that anyone can guess a lot about your character when you choose a piece of handkerchief.1. According t

31、o this passage, _. A. one can choose his color preference B. one is born with his color preferenceC. one's color preference is changeable D. one has to choose his favorite color as soon as he can see clearly2. We would pay attention to colors because _.A. colors do have effect on our moods(情緒)B.

32、 colors may have effect on our work and studyC. light and bright colors make people happyD. you can know your friends better by the colors they like or dislike3. The main idea of this passage is _.A. one's color preference shows one's character B. you can brighten your life with wonderful co

33、lors C. psychologists have been studying the meaning of color preferenceD. one's color preference has something to do with his character and colors have effects on human beings4. The writer believes that in realizing the four modernizations of country, we need more people who love _.A. yellow B.

34、 red C. green D. black5. "I am feeling black" means _.A. I am feeling well B. I am very happy C. I am excited D. I am depressed改錯(cuò)：Choose what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was. Our eating habits 1. have changed , as have our way of life. And the fuel we need for our 2. body is als

35、o different. Tradition diets often have too much fat and too 3. much calories for the 21st-century person. If we want to keep up with the 4. high pace of modern life, we had better to learn to make the right choices 5. about what and how we eat. Because we have so much to choose, many 6. companies o

36、ffer advice about what we should eat. Its good if we spend our 7. time and money in buying food and keep a balanced diet. Instead of eating 8. expensive diet or going on unhealthy diets, we can simply try to eat little 9. sugar and take more exercise. I hope that everyone keeps a good health. 10. 考一

37、考答案：1-5 ADDC A6-10DCAB D11-15AAADA閱讀：BADCD改錯(cuò)：1. Choose 改為 Choosing 。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)2. have 改為has 。倒裝句中助動(dòng)詞取決于后面的主語(yǔ)3.Tradition 改為Traditional 4.much 改為many 。calories 是calorie （卡路里）的復(fù)數(shù)5.better 后面的to去掉。 had better do sth 最好做某事6.choose 后面加from7.正確8.keep 改為keeping 。keeping 和前面的buying構(gòu)成介詞in的賓語(yǔ)9.little

38、改為 less 。 less 和后面的more構(gòu)成對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系10.a去掉 。 health 是不可數(shù)， keep good health 保持身體健康過(guò)去分詞在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中是較難掌握的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，同時(shí)又是高考中的熱點(diǎn)之一。 過(guò)去分詞兼有動(dòng)詞副詞和形容詞的特征。 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示被動(dòng)的或已完成的動(dòng)作，在句中可作時(shí)間原因條件讓步方式伴隨狀語(yǔ)等。掌握過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)可從以下幾個(gè)方面考慮。 一理清過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)與句子的主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系 1)過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，過(guò)去分詞與主句中的主語(yǔ)形成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，有時(shí)也表示動(dòng)作已完成。 例如： Seen in the dark night， lights on top

39、of tall buildings look like stars in the sky.(seen表示被動(dòng)，分詞的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生) Scolded by the teacher， the girl began to cry. 被老師責(zé)怪，女孩哭了起來(lái)。(scolded表示被動(dòng)且動(dòng)作已完成) 【考例1】_ into use in April 2000， the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.(2005年上海卷) A. Put B. Putting C. H

40、aving put D. Being put 【解析】選A。主句主語(yǔ)the hotline與put into use邏輯上是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，排除BC；D項(xiàng)表示正在進(jìn)行的被動(dòng)與句子意思不符。所以用過(guò)去分詞put短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。 2)有些過(guò)去分詞已經(jīng)形成了系表結(jié)構(gòu)，因此他們作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)與主句的主語(yǔ)之間是邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，但仍然用過(guò)去分詞形式。例如： Lost in thought， she nearly ran into a tree. 陷入沉思，她差點(diǎn)撞到樹(shù)上。 (lost意為“迷失的”，與邏輯主語(yǔ)連接起來(lái)相當(dāng)于Because she was lost，作原因狀語(yǔ))與lost類似的過(guò)去分詞還有disappoi

41、nted， dressed， determined， devoted， tired， exhausted， prepared， seated， caught等。 【考例2】After his journey from abroad， Richard Jones returned home， _. A. exhausted B. exhausting C. being exhausted D. having exhausted 【解析】選A。exhausted意為“筋疲力盡的”，由過(guò)去分詞演變成形容詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。 二注意過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)在句中的位置 作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞或短語(yǔ)可置于句子的前后或中間，

42、但是必須用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)以便與主句分開(kāi)。 The PE teacher stood in the middle of the playground， surrounded by a group of students. 那位體育老師站在操場(chǎng)中間，被一群學(xué)生圍著。(過(guò)去分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)) 【考例1】 _ by the beauty of nature， the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm. (2004年遼寧卷) A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D.

43、 Having attracted 【解析】選B。句子的主語(yǔ)the girl與attract是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系或說(shuō)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以要用過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。 三掌握過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)與狀語(yǔ)從句的變換 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)在功能上相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句，在句中表示時(shí)間原因條件方式伴隨讓步等。所以經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到過(guò)去分詞前帶有once， when， while， if， as if， even if， though， unless等連詞，我們將這種結(jié)構(gòu)看成在連詞與過(guò)去分詞之間省略了與主句相同的主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be。例如： Once published， this book will be popular with the studen

44、ts.=Once it is published， this book will be popular with the students.這本書(shū)一旦出版，它將會(huì)受到學(xué)生們的歡迎。(過(guò)去分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。注：分詞前once可省略) 【考例1】_ with the size of the whole earth， the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. A. Compare B. When compared C. Comparing D. When comparing 【解析】選B。主句中的 the biggest ocean與compare形成邏輯

45、上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此要用過(guò)去分詞。 【考例2】No matter how frequently _， the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. (2006廣東卷) A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed 【解析】選A。動(dòng)詞perform與句子的主語(yǔ)the works是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故要選過(guò)去分詞performed，實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于讓步狀語(yǔ)從句No matter how they are frequently performed，

46、。 四獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 如果句中過(guò)去分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)，這時(shí)必須在過(guò)去分詞前加上主格的邏輯主語(yǔ)。這就叫作獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： The town seen from the hill， we can see it more clearly.=If the town is seen from the hill， we can see it more clearly. 如果從山上看這座城市，我們能看得更清楚。 Everything taken into consideration， the party was a success. 將所有的事情考慮在內(nèi)，晚會(huì)算是成功的。 (taken的邏輯主語(yǔ)

47、不是the party， 所以添加其真正的主語(yǔ)everything) 【考例1】He sat silently， _. A. eyes are closed B. his eyes closing C. eyes closed D. eyes to close 【解析】選C。眼睛閉著表示伴隨狀態(tài)，如果只用過(guò)去分詞closed，則前后邏輯主語(yǔ)不一致，所以在其前面加上eyes作邏輯主語(yǔ)，eyes closed還可用介詞with引導(dǎo)，eyes closed=with his eyes closed。 1. Though _ of the danger， he still went skating on the thin ice. A. warning B. to warn C. warn D. warned2. _ from this point of view， the question will be of great importance. A. Considering B. Considered C. Being c