1、第一章第一章 翻譯的性質(zhì)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及要求翻譯的性質(zhì)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及要求 青島濱海學(xué)院教師教案青島濱海學(xué)院教師教案前 言 教學(xué)課時(shí)兩課時(shí) 目的要求要求學(xué)生對(duì)我國翻譯史有一個(gè)初步對(duì)了解；了解翻譯對(duì)性質(zhì)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求。 教學(xué)重點(diǎn) 翻譯的性質(zhì)，標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 教學(xué)難點(diǎn) 本章的實(shí)踐部分 Part One 理論 (Theory) （45min.） 翻譯的性質(zhì) 翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 翻譯的要求 翻譯的性質(zhì) 翻譯是一種語言活動(dòng)過程，又是該活動(dòng)的結(jié)果。翻譯是通過語言機(jī)制的轉(zhuǎn)換或溝通自身文化和異國文化的橋梁；翻譯是具有不同文化背景的人互相交際、交流思想、達(dá)到互相理解的媒介。 總之，翻譯是一種融理論、技能、藝術(shù)于一體的語言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。翻譯的性質(zhì)翻譯的

2、類型 按翻譯手段，可分為口譯、筆譯和機(jī)器翻譯。 按源出語和目的語，可分為語際翻譯、語內(nèi)翻譯和符際翻譯。 按翻譯題材，可分政論翻譯、應(yīng)用文翻譯、科技翻譯、文學(xué)翻譯等。 按照穆雷教授的分法，翻譯可以分為一下幾類： 按翻譯主體的性質(zhì)來分：人工翻譯、機(jī)器翻譯 按工作方式來分：口譯、筆譯 按翻譯的材料來分：文學(xué)翻譯（包括詩歌、小說、戲劇等文學(xué)作品）和實(shí)用翻譯（包括科技、商務(wù)、新聞、法律等自來哦的翻譯） 按處理的方式來分：全文翻譯、摘譯、編譯、改譯、綜譯 按翻譯技巧來分：直譯、意譯、音譯 按翻譯原則方向來分：異化翻譯、歸化翻譯 按翻譯的目的來分：交際翻譯、語義翻譯 按翻譯的效果來分：顯性翻譯、隱性翻譯翻譯

3、的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名家談翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 嚴(yán)復(fù)：信、達(dá)、雅 魯迅：寧信而不順（直譯） 許淵沖：詩歌翻譯的三原則 “三美”(意美、音美、形美) “三化”（等化、淺化、深化） 林語堂：音美、意美、神美、氣美、形美 郭沫若：好的翻譯等于創(chuàng)作 朱光潛：譯者“須設(shè)身處地在作者的地位，透入作者的新竅，和他同樣感，同樣想，同樣地努力使所感所想凝定于語文”。 傅雷：以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不在于形似而在于神似。 錢鐘書：文學(xué)翻譯的最高理想可以說是“化境”，把作品從一國文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國文字，既不能因語文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原作的風(fēng)味，那就算得入與“化境”。翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名家談翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 辜正坤：

4、翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)多元互補(bǔ)論：翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是多元的而非一元的；翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)既是多元的，又是一個(gè)有機(jī)的然而變動(dòng)不居的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系統(tǒng)。在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是最佳近似度。最佳近似度是一個(gè)形同虛構(gòu)的抽象標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，真正有實(shí)際意義的是一大群具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中又有主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和次要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的區(qū)別；多元翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是互補(bǔ)的。 奈達(dá)（美國）：動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等：譯文讀者或譯入語聽眾對(duì)于譯文或譯語的反應(yīng)，要和原文的讀者或原文講話聽眾對(duì)于原文或原文講話的反應(yīng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，如果大體一致，就是質(zhì)量上乘的譯文。 泰勒（美國）翻譯三原則：要將原作的意思全部轉(zhuǎn)移到譯文上來；譯文應(yīng)具備原作的風(fēng)格和文體；譯文和原作要同樣的流暢。國際譯聯(lián)的翻譯工作者章程指出：“譯文應(yīng)忠實(shí)于原

5、文，準(zhǔn)確表現(xiàn)原作的思想與形式。”綜上所述，忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確、通順流暢和風(fēng)格得體是所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的共核，三者的次序不能顛倒。 翻譯的要求 堅(jiān)持洋為中用的原則，根據(jù)我國的國情，選擇那些好的和比較好的作品進(jìn)行譯介； 不斷提高本民族語言和被譯語言的修養(yǎng)和駕馭能力，不斷用語言學(xué)、邏輯學(xué)、修辭學(xué)、美學(xué)等方面的新知識(shí)豐富自己； 對(duì)原作及原作作者進(jìn)行認(rèn)真地科學(xué)研究，把握作者所處的時(shí)代特點(diǎn)和原作產(chǎn)生的時(shí)代背景； “耽于道術(shù)，淡于名利，不欲高炫”。（彥琮）Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 1. Considering its lack of training, ou

6、r team has acquitted itself well. 2. He would be quite a likeable fellow if only he wouldnt act the goat so much. 3. The management instituted (建立) a system of consultation with the staff so that any grievances might be aired（宣揚(yáng)）. 4. We didnt take his expression of interest in our ideas too seriousl

7、y, for we suspected he was merely angling for praise.鑒于我們隊(duì)缺乏訓(xùn)練，其表現(xiàn)已經(jīng)不錯(cuò)了。如果他不搞惡作劇，他是一個(gè)討人喜歡的小伙子。管理部門建立了與職工協(xié)商的制度，不管有何不平，均可言明。盡管他說對(duì)我們的想法頗感興趣，我們卻不能當(dāng)真，因?yàn)槲覀儜岩伤麅H僅是沽名釣譽(yù)。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 5. He wouldnt have done it of his own will, but he was argued into it by his wife. 6. Wherev

8、er she went she was attended on by a large number of followers and servants. 7. The director of the operation called his team together so that he could brief them. 8. You never realize how fortunate you are to have good health until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering.若不是妻子說

9、服了他，他是不會(huì)自愿做的。不管她走到哪里，隨從和傭人都是前呼后擁。行動(dòng)計(jì)劃主任把手下集合起來，以便簡單介紹一下情況。除非你突然親眼目睹體弱多病之苦，不然，你不會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到有一個(gè)健康的身體是何等有幸。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 9. The amount which is brought in by the rents of those few cottages is almost negligible when income tax and the cost of repairs are deducted. 10. He was

10、strolling aimlessly along the street, when he was suddenly brought up by a notice in a shop window. 11. The magistrate brushed aside the suggestion that the policeman might have been mistaken about the speed at which the car was going. 12. His kidnappers threatened to bump him off if he did not tell

11、 them where the secret papers were hidden.扣除收入所得稅和房屋修繕費(fèi)，這幾間小別墅的租金收入幾乎是微不足道。他在大街上毫無目的地漫步時(shí)，突然被商店櫥窗上的一則告示吸引住了。有人提出可能是警察高錯(cuò)了那輛轎車的行駛速度，法官對(duì)此沒有理會(huì)。綁架者揚(yáng)言要結(jié)果了他，如果他不告訴他們秘密文件藏在哪里的話。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 13. He burned his fingers badly, though we warned him against it. He lost nearly all

12、 his money he had invested. 14. He is the kind of person who will always butter up those who he thinks can be of any use to him. 15. Philip tried to get me interested in a scheme for producing a new synthetic fiber, but I wasnt buying it. 16. It is time the nations of the world called a halt to the

13、manufacture of nuclear weapons.他吃盡了魯莽的苦頭，盡管我們告誡過他。他投進(jìn)的錢幾乎都陪上了。他是這樣一種人，總是巴結(jié)他認(rèn)為對(duì)自己有用的人。菲利普力圖使我對(duì)生產(chǎn)新合成纖維的計(jì)劃產(chǎn)生興趣，但是我未上他的當(dāng)。現(xiàn)在是世界各國停止造核武器的時(shí)候了。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第1組） 17. As soon as the proprietors （經(jīng)營者） attention was called to the dangerous state of the staircase, he promised to hav

14、e it repaired. 18. After I had told my story, someone else capped it with one that set the table in a roar. 19. He will end in the bankruptcy court at the rate he is carrying on. 20. Roy, a college graduate, make it his mission to save the endangered owls and begins to team up with a number of young

15、 people with hands-on experience. 人們提醒房東注意樓梯的危險(xiǎn)情況，房東即刻答應(yīng)修一修。我講了一個(gè)故事，接著，另外一個(gè)人講了一個(gè)更蓋帽的，引得哄堂大笑。照他這樣下去，他終將出現(xiàn)在破產(chǎn)法庭上。羅伊是位大學(xué)畢業(yè)生。他以拯救瀕危貓頭鷹為使命，并為此開始與一批有實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的青年?duì)渴帧art Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 1. Half the price money he spent, and the rest was laid aside for a rainy day. 2. The Opposition sp

16、eaker accused the British Government of leading the country up the garden path on the question of civil defence. 3. Let me catch those boys stealing my apples again, and Ill set the dog on them. 4. The Thompsons had a new suite of furniture not so long ago, and now theyve got a new car; things must

17、be looking up with them.他先花掉獎(jiǎng)金的一半，另一半留待困難之時(shí)。反對(duì)黨發(fā)言人指責(zé)英國政府在民防問題上把國家引入歧途。如果讓我再抓住那些偷蘋果的孩子，我將放狗咬他們。湯普森夫婦不久前添置了一套新家具，現(xiàn)在又買了一輛新車，他們家的情況一定是好轉(zhuǎn)起來了。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 5. I might have got more for those shares if I had kept them a little longer, but Ive made a profit on them. 6. I sh

18、all have to pay the bill some time, so I may as well pay it now. 7. If we had brought out this product six months ago, we should probably have a large sale for it, but now weve missed the boat; our competitions have captured the market. 8. Smith is in for trouble now; he was nailed using a crib in t

19、he English examination. 那些股票若再晚一點(diǎn)賣掉，我或許賺得更多；不過，我還是賺了。遲早我得付帳，不如現(xiàn)在就付。若在六個(gè)月之前生產(chǎn)這種產(chǎn)品，我們現(xiàn)在就可能獲得很大的銷路；可是我們坐失了良機(jī)，市場(chǎng)被我們的競(jìng)爭對(duì)手占領(lǐng)了。史密斯招來了麻煩，因?yàn)樗谟⒄Z考試中作弊被抓。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 9. The counterfeit banknotes were palmed off(蒙混) on the unsuspecting customers. 10. Tom complained that the t

20、eacher was always picking on him, while others who were equally to blame got off scot-free. 11. If you need to be put in the picture, ask Mr. Jackson; hell give you the facts of the case. 12. Putting two and two together, I should say he was the culprit.那幾張假鈔被塞給了毫無懷疑的顧客。湯姆抱怨，老師總是找他的茬，而其他應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備的同學(xué)卻萬事

21、大吉。如果你需要了解情況，請(qǐng)問杰克遜先生吧，他會(huì)把有關(guān)事實(shí)告訴你的。從這些事實(shí)判斷，他就是肇事者。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 13. It should be evident to anyone who can read the writing on the wall that Britain is not on the mending, but faces a period of economic difficulties. 14. Some differences are of a kind that cannot, an

22、d should not, be sunk; differences on moral grounds, for instance. 15. Will customers please take note that from next Monday this shop will close at 5 p.m. 16. I was agreeably surprised by the address tonight, I had never thought much of Thompson as a public speaker, but he certainly rose to the occ

23、asion.對(duì)一個(gè)有洞察力的人來說，顯然英國不是在復(fù)興，而是面臨一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)期。有些分歧是不能，而且也不應(yīng)該忽略不計(jì)的，譬如道德分歧就是如此。恭請(qǐng)各位顧客注意：自下星期一起，該店于下午5時(shí)停止?fàn)I業(yè)。今晚的演講讓我感到驚喜。我一直大不相信湯普森適合當(dāng)眾演講，可現(xiàn)在看來他的確行。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第2組） 17. The price of vegetables has rocketed recently. 18. Chinas entry into WTO and the awarding of the 2008 Summer

24、Olympics to Beijing have caused many developers to push their way into the citys property market. 19. I am not going to risk being run down before my friends by a fellow I despise(輕視) 20. My hat is off to these workers who have a high sense of the protection of ecology and environment.近來蔬菜價(jià)格出現(xiàn)暴漲。 中國

25、加入世貿(mào)組織，北京榮獲2008年夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)舉辦權(quán)，促使許多房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)商擠入北京市場(chǎng)。我不想當(dāng)著朋友的面冒險(xiǎn)讓一個(gè)我鄙視的人貶低我。那些工人具有很高的生態(tài)和環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)，我很佩服。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第3組） 1. Owing to the falling of the orders, the firm is having to sack a number of its employees. 2. My father and I have never seen eye to eye where business is concer

26、ned. 3. Now weve been here so long well see the summer out before we go back to town. 4. The Old Year was seen out in the traditional fashion, by the singing of “Auld Lang Syne”.由于訂單減少，公司正要裁減一批雇員。在生意問題上，我和父親從未有過共識(shí)。我們?cè)谶@兒待的時(shí)間很長了；夏天過后，我們就回城。人們按照傳統(tǒng)的方式，在憶往昔的歌聲中送走了過去的一年。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下

27、列各句譯成漢語（第3組） 5. He always insisted that we know our jobs in the most minute detail, which is really a necessary basic characteristic of good divers. 6. He always looked into my eyes, and he never smiled. I was saturated with cold sweat. 7. In South Korea, it is common to see jobless people in suits

28、and ties wandering around public parks and railway stations. 8. A burgeoning economy with relatively low unemployment rates-at least in the 1960s and early 1970s attenuated（削弱）what could have been a continuing and bitter racial struggle for scarce jobs.他總是要求我們了解自己工作的瑣細(xì)末節(jié)，因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的潛水員必要的條件。他老是注視著我的眼睛

29、，沒有一絲笑意，令我渾身上下冷汗涔涔（cen）。在韓國，常常可以看見西裝革履的無業(yè)人員在公園或車站轉(zhuǎn)來轉(zhuǎn)去。一個(gè)迅速發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)加上相對(duì)低的失業(yè)率，緩解了為搶飯碗而可能演變成持久激烈的種族斗爭，至少在20實(shí)際60年代和70年代初期是這樣的。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第3組） 9. Piled on a table were departmental funding requests that amounted to more than half again as much as money would be available. 10.

30、 It is gratifying to discover the great interest which foreign leaders displayed in having the governor of an American state in their country. 11. My investments in that company can longer be reckoned （估計(jì)）on as a source of income. 12. He allowed his abilities to run to seed.桌面上堆滿了各部門的經(jīng)費(fèi)要求報(bào)告，總金額比可能提供

31、的款額多一半以上。我們高興地看到，一些外國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(duì)一位美國州長訪問他們的國家深感興趣。不能指望我在那個(gè)公司的投資是一個(gè)收入來源了。他白白浪費(fèi)了他的才干。Part Two 實(shí)踐 (Practice) (40min.) 請(qǐng)將下列各句譯成漢語（第3組） 13. In order to overcome transport difficulties, it is suggested that firms should stagger （交錯(cuò)）working hours. 14. Ive no objection to your having an hour off to go shopping if you can get anyone to stand in for you. 15. There are a number of eminent personalities at the dinner, but the one who stole the limelight was ninety-year-old Mr.S., the only surviving founder-member of the societ