1、1. 必修五Unit 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”約翰斯諾擊敗“霍亂王”John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.約翰斯諾是倫敦一位著名的醫(yī)生他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，因而成為照料維多利亞女王的私人醫(yī)生。But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to chole

2、ra.但他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通百姓時(shí)，他就感到很振奮。This was the deadly disease of its day.霍亂在當(dāng)時(shí)是最致命的疾病，Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.人們既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治療方法。So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.每次霍亂暴發(fā)時(shí)，就有大批驚恐的老百姓死去。John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve th

3、is problem.約翰斯諾想面對(duì)這個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，解決這個(gè)問題。He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.他知道，在找到病源之前，霍亂疫情是無法控制的。He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.斯諾對(duì)霍亂致人死地的兩種推測(cè)都很感興趣。The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of

4、dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖著，像一股危險(xiǎn)的氣體到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者為止。The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二種看法是人們?cè)诔燥埖臅r(shí)候把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person di

5、ed.病從胃里發(fā)作而迅速殃及全身，患者就會(huì)很快地死去。John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.斯諾推測(cè)第二種說法是正確的，但他需要證據(jù)。So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry.因此，在1854年倫敦再次暴發(fā)霍亂的時(shí)候，約翰斯諾著手準(zhǔn)備對(duì)此進(jìn)行調(diào)研。As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods,

6、he began to gather information.當(dāng)霍亂在貧民區(qū)迅速蔓延的時(shí)候，約翰斯諾就開始收集資料。In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他發(fā)現(xiàn)特別在兩條街道上霍亂流行的很嚴(yán)重，在10天之內(nèi)就死去了500多人。He was determined to find out why.他決心要查明其原因。First he marked on a map the exact places where all the d

7、ead people had lived.首先，他在一張地圖上標(biāo)明了所有死者住過的地方。This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.這提供了一條說明霍亂起因的很有價(jià)值的線索。Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40).許多死者是住在寬街的水泵附近（特別是這條街上16、37、38、40號(hào)）。He also noticed that some houses (such

8、as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.他發(fā)現(xiàn)有些住宅（如寬街上20號(hào)和21號(hào)以及劍橋街上的8號(hào)和9號(hào)）卻無人死亡。He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations.他以前沒預(yù)料到這種情況，所以他決定深入調(diào)查。He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.他發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些人都在劍橋街7號(hào)的酒館里打工，They had been

9、 given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.而酒館為他們免費(fèi)提供啤酒喝，因此他們沒有喝從寬街水泵抽上來的水。It seemed that the water was to blame.看來水是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住ext, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.接下來，約翰斯諾調(diào)查了這兩條街的水源情況。He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water

10、 from London.他發(fā)現(xiàn)，水是從河里來的，而河水被倫敦排出的臟水污染了。He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.他馬上叫寬街上驚慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。這樣，水泵就用不成了。Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.不久，疫情就開始得到緩解。He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and n

11、ot in a cloud of gas.他證明了霍亂是由病菌而不是由氣體傳播的。In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在倫敦的另一個(gè)地區(qū)，他從兩個(gè)與寬街暴發(fā)的霍亂有關(guān)聯(lián)的死亡病例中發(fā)現(xiàn)了有力的證據(jù)。A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she h

12、ad it delivered to her house every day.有一位婦女是從寬街搬過來的，她特別喜歡那里的水，每天都要派人從水泵打水運(yùn)到家里來。Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.她和她的女兒喝了這種水，都得了霍亂而死去。With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.有了這個(gè)特別的證據(jù)，約翰斯諾就能夠肯定地宣布，

13、這種被污染了的水?dāng)y帶著病菌。To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.為了防止這種情況的再度發(fā)生，約翰斯諾建議所有水源都要經(jīng)過檢測(cè)。The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.自來水公司也接到指令，不能再讓人們接觸被污染的水了。Finally King Cholera was defeated

14、.最終，“霍亂王”被擊敗了。2. 必修五Unit 1 COPERNICUS REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY哥白尼的革命性理論Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused.尼古拉哥白尼被嚇得心煩意亂的。Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system.雖然他

15、曾經(jīng)試著不去理睬那些數(shù)字，然而他所有的數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算都得出了一個(gè)相同的結(jié)論：地球不是太陽系的中心。Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有當(dāng)你把太陽放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的運(yùn)動(dòng)才能說得清楚。Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an

16、idea.他的這個(gè)理論可不能告訴任何人，因?yàn)榧词顾话凳居羞@種想法，他都會(huì)受到強(qiáng)大的基督教會(huì)勢(shì)力的懲罰。They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.教會(huì)認(rèn)為世界是上帝創(chuàng)造的，正因?yàn)槿绱耍厍蚓途哂刑厥獾囊饬x，它必定要成為太陽系的中心。The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seem

17、ed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop.這樣，問題就來了，因?yàn)樘煳膶W(xué)家以前發(fā)現(xiàn)過，天上有些行星停頓下來，往后移動(dòng)，然后再成環(huán)狀向前移動(dòng)，Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others.而其他行星看上去有時(shí)亮些，有時(shí)又不怎么亮。This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.如果地球是太陽系的中心，而所有

18、行星環(huán)繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)的話，那么這種現(xiàn)象就很奇怪了。Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer.哥白尼對(duì)這些問題曾經(jīng)苦苦思索過很久，試圖找出問題的答案。He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them.他曾經(jīng)收集過觀察星球的數(shù)據(jù)，并且利用他的全部數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)來解釋這些數(shù)據(jù)。But only his new theory could

19、do that.但是只有他的新理論才能作出解釋。So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.于是，他在1510至1514年期間從事這項(xiàng)研究，逐步修改他的理論，直到他感到完善時(shí)為止。In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends.1514年，他把他的新理論私下里給他的朋友們看。The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary.他對(duì)

20、舊理論的修改是具有革命性的。He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.他把太陽固定在太陽系的中心位置上，而行星則圍繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)，只有月球仍然繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movemen

21、t of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.他還提出地球在圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)的同時(shí)，它本身還自轉(zhuǎn)，這樣就說明了行星運(yùn)動(dòng)的變化情況以及星球亮度問題。His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.他的朋友都熱情地鼓勵(lì)他把他的想法公之于世，而他卻小心謹(jǐn)慎，He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.他不想遭到基督教會(huì)的攻擊，所以他直到1543年臨終之前才公布了這一觀點(diǎn)。Certainly he was right to be careful.當(dāng)然，他小心謹(jǐn)慎是對(duì)