1、 LIBRARY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL MECHANISMS美國(guó)圖書(shū)館的管理與運(yùn)營(yíng)Qi Chen120112011 5-65-6護(hù)欄板 http:/Outline 提綱The basis of American public libraries圖書(shū)館的基礎(chǔ)American public libraries system 美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館系統(tǒng)Library management and personnel圖書(shū)館管理和人員Library funding圖書(shū)館資金來(lái)源The role of library associations圖書(shū)館協(xié)會(huì)的作用American Lib

2、rary Association 美國(guó)圖書(shū)館State and regional library association洲和地區(qū)圖書(shū)館協(xié)會(huì)2 American Libraries美國(guó)圖書(shū)館Academic Libraries (higher educational institutions)高校圖書(shū)館Public Libraries 公共圖書(shū)館School Libraries (Kindergarten through grade 12) 學(xué)校圖書(shū)館（幼兒園至12年級(jí)）Special Libraries (Dept. libraries in higher educational instit

3、utions: medical, theological, scientific, law) 專業(yè)圖書(shū)館（有一些在高等院校設(shè)立，如醫(yī)學(xué)，神學(xué)，科學(xué)，法律圖書(shū)館）3Organizational Basis of American Public Library美國(guó)圖書(shū)館的組織基礎(chǔ)Public library is based on the needs of the community 基于社區(qū)的需要More public libraries are available in large metropolitan areas 大都市有更多得圖書(shū)館 School districts 學(xué)區(qū)County

4、or state regions, or cities 洲, 縣,市所在地4 Legal Basis of Public Library美國(guó)圖書(shū)館的法律基礎(chǔ)Library Law and legislation of US圖書(shū)館法和美國(guó)法律Constitutional from the people 憲法- 來(lái)源于人們Statutory enacted by legislative body congress法定的- 如制定立法機(jī)構(gòu) -國(guó)會(huì)等 Administrative legislatures, county commissions, city councils. 行政議會(huì)，縣委員會(huì)，市議

5、會(huì)5Public Library Management美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館的管理State grant the right to city, village, or district to establish a library州政府通過(guò)各種法律所建立的一個(gè)公共圖書(shū)館為本社區(qū),城區(qū),或本地區(qū)的居民提供服務(wù)To levy taxes & determine the structure and powers of the library board州政府通過(guò)征稅和確定和圖書(shū)館委員會(huì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和權(quán)力6圖書(shū)館在伊利諾宜州地產(chǎn)稅中圖書(shū)館在伊利諾宜州地產(chǎn)稅中( (舉例）舉例）Illinois Compile

6、d Statutes Ch.75: Libraries (Example)圖書(shū)館表明政府是如何使用房地產(chǎn)稅的，與每個(gè)方面直接掛鉤。居民據(jù)此可向當(dāng)?shù)卣硎臼欠裢狻?一個(gè)芝加哥居民房地產(chǎn)稅2006年帳單中的一部分A Report in a Chicago Resident Property Tax Statement Purpose of a Public library Purpose建立公共圖書(shū)館The economic gap between “haves “ and “have nots” 縮小有無(wú)產(chǎn)者間的差距Increase diversity and growth of the p

7、opulations 提高人口和人員多元化Quality of education and literacy 人口文化程度Technology benefits and challenges 享受技術(shù)迎接挑戰(zhàn)Partnership and collaboration 與各界合作 Staying relevant providing services and programs responsive to the community and having the community aware of them緊跟形勢(shì), 提供服務(wù)和方案回應(yīng)社區(qū),使社區(qū)對(duì)他們有所了解Make sure the res

8、idents gain all kinds of necessary information they need. 確保居民獲得各種社區(qū)信息8Equity of Access 平等使用圖書(shū)館資源和享受圖書(shū)館服務(wù)的機(jī)會(huì) Gateway to knowledge知識(shí)之門(mén)Lifelong learning提供終身學(xué)習(xí)的資源Intellectual freedom 提供追求知識(shí)的自由Community and information center，meeting the needs of local communities社區(qū)和信息中心Quality of life 提高個(gè)人及社區(qū)的生活質(zhì)量Estab

9、lishing a Public Library公共圖書(shū)館Public Library Services公共圖書(shū)館服務(wù)公共圖書(shū)館八種功能:Community activities Ctr 社區(qū)活動(dòng)中心、Community information Ctr.社區(qū)資訊中心、Formal education support Ctr 正規(guī)教育支持中心、Independent Learning Ctr 獨(dú)立自學(xué)中心、Popular materials library 通俗資料圖書(shū)館、Preschoolers door to learning 學(xué)齡前兒童學(xué)習(xí)入門(mén)、Reference Library 參考圖書(shū)

10、館、Research Ctr. 研究中心10Public Library System美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館管理系統(tǒng)Hierarchy system等級(jí)管理系統(tǒng)There may be one public library in a community or there may be a public library system. A public library system administers 該系統(tǒng)一個(gè)圖書(shū)館，可以包括：central library, 中心圖書(shū)館 Branch library, 分館bookmobile, 流動(dòng)圖書(shū)館books-by-mail service 圖書(shū)郵寄服務(wù)

11、11Public Library 美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館A public library should have: 一個(gè)公共圖書(shū)館應(yīng)有:an organized collection 組織有序的館藏;paid staff;有正式工作人員an established schedule in which services of the staff are available to the public;有正常的業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)間,并有工作人員接待讀者the facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule,有支持館藏,工作人

12、員, 以及開(kāi)館時(shí)間所需要的各種設(shè)施is supported in whole or in part with public funds.有部分或全部來(lái)自公共資金的支持 (IMLS data, 2008)12Public Library美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館There are a total of 9,208 public libraries共有9,208 個(gè)公共圖書(shū)館, There are 819 mobile libraries serving 97% of the population有819個(gè)流動(dòng)圖書(shū)館, 為各州的 97 % 的人口提供圖書(shū)館服務(wù)12 % of the libraries loc

13、ate in a population of more than 50,000 up to 73% of the total population 12% 的公共圖書(shū)館為73 %的人口服務(wù),人口都在 50,000 以上53% of the library reside in city or school districts53%以上的公共圖書(shū)館直屬市區(qū)管轄51% of the libraries open more than 40 hours 51% 的圖書(shū)館每周開(kāi)館時(shí)間在 40 小時(shí)以上140,000 Library staff 有圖書(shū)館工作人員 140,00013Public Librar

14、y美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館Average total staff per 25,000 population 12.18 每25,000人, 有圖書(shū)館工作人員Highest 最高21.66 Ohio, lowest 最低:Arkansas 7.55, Average librarians per 25,000 population 4.06 圖書(shū)館員highest最高8.39 New Hampshire, lowest 最低2.00 N. CarolinaAverage ALA MLS librarians per 25,000 population 2.75 專業(yè)館員Highest 最高5.25 Co

15、nnecticut, lowest最低.84 ArkansasAverage other staff per 25,000 population 8.13 一般工作人員, Highest 最高15.59 Ohio, lowest 最低4.29 Montana14Public Library Management美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館的管理結(jié)構(gòu)Library management system 圖書(shū)館管理結(jié)構(gòu)Library Board of trustees董事會(huì)Library Director 館長(zhǎng)librarians and staff 館員及一般工作人員 Mission圖書(shū)館使命 Policy 政

16、策15Administration - Library Board of trustees行政管理-公共圖書(shū)館董事會(huì)Library board-A board of citizens (supported by national and state level assn ) 圖書(shū)館董事會(huì)Responsibilities 責(zé)任Analysis of community needs 分析社區(qū)需要Hiring recommending the director 挑選推薦館長(zhǎng)Acting in an advocacy role to develop community support for bond

17、 issues and taxation 作為地區(qū)為圖書(shū)館呼吁支持人Budget review and approval 審批預(yù)算Policy review and approval審批政策Commitment to freedom of inquiry and expression 確保自由知尋和表達(dá)Formulation of long-range planning 制做長(zhǎng)期計(jì)劃16Library Director 圖書(shū)館館長(zhǎng)圖書(shū)館館長(zhǎng)Works closely with the library board 圖書(shū)館館長(zhǎng)與董事會(huì)緊密合作 realize the public library

18、mission 實(shí)現(xiàn)公共圖書(shū)館的使命develop long range plans 發(fā)展長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃implement policies for the librarys operations 并執(zhí)行圖書(shū)館的業(yè)務(wù)的各項(xiàng)政策strengthen the relationship between the community and the library and its staff加強(qiáng)社區(qū)和工作人員之間的聯(lián)系。*McCook (2004). Introduction to Public Librarianship, p. 141Library Director Responsibilities 圖書(shū)

19、館館長(zhǎng)責(zé)任圖書(shū)館館長(zhǎng)責(zé)任, 知識(shí)技能知識(shí)技能From leading to organizing 主導(dǎo)規(guī)劃組織Liaison and representative 代言人Managing and planning etc. 規(guī)劃，設(shè)計(jì)Technical, Customer service, Problem-solving ability skills Self-renewal, Risk-takingable to recommend policies, ie, use new technology, evaluate new info. 技術(shù), 客戶服務(wù)解決問(wèn)題, 承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn), 自我更新Peo

20、ples skills, vision, marketing, communication and collaboration人事技巧, 營(yíng)銷能力, 溝通交流能力, 協(xié)作技能18Public Library Staff and Services公共圖書(shū)館員工和服務(wù)Librarians with MLIS from ALA accredited schools 由美圖書(shū)協(xié)會(huì)認(rèn)可的研究院畢業(yè)Other supporting staff 一般人員Library services: 服務(wù)Public service: 公共服務(wù)References 參考咨詢Interlibrary loan 館際互借Y

21、outh services 青少年讀者服務(wù)Adult services 成人讀者服務(wù)19Youth Service at a Public LibraryYouth Service at a Public Library公共圖書(shū)館公共圖書(shū)館青少年讀者服務(wù)Develop and encourage childrens reading habit從小培養(yǎng)和加強(qiáng)兒童的閱讀習(xí)慣;Support independent and formal teaching個(gè)人自學(xué)以及各級(jí)正規(guī)教育;Provide opportunities for creativities 為個(gè)人發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力提供機(jī)會(huì);Stimulate

22、 youths imagination 激發(fā)兒童和青年的想象力Improve awareness and appreciation of cultural differences, art, science, invention and creation 提高對(duì)文化，對(duì)藝術(shù)的鑒賞力以及對(duì)科學(xué)成就和創(chuàng)造發(fā)明的了解Provide path to understand cultural difference, art, science, invention and creation 提供了解各種表演藝術(shù), 文化的途徑;20Youth Services - Professional Associati

23、ons 青少年讀者服務(wù)專業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)qNational Organizations Serving Children and Youth 為兒童和青少年提供服務(wù)的全國(guó)性機(jī)構(gòu) qAmerican Association of School Librarians (AASL) 學(xué)校圖書(shū)館員協(xié)會(huì) qAssociation for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) 教育交流與技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì) qAssociation for Library Services to Children (ALSC) 兒童圖書(shū)館服務(wù)協(xié)會(huì)改進(jìn)和擴(kuò)大針對(duì)兒童（學(xué)齡前兒童到八年級(jí)

24、）的圖書(shū)館服務(wù)qYoung Adult Library Services Association (YALSA) 青年圖書(shū)館服務(wù)協(xié)會(huì)- 宣傳，促進(jìn)，和加強(qiáng)針對(duì)青年人的服務(wù)并支助為這一群組提供服務(wù)的工作人員21Youth Services 青少年讀者服務(wù)Youth education services- 兒童和青少年服務(wù) 教育Parents education- good relationship among the family and between children 家長(zhǎng)教育，發(fā)展與兒童和家庭的良好關(guān)系，Satisfy the literature needs of the communi

25、ty 滿足社區(qū)成員的閱讀需求Basic Literacy services 基礎(chǔ)掃盲服務(wù)Information literacy 信息教育Formal Learning Support 輔助正規(guī)教育22Youth Services 青少年讀者服務(wù)Librarians competencies 圖書(shū)館員資格The Competencies of Childrens Librarian兒童圖書(shū)館員的資格-證書(shū)Knowledge of the readers 了解服務(wù)對(duì)象Administrative & managerial skills行政和管理技能Communication skills

26、 交流技能 Advocacy, public relations & networking宣傳，公關(guān)和建立合作網(wǎng)絡(luò)的能力Professionalism & professional development專業(yè)精神和專業(yè)發(fā)展能力Adult Services 成人讀者服務(wù)Scope: 服務(wù)范圍Finding materials 選擇圖書(shū)館的藏書(shū)Library resources access 提供使用資源的途徑Teaching, reading and consulting 教學(xué),讀者咨詢顧問(wèn)和指導(dǎo)Reference and information 參考和信息服務(wù)Marketing

27、 & community reader services 鼓勵(lì)個(gè)人和社區(qū)團(tuán)體使用圖書(shū)館資源24Adult Services 成人讀者服務(wù)General public every individual 為所有普通人服務(wù)People from different cultures and ethnic groups, 出身于不同文化或不同種族的人People with disabilities 身體有殘障的人(盲人,只具部分視力的人,有聽(tīng)力障礙的人)Homebound/housebound people 不能離開(kāi)住房的人, Institutionally confined people-被

28、隔離的人(醫(yī)院, 或監(jiān)獄等)Adult Services 成人讀者服務(wù)Service for institutions 服務(wù)于所有團(tuán)體Educational institutions 教育團(tuán)體Cultural groups 文化團(tuán)體Public services公益團(tuán)體Business organizations 商業(yè)團(tuán)體And all types of regional or local government entities 各類團(tuán)體的上一級(jí)機(jī)關(guān),如地方政府等Sources of Library Funding 圖書(shū)館資金來(lái)源圖書(shū)館資金來(lái)源Local tax dollars (primar

29、y) taxation 地方稅元（主要）稅收State grants, per capita support material grants lump sum grants 洲政府-人均補(bǔ)助助或一次性補(bǔ)助金Federal library agencies- information access through technology and provision of information access through empowerment聯(lián)邦政府- 通過(guò)圖書(shū)館組織項(xiàng)目-通過(guò)提供技術(shù)信息和信息接入服務(wù)來(lái)提高能力Foundation public and private the Gates pr

30、ogram, community foundations 基金會(huì) 公共私人Individuals 個(gè)人捐款27Source of Library Fund 美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館資金來(lái)源美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館資金來(lái)源Operating revenue運(yùn)營(yíng)資金 (藍(lán)色表示地方來(lái)源，紅色表示州來(lái)源，紫色表示聯(lián)邦來(lái)源，綠色表示其它）28Seeking and Advocating with local officials尋求當(dāng)?shù)毓俜降闹С諴resenting benefits to local government向當(dāng)?shù)卣愂鲋С謭D書(shū)館的利益Supporting the work of local governm

31、ent支持當(dāng)?shù)卣墓ぷ鱑nderstanding local priorities了解當(dāng)?shù)卣┱闹攸c(diǎn)Establishing a relationship與當(dāng)?shù)卣⒘己藐P(guān)系Being clear and to the point Not using library terms要清晰，明確， 扼要 避免使用圖書(shū)館術(shù)語(yǔ)29/Seeking funds - Fund Raising 向個(gè)人和商界籌措資金Identify those who have interests in libraries asking them to donate確認(rèn)對(duì)圖書(shū)館有興趣的個(gè)人和商界團(tuán)體, 對(duì)他們施以開(kāi)導(dǎo)，

32、懇請(qǐng)捐款和溝通Develop long time strategies有長(zhǎng)期發(fā)展策略Use mail, email, phone or in-person communication 利用信件郵遞，電話溝通，或訪談來(lái)懇請(qǐng)捐款Develop collective efforts through the library and library staff 由圖書(shū)館基金會(huì)或單位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)全圖書(shū)館共同努力30Budget and Operating Expenditures美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館美國(guó)公共圖書(shū)館運(yùn)營(yíng)支出Operating expenditures 運(yùn)營(yíng)支出(藍(lán)色部分表示職工薪水，紅色表示館藏，綠色表示

33、其它)31Libraries and political process圖書(shū)館與政治結(jié)構(gòu)Exist within a nested and overlapping structure 存在于各階層的政治重疊的結(jié)構(gòu)中Local, regional, state and national political entities 當(dāng)?shù)?地區(qū),洲 及全國(guó)政治組織Each level, must work hard to educate policymakers about the fiscal and legal needs of libraries 圖書(shū)館人員必須讓每個(gè)政界知道圖書(shū)館的財(cái)經(jīng)與政治需要.

34、ALA public awareness advisory committee -advocacy, workshop and programs 美國(guó)圖書(shū)館提供為圖書(shū)館呼吁的各類活動(dòng).National legislative day in May to talk with representatives and senators library issues每年5月的全國(guó)立法日是大家與參眾議員淡圖書(shū)館的事宜.32The building was designed by the architectural firm of Hammond, Beeby and Babka, now known a

35、s Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge, Inc., winners of a design competition held in 1987 to replace the old central library, It is approximately 756,640square feet (70,294 m2).133Population-服務(wù)人口: 2,896,016Library Branches - 圖書(shū)館圖書(shū)館 79Collection - 藏書(shū)量5,521,854 冊(cè)Visits - 訪問(wèn)圖書(shū)館人次2,860,862Circulation - 圖書(shū)借閱次數(shù)1,5

36、06,293PC usage - 計(jì)算機(jī)使用次數(shù)2,600,000 Children programs: 兒童活動(dòng)參加人次262,208 Where in US is Chicago?34芝加哥公共圖書(shū)館中國(guó)城分館Fate of most public libraries in U.S. is entirely a local matter 大部分公共圖書(shū)館的命運(yùn)掌握當(dāng)政府和居民Chicago Public Library Mayor Richard M. Daley joined Chicago Public Library officials for the 17th Annual Boo

37、kamania event36芝加哥市長(zhǎng)與公共圖書(shū)館官員參加第17屆年度Bookamania在圖書(shū)館與讀者交談圖書(shū)館挑戰(zhàn) Two major challengesStaff management encouraging them so that they are able to do their best.人員管理，激發(fā)工作積極性Budget management so to use financial resources to the best advantage of the library.財(cái)政管理，使財(cái)政資源發(fā)揮最大優(yōu)勢(shì)用于圖書(shū)館37A good organization has pu

38、ts at its heart qualified staff & it is paid competitive salaries with good benefits 以稱職的員工為中心，并支付合理的工資Three processes for managing people 人員管理的三個(gè)核心程序Recruitment, hiring, retention 招聘，雇傭，留住人才Evaluation of employees 工作績(jī)效評(píng)估Disciplining of employees 工作紀(jì)律38Personnel Management 人員管理Personnel Manageme

39、nt人員管理Hiring招聘 人事處Job announcement advertised 發(fā)布招聘廣告Applications reviewed by search committee 招聘委員會(huì)對(duì)工作申請(qǐng)人的評(píng)審Select applicants for interviews 選擇人進(jìn)行面試Successful candidate chosen 錄取最合適人選Job description 崗位職責(zé)描述job analysis and needs of library基于這個(gè)工作崗位的分析和圖書(shū)館本身的需要Qualifications 應(yīng)具備的條件Other information：ben

40、efits, salary， description of the library信息包括福利，工資或者浮動(dòng), 范圍；對(duì)圖書(shū)館的介紹等39招聘廣告招聘廣告二二參考咨詢圖書(shū)館員參考咨詢圖書(shū)館員 Reference and Instruction LibrarianInstitution: Ashland University Posted: January 14, 2010 Location: Ohio Position Description: Non-Tenure Track Website: Ashland University Library

41、seeks an experienced librarian to provide reference and instruction services as part of a three-member reference and instruction team. The position, available April 1, is a 12-month, full-time, non-tenured faculty position that is renewed annually. The successful candidate will teach research and in

42、formation literacy skills to undergraduate and graduate students on Ashlands main campus and at regional sites. Primary responsibilities will include reference service, course-integrated instruction and collection development. The selected candidate will serve as library liaison to several academic

43、departments, working to develop the collection to support the curriculum of assigned departments and to facilitate faculty awareness of library resources and services. Ashland University librarians are non-tenured faculty members who participate in faculty governance and contribute to service activi

44、ties of the Library and the University.Requirements include a Masters Degree in Library Science from an ALA accredited institution; demonstrated commitment to student-centered teaching and library outreach; excellent oral and written communication skills; strong public service ethic; a willingness t

45、o learn new library and teaching technologies; the flexibility to work evenings and weekends and to travel to off-campus university centers; and the ability to work collaboratively in a team environment.Experience with library instruction, familiarity with concepts of information literacy and pedago

46、gy; web design and Library 2.0 skills, and the ability to plan and implement programs is desired. A subject-area masters degree is a plus. Preference will be given to candidates with three or more years of experience as a reference and instruction librarian. Salary is competitive and commensurate wi

47、th experience. Review of applications will begin Feb. 1 and will continue until position is filled.Please mail or email resume and names and contact information of three references to Ed Krakora, director of the Library, at or Ed Krakora, Reference and Instruction Librarian Searc

48、h, Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio 44805. Submission of portfolios with application is encouraged. Ashland University meets fully its obligation of nondiscrimination under federal and state law and is actively committed to diversity in its workplace.招聘廣告招聘廣告一一哥倫比亞大學(xué)東亞圖書(shū)館館長(zhǎng)哥倫比亞大學(xué)東亞圖書(shū)館館長(zhǎng)Director, C.

49、V. Starr East Asian LibraryDirector, C.V. Starr East Asian LibrarySearch Re-openedSearch Re-openedThe Columbia University Libraries invite nominations and applications for the position of Director of the C.V. Starr East Asian Library. The Columbia University Libraries invite nominations and applicat

50、ions for the position of Director of the C.V. Starr East Asian Library. For more information about library collections and services, see For more information about library collections and services, see /cu/lweb/indiv/eastasian/cu/lweb/indiv/eastasian. . Th

51、e C.V. Starr East The C.V. Starr East Asian Library is one of the major collections for the study of East Asia in the United States with approximately 840,000 volumes of Asian Library is one of the major collections for the study of East Asia in the United States with approximately 840,000 volumes o

52、f Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tibetan, and Western language materials and over 7,200 periodical titles. The Director guides collection Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tibetan, and Western language materials and over 7,200 periodical titles. The Director guides collection development, oversees technical an

53、d user services operations, and works closely with faculty and students to help shape the East development, oversees technical and user services operations, and works closely with faculty and students to help shape the East Asian scholarly enterprise at Columbia. Asian scholarly enterprise at Columb

54、ia. In collaboration with instructional technology, preservation, and digital library program units, In collaboration with instructional technology, preservation, and digital library program units, the Director expands access to and preservation of the librarys many unique materials in support of re

55、search, teaching, and learning. the Director expands access to and preservation of the librarys many unique materials in support of research, teaching, and learning. The Director develops external fundraising and grants initiatives, implements outreach activities that advance collections and service

56、s, The Director develops external fundraising and grants initiatives, implements outreach activities that advance collections and services, and develops and maintains international partnerships and agreements related to East Asian library collections. Reporting to the and develops and maintains inte

57、rnational partnerships and agreements related to East Asian library collections. Reporting to the Associate University Librarian for Collections & Services, the Director serves on the Management Committee of the Columbia Associate University Librarian for Collections & Services, the Director

58、 serves on the Management Committee of the Columbia University Libraries and represents Columbia at regional, national and international meetings and organizations, including cooperative University Libraries and represents Columbia at regional, national and international meetings and organizations,

59、including cooperative resource sharing programs for East Asian libraries. The Director manages a materials budget of $2.6 million and leads a staff of 22 resource sharing programs for East Asian libraries. The Director manages a materials budget of $2.6 million and leads a staff of 22 FTE. The succe

60、ssful candidate will have: a strong scholarly background in East Asian Studies an accredited MLS or PhD in a FTE. The successful candidate will have: a strong scholarly background in East Asian Studies an accredited MLS or PhD in a relevant subject area or an equivalent combination of education and experience the demonstrated a