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1、介詞的用法 一 .表示時間日期的介詞1. at:主要表示方向、場所、時間的某一點at the corner of the stree,t at dinner, at sixty miles an hour, be sold at three yuan a dozen, come at us固定搭配:at one time, at the beginning of, at the post office, at the airport,at theweekend, at the age of 255 at the same time at present at any time, 表示原因, 表
2、示 見/聞而"。at the newsat 主要表示時間點表示特定的時間at night a.m. 在九點鐘表示不確定的時間at night, at thattime, at Christmas在圣誕期間 當天 on表示年齡段at the age of eight 在 8 歲2. in:表示場所、時間與期限、狀況、方向。主要用來表示較長的時間單位, 如月份、季節、年份等in the 1990s in the late 19th century 形成“in+寸段名詞”的詞組或固定搭配in those days, in the daytime, in a short while, in
3、no time, in time.in 主要表示時間段一般指相對較長的時間段里in the morning, in spring, in the past ten years在時間之后,用于將來時 He will be back in a month.介詞 in 在短語或句型中的省略:1) 某些形容詞/過去分詞后接v-ing 形式時, v-ing 形式前的介詞in 可以省略。be busy (in) doing be engaged (in) doing (忙于)2)某些動詞如busy等,常與反身代詞連用,其后的in也可以省略。busy oneself (in) doing3) 某些動詞如sp
4、end、 pass、 waste 等與表示時間的名詞連用,后面的介詞也可以省略。spend time (in) doing waste time (in) doing4) 在 have no difficulty in doing sth. 、 have no trouble in doing sth、. have no business in doing sth.等句型中介詞也可以省略。5)在句型There is no use (in)doing sth中,介詞也可省略。固定搭配:in the world, in (the)future, in the snow /rain / storm,
5、 in ink, in short, in public, in one s opin, ioinn modern times, in surprise, in a queue, in the open air3 on:主要表示在上面、根據或基礎、有關或涉及的方面、表示某天。固定搭配:on doing sth., on the afternoon of October, on Tuesday evening, on foot,hit sb. on the head, on the right/ left, on fire, on duty, on sale, on the radio, on
6、show, on earth, on one s own注意:一般帶有宗教色彩的節日名詞前面用at,如圣誕節。一般的節日名詞前用on。on 主要指具體某一天表示是具體的日期和星期on Monday, on October 1st,1949. on my birthday某一天特定的上午下午或半夜on the night of December 31,1999. on a fine day在第幾天on her first day to school, on the tenth day I was in Beijing.4 by 主要表示接近、時限、動作的執行者、方式。固定搭配:by the vi
7、llage, by oneself,by foot(=on foot) ,by hand,learn by hea,rt二 .表示地點,方位的介詞5 for 主要表示目的、原因、交換值以及時間和距離的長度。固定搭配:make sth. for sb,. thank sb. for sth.,for example, for sale, for free,for 表示一段時間表示一件事延續的長短,一般接具體的時間I have lived in Nanjing for 2 years.6 of表示部分與全體的關系、所有關系、來源和所用的材料。of 所有格表示的多種關系:1) 從屬關系:the wh
8、eel of the car2) 局部 整體關系:some of the water3) 量化關系:a cup of tea4) 描述關系:a professor of learning (知識豐富的教授)5) 同位關系:the city of Beijing6) 動賓關系:the study of the map (研究地圖)7) 主謂關系:the determination of the workers (工人們的決心)固定搭配:be fond of, make fun of, be tired of, of one s o,wninstead of,7 to 主要表示方向、程度、結果、關
9、系和位置。固定搭酉己 to one ' s surprise /joy/ astonishmetot the east of key to ;come up to, add up to, be open to the public,thanks to,stick to, refer to8 .during 表示一段時間在期間內,強調在此期間內發生了什么事yI studied in this university for 4 years, during that time most of my time was spent in learning English.可接表示時間延續一段時間
10、的名詞during my visit to China, during my holiday9 .from 與 to, till 連用Most people work from nine to five. 多數人過著朝九晚五的生活10.since, since+寸問點 從那一刻起,與現在完成與過去完成時連用He has been here since last Sunday!從上星期天起,她就在這里4、 容易錯、常考的介詞及搭配1 be made o,f be made from, be made into, be made in2 call on = visit, call for = go
11、 and pick up3 on business (出差)/ strike。罷工 / duty (值日) / holiday / fire / vacation/ watch (警戒)/ sale (出售)/leave (請假)/ guard (警戒)4 have some trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth., have a habit / idea / plan of doing sth.5 A is pleased to R B is pleased with A (對感到滿意)7 with the help of, under the leader
12、ship of8 by means of (使用),by way of (經由),by heart:(記住),by the way9 out of question (毫無疑問),out of the question (毫不可能)10 prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth.11 be thankful to sb. for sth.12 steal sth. from sb,. rob sb. of sth.13 insist on doing sth., persist in doing sth., stick to, go on doing s
13、th.14 set about doing sth,. set out to do sth.15 look sb. in the face, hit sb. on the face, lead the cow by the nose16 do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour5、 介詞的慣用型1. above all (首先),after all, at all (全然),in all2. day after day, year after year, one after one, one after another3. at peace(和平),at wa
14、r (戰爭),attimes (時常),at dinner4. by oneself, by all means (盡一切辦法、務必),by chance, by accident, by no means (決不、并沒有),by means of (用、依靠) ,by the way5. in her teens(十幾歲),in pain, in danger, in need6. to one s joy / sorrow / surprise7. with care (仔2田地),with joy / pleasure (高興地),with one ' s help with t
15、he best wishes (致以我們良好的祝愿),without difficulty (毫不困難地), without exception (毫不例外),without delay (立即、馬上)8. according to (依據),along with (和一起),as to (至于),becauseof, except for (除之外),instead of (代替)9. out of order (不正常),out of date, out of trouble (脫離困境),out of sight, out of debt (還清了債務),out of touch (沒有
16、聯系)10. at the bottom of, at the centre o,f at the end of, at the top of,at the cost of (以為代價)at the sight of, at the thought of, at a speed of11. in memory of (紀念),in favour of (同意),in the habit of (有習慣),in touch with (與保持聯系),on the left of, on the eve of (在前夕)12. from time to time (不時地), from day t
17、o day (天天), from hand to hand (一個傳一個),from side to side (左右地),from car to car (一個車廂一個車廂地),from bad to worse(越來越差),from beginning to end (從頭到尾),from hand to mouth (僅能糊 口), from head to foot, from start to finish , from one to another 六 .掌握方式、手段、工具的表達方法1) in +文字、語言、材料名詞in English (ink, pencil, capital
18、 letters) write in pen, 用鋼筆寫speak in a low voice小聲說話2) with +工具、機器;人體器官;情緒、情感、態度的名詞with a branch, with one s nose, with pride, with satisfaction,with the help of, with one s permissionWe can see with our eyes and write with our hands.I killed a fly with a fly flap. 我用蒼蠅拍打死了一只蒼蠅3) by 表示泛指的方式、手段by bus
19、, by land, by means of(用方法),by way of (經由) ,by doing sth.,by hand (手工),by post (由郵局傳遞),by letter (用寫信的方式),by electricity, by hard work, by the year, by the hour( by + the + 單位名詞)按4) 其它表示方式(情況、狀況、手段)的表示法through the radio / by radio / on the radio, through / by / from practice,by telephone (on the tel
20、ephone), on foot, on the train, in satisfaction, in surprise, in silence, in a low voice, in comfort, in sorrow, in high / good / poor spirits,in anger, in safety, in debt, in good order, in good / poor health, in tears, in use, in pain,七、 注意:某些名詞和介詞的固定搭配1) 要求to: key, answer, visit, apology, introdu
21、ction以 to 為中心構成短語的歸納belong to, come to (蘇醒),look forward to, lead to, stick to, refer to, turn to, drink to (為干杯),object to) (反對),reply to the letter, help oneself to, sing / dance tothe music (和著在聲中唱 /跳),devote oneself to2) 要求 in: interest, satisfaction3)以for 為中心構成短語的歸納ask for, call for (去接某人),care
22、 for (關心),go in for (從事),answer for(對 負責),send for, pay for, praise sb. for(贊揚某人某事),head for (向方向移動),search for, take 做以為),leave for, prepare for(為 準備),thank sb. for, make a dive for (向猛沖),make up for (彌補損失)4)以on 為中心構成短語的歸納come on來吧,call on拜訪,pass or#遞,carry on進行下去,live on sth.靠生活,depend on依靠,have o
23、n穿著,have pity on 同情,look on aSfi看作,pushon 推動 , spy on 窺探 , switch / turn on 旋開 , wait on 服侍 , walk on 繼續走 , spendon在上花費時間、金錢,operate on給動手術,take on a newlook 呈現新面貌 八、 某些形容詞和介詞的固定搭配1) be afraid of 擔心 be afraid for 替而擔心2) be angry about / at sthH而生氣 be angry with sb對某人發怒3) be anxious for sth渴望 be anxi
24、ous about sth. / sb1心4) be different from 與不同 be indifferent to不關心、5) be good at 擅長 be good for M有益 be good of sb. to do st做好6) be strict with sb.對嚴格 be strict in sth.7) be popular with sb.受至U歡迎 be popular in some place流行在 bepopular for因而流行8) be pleased with + n或what從旬;be pleased at +由象名詞 聽、看到而高興9)
25、be disappointed at sth. ; be disappointed with sb對失望10) be known to sb. ; be known with + n.或從旬 ;be known for 因而著名11) be absent from 缺席12) be devoted to 獻身于13) be open to 對開放14) be poor / clever / expert at15) be sorry for 替/為后悔16) be rich in be interested in 17) be proud of (take pride in)18) be sa
26、tisfied with / by be sure of / about 19) be fond of, be fit for, be busy with sth. (in doing sth.)20) be late for, be ready for21) be similar to ; be wrong with 九、吊尾介詞1)某些形容詞后接不及物動詞或 “V介”型短語動詞的不定式形式表 反射”,常 用吊尾介詞。A) fit, easy, hard, good, difficult, comfortable, heavy等形容后,常用吊尾介詞。e.g. The girl is easy
27、 to get along with.B) be worth doing, be worthy of being done, be worthy to be done, want / require / need doing表反射,常用吊尾介詞。e.g. The problem is worth dealing with.The book is worthy of being referred to.2) 不及物動詞的不定式修飾表“涉及對象、場所、工具、手段、方式、材料等”意義的名詞時常帶吊尾介詞。e.g. There is nothing for us to worry about. a r
28、oom to live in3) 定語從句中,先行詞被一個不及物動詞所修飾,則不及物動詞后要帶介詞,先行詞被“V介”組成的短語動詞所修飾,介詞常在旬尾。e.g. He is the very man I just spoke to. This is the life he is used to.4)以what, whose, who, whatever等引導的賓語從句、表語從句中常出現 吊尾介詞 ”。e.g. I don t know what you do it for.5) 強調句型和特殊疑問句中由于被強調部分和疑問詞位置變更,常出現吊尾介詞。在上下文意義清楚時,特殊疑問句常用省簡結構。e
29、.g. It is the poor boy that we gave the books to.What for?(為什么?)Where to?(去哪兒?)Who with?(和誰去?)6)被動語態中“V介”短語常用吊尾介詞。e.g. He was listened to come here. He has never been spoken to in this way.十常用介詞辨異1. about, on, of 關于on 多用于慎重的、正式的語言交際場合。常見于 “學術上 ”的 “論文 ”或 “演說 ”等題目,可供專門研究這一問題的人閱讀,有“論及 ”之意。about表示的內容多為普
30、遍、不那么正式,有述及”之意。of 作 “關于 ”講,表示提及、涉及某人(事)時,只表示事情存在或發生,并不涉及詳情;有時與about意義相近,但有時意義很不同,常與動詞know、hear、learn (聽說) 、 speak、 talk、 think、 tell 等連用。2. at, on, in俵時間):at表示時間的一點;in表示一個時期;on表示特殊日子A. at 后常接幾點幾分,天明,中午,日出,日落,開始等。如:at five o' clock五點),at down (黎明),at daybreak(天亮),at sunrise (日 出), at noon (中午), a
31、t sunset (日落), at midnight (半夜), at the beginning of the month (月初), at that time (那時),at that moment (那 會兒),at this time of day (在一天的這個時候)。B. in 后常接年,月,日期,上午,下午,晚上,白天,季節,世紀等。如:in 2006 (2006年),in May, 2004 (2004年五月),in the morning (早 晨/上午),in the afternoon (下午),in the evening (晚上),in the night (夜 晚
32、), in the daytime ( 白 天 ), in the 21st century (21 世 紀 ),in three days (weeks/month) 三天(周/個月),in a week (一周),in spring (春 季)。C. on 后跟某日,星期幾, 某日的朝夕,節日等 ,即具體某一天極其早中、 晚 .on Sunday (星期日),on a warm morning in April (四月的一個溫暖的上 午) , on a December nigh(t 12 月的一個夜晚), on that afternoon( 那天下午),on the following
33、 night (下一個晚上), on Christmas afternoon (圣誕節下午), on October 1, 1949 ( 1949 年 10 月 1 日), on New Year s Day.(特別提示):在last, next, this, that, some, every等詞之前一律不用介詞 at, in in一般表示較大的地方 at表示較小的地方at home, at school, at the bus stop, at the doctor, 's in a country, in a town, in the street,3. between, amo
34、ng16位置)在.之間”A. between僅用于二者之間,但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個之間的相互關系時,也可用between, 如I m sitting between Tom and Alice. The village lies between three hills.B. among用于三者或三者以上之間。如:He is the best among the students.4. except, except for, except that, but, besides, besideexcept除之外”,指不包括,后面常接名詞、代詞(人稱代詞常用賓格),還可接介詞短語、副詞和動詞不
35、定式,此時相當于but,但不定式常不帶to。except for除了,只有",意思和except一樣,主要指說明基本情況后,而在細節上加以修正,后面常接名詞性短語。except that 除了,只是 “ ”,意思和except、 except for 一樣。但在用法上,主要指其后常接名詞性從句,也可接 when、where等詞引導的其它從旬。but所含 除外”的意思不如except明確。but多用在代詞(主要是不定代詞、否定代詞和疑問代詞)之后。besides表示 除外還有",所排除的事物常包括在所述范圍之內。另外,besides可用作副詞,相當于also,有 而且,加之,
36、何況”之意。beside也是介詞,表示 在附近”,只不過形似besides,容易相互混淆。【對比】如果在區別前后有同類的詞語時,就用except:,否則就用except for。e.g.This book has no blunder except a few mistakes.This book is interesting except for a few mistakes.(前面無同類詞語)Every one of us, except him, went to see the exhibition.5. in the tree, on the treein the tree ,指動物或
37、人等外來的東西在樹上,on the tree指果實或葉子等樹本身長出來的東西6. on the way, by the way, in this wayon the way指在路上,on one ' s way to .by the way指順便問一句in this way 用這樣的方法, in that way , in other way, in these ways7. by bus, on the busby bus是一般說法,固定搭配,on the bus特指乘某一輛車8. across, through, ove和 past 通過,經過”across從表面經過,如,road
38、, bridge, riverthrough 從內部空間經過, 如 : city, woods, forests, window, gatepast , 從旁邊經過.through指 穿過(門洞/人群/樹林)";across和over可以指 跨越(街道/河流)”, 可互換,但是表示 翻過”時只能用 over.如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(M在那時只老鼠跑過路面 )/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有 座橋)/ They climbed over the mountain an
39、d arrived there ahead of time.他們翻過大 山提前至U達了那里 )/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者 們穿過一個大門來到另一個公園)8. on, above, over, 在 上” ,up,A. on 指在某物表面上,有接觸點a book on the tableB. over指在某物垂直上方,無接觸點也可指覆蓋在某物上,與under相對under 表示在下方I put the money under the bed.我把錢放在床底下 a cloth over the table
40、 , a fan over the tableC. above指在某物的上方即可,不一定是垂直上方是斜上方反義詞為below ,He lives above me 他住我家樓上(不一定就是頭上一間)The temperature today is above zer吩天氣溫零度以上 .D. up 表示在往上的方向反義詞 down look up to the sky 抬頭看天空about與on的用法區別:都可以表示 宥關”但是about的意義比較廣,而on主 要表示 有關(專題/課程)女口: Tom is going to give a talk on the history of Ameri
41、ca.(湯姆要作一個美國歷史的報告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他們興致勃勃地談論著即將來到的野外旅游 )on表示兩事物表面接觸 Put away the books on the desk把桌上的書收好 over 除了要接觸,還有覆蓋的含義,over 表示正上方There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座橋 9. for , since,A. since僅說明什么時候開始,后常跟一個具體的過去的時間.B. for 表示某動作或情況持續多久, 后常跟一段時間。He h
42、as studied the piano for 5 years. They have lived here since 1978.since與for表示時間的用法區別:“since+!|體時亥|J /that-從旬)'衰示 自從起一直到現在",“fo什較時間)”表示總共有之久”都常用于完成時態;如: Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自從1970年起就在這家工廠工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years.伴叔叔在這家工廠 已經工作了
43、 30多年)10. after, behind,在之后”A. after主要用于表示時間B. behind主要用于表示位置11. in, after "以后”A. ”in段時間”表示將來的一段時間以后,用在將來時態中.,常回答how soon的 提問.B. ”after較時間”表示過去的一段時間以后,相當于 一段時間+ laterMy mother will come back in three or four days.He arrived after five months. = He arrived five minutes later.in , after , laterin
44、 + 一段時間.after + 一段時間.after 十點時間.一段時間+ later常用一般將來時常用一般過去時。用各種時態。過去時12. 放在地點之前的介詞:at, in, onA. at (1)表示在小地方;(2)表示 在附近,旁邊”B. in (1)表示 在大地方;(2)表示 在范圍之內”。C. on表示毗鄰,接壤D. to表示在范圍外,不強調是否接壤after與in表示時間的用法區別:“after+|體時亥/從句)'衰示 在一時刻之 后”常用于一般時態;"inW段時間)”表示 在(多久)之后”常用于將來時態。如: He said that he would be h
45、ere after 600.(他說他六點鐘之后會來這兒)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.我父親大約一個月 以后從英國回來 ) 13. by, with, in , on表示方式,手段,工具,A. by以方法、手段或泛指某種交通工具,或跟V-ing形式.B. with表示用 工具,C. in表小用方式,用語言(語調、顏色)等D. on 表示通過媒介, on the telephone, on the radio, on TVby、in與with表示方式的用法區別:都可以表示 工具、手段”但是by主 要表示 乘坐”某
46、個交通工具或 以方式”在被動句中可以表示動作的執行者; in 表示 “使用 ”某種語言/文字,with 表示 “使用 ”某個具體的工具、手段。 如: We seewith our eyes and walk with our feet.俄:們用眼睛看東西,用雙腳走路)/ Please write that article(文章)in English.(請你用英語寫那篇文章)/ Let ' s go to the zoo by taxi.(我們打的去動物園吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍寫的) 14.as與like的區別:兩個詞都表示 像”但是as
47、譯為 作為”表示的是職業、職務、作用 等事實,而like譯為 像一樣”表示外表,不是事實。如:Let me speak to you asa father.我以父親的身份和你講話。)(說話者是聽者的父親)/ Let me speak to you like a father.(讓我像一位父親一樣和你講話)(說話者不是聽者的父親)15 . at the end of by the end oK to the end in the end 的用法區另U:at theend of 既可以表示時間也可以表示地點,譯為 在末;在盡頭”常 與過去時連用;by the end of只能表示時間,譯為 在前;
48、到為止”常用于過 去完成時;in the end與at last基本等義,表示 終于、最后”逋常用于過去時;to the end譯為 到的終點為止”前面往往有表示運動或連續性的動詞。如:By theend of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.到上學期期末我們已經學習了 第三冊 16個單元 )/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的盡頭你能找到一幢有棕色窗戶的白房子 )/ They left for Beijing a
49、t the end of last week.(h周末他們動身去了北京 )/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.他最終在期末考試中考及格了 )/ We should go on with the work to the end.我們應該把工作干至U底 )/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿這條路走到底就能看見一家郵電局)16 .for a moment for the moment in a moment at the moment的區另U:for a
50、moment一蕓兒、片刻"(二for a while滯與持續性動詞連用;for the moment暫時、目前”常用于現在時;in a moment 一繪兒、立即、馬上”(=soo; in a few minutes),一般用于將來時;at the moment止匕亥1J,眼下"(=now用于現在進行 時。如: Please wait for a moment.請稍等)/ Let ' s leave things as they are for themoment.(W時就維持現狀吧!)/ I ' ll come back in a moment.(會兒回來
51、)/ I amvery busy at the moment.(艮下我彳艮忙)17 . but的問題:用介詞but引出另一個動詞時,要注意:如果前面有do,后面就用原形動詞,前面沒 有do時,后面的動詞要加to。如:I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只 能等)/ They had no choice選擇)but to fight.(他們沒有選擇只有戰斗) 18. in front of 與 in the front of:in front of 在 '的前面”,與 in the front of 在的前部”。如:A car was parking
52、in front of the hall.(大廳跟前停著一輛汽車)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.大廳前部立著一個大講臺)12 except與besides的區別:except除了 ”表示 排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides除了 ”則表示包含,即 不僅又”。如: Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Toni?(了 Tom,大家都去了故宮博物 院)(Tom 沒有去故宮)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(T漢 語之
53、外,他還學其他許多功課)19 .till , until , to 的用法。till / until 與延續動詞連用,用于肯定句,與短暫動詞連用用在否定句(在句首、強調句不用 till ).一 . 選擇最佳答案(表示時間關系的介詞).1. The plane arrived at London airport Wednesday.A. onB. atC. in D. forA. ForB. /C. ByD. During2. What do you usually do Christmas?A. onB. atC. in D. forD. since_c_lothcek m_o_rning.D
54、. on/on3. Mrs Brown worded in the west of Australialast summer?A. /B. onC. in4. The first class begins 8 oA. at/onB. at/inC. on /in5. the past two months he has been busy with his school work.A. ForB. OnC. Since D. At6. last Saturday, we had had two football matches with Class Two.7. We will be in N
55、anjing Tuesday Thursday.A. on/ through B. on/to C. from/to D. on./till8. Mr Black will visit our new school building two days.A. beforeB. afterC. atD. in9. the end of last spring Wang Hai joined the army the end.A. At/atB. By/inC. In /atD. At /in10. We will have a football match this Saturday aftern
56、oon.A. onB. /C. inD. for11. He came to see you the evening of May 1th0.A. inB. atC. onD. for12. I m afraid I gave you a lot of trouble my stay here.A. inB. forC. duringD. on13. The singing group will have two performances October.A. afterB. sinceC. /D. for14. The supermarket is open midnight.A. atB. onC. tillD. /15. She didn t go to work that morning. Sshleept noon.A./ till B. on till C. at at D. / at16. He was ill a week, and the week he ate almost nothing .A. for/atB. for/during C. durin
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