1、lessononeThedeve1opmentofaircargo航空貨運得發(fā)展Smal1packageservice:Aspecializedserviceguaranteeingthedeliveryofsmal1parcelswithinspecifiedexpresstimelimits,e、g、samedayornextday、Thistrafficissubjecttosizeandweightlimitations>Mostpassengeraircarriersalsoprovidethisserviceatairportticketcounterswithdeliver

2、yatdestinationbaggagec1aimarea、It'softenreferredtoascountertocounter、Tonmile:Themonmeasurementoftransportationproductivity、Onetonmilemeansonetonofcargoflownonemile、Allcargoaircraft:Aircraftforthecarriageofcargoon1y,ratherthanthebinationofpassengersandcargo、Cargoaircraftcarrypalletizedorcontainer

3、izedtrafficonthemaindeckandeitherunitizedorbu1kcargoonthelowerdeck、Cargoaircraftarenormallyequippedwithspecialcargoloadingsystemsonthemaindeck、Alsoreferredtoasfreighters、TEXTThetermaircargoisgenerallyusedinthebroadsense,toincludeairfreight,mai1,andthesevera1typesofexpeditedsmallpackageservices、Insho

4、rt,almosteverythingthatgoesinthecargopartmentonapassengerflightisconsideredaircargo,exceptpassengerbaggage,whichistreatedaspartofthepassenger、Theair1inegottheirstartcarryingmail,thenprogressedintothepassengerbusinessandmovedtosubstantialparticipationinthefreightbusiness、Yetalthoughitwasthelateer,air

5、freightwasoncethefastestgrowingsegmentoftheair1ineindustry、From1961through1971,thetonmilesoffreightcarriedbyUSscheduledairlineshadnear1yafivefoldincrease,whilepassengermilesincreasedalittleoverthreefold、The1970sshowedslowerbutsteadygrowth,abouta67percentincreaseoverthedecadeforton-miilesofairfreight

6、、Inthe1980ssmallpackageexpressservicesgrewrapidlyanddataforthatdecadereflectfreightandexpressbined、Theyshowan85percentincreaseintonmilesinthetenyears、Mostrecentfiguresshowanincreaseof11、5percentfrom1990-1993、Butitwouldbeamistaketodowngradetheimportanceofaircargoonlybecauseitisasmal1businessparedwith

7、thepassengerbusiness、Becauseofitsspeed,andbecauseofthemanysavingsderivingfromspeed,aircargoservicehasbeevaluabletomanufactures,toretailers,andtoconsumers、Amanufacturerofappliancesmayre1yontheairlinesfordeliveryofponents,whileretailersmayuseairformovingmuchoftheirmerchandisetotheirscatteredout1ets、Th

8、econsumermaybenefitinmanyways,suchasquickreceiptofurgentlyneededgoods、Theconsumera1sobenefitsindirectlytotheextentthatuseofairmayinvolveandoverallcostsavinginthemanufactureanddistributionofgoods、Manyairlinesspecia1izeincarryingcargo、Butmuchcargoiscarriedbyregularpassengerairlines,whichmeansmostcargo

9、todaytravelsinthecargoholdsonpassengerflights,ratherthanall-cargoaircraft、In1949theCivilAeronauticsBoard(CAB)establishedaclassofairlinecal1edcertificatedcargocarriers、Theonememberofthatsurvivedintothe1980swastheflyingtigerline,whichdevelopedalargeworldwidenetworkand,foratime,wastheworid'slargest

10、carrierofairfreight、In1989itwasacquiredbythesmal1packagecarrierfederalexpress、The1970sand1980ssawaremarkablegrowthinsmallpackagetraffic、The1990s,however,haveseensmal1packagecarriersexpandintotheairfreightbusiness,themergerofFederalExpresswithFlyingTigerbeingconsistentwiththistrend、Thetermintegratedc

11、arrierwasinitiallyusedforsma1l-packagecarriersusingtheirowntrucksforpickupanddeliverown a i rcrafty-"integrated"inthesenseofone-anyservicefromdoortodoor、Notonlyhavethesecarriersbeenexpandingintoairfreight,manyairfreightforwardsnowoperatetheirnd p r o v ide one-panyintegrated"service、T

12、hetermisnowingtobeusedtodistinguishtheairlinethatcarrieson1ycargofromthebinationcarrierthatisprimarilyinthepassengerbusinessandtakescargoasasideline、lessontwoAirFreight航空運費Airwaybill:Thedocumentmadebyoronbehalf。ftheshipperwhichisadocumentaryevidenceofcarrier'sandshipper'ssignaturetothecontra

13、ctofcarriage、Shipment:Alsoknownasconsignment、Oneormorepiecesoffreightbeingtransportedunderthecontractedauthorityofoneairwaybi11CustomsBroker:anagentspecializedininboundcustomsc1earanceContainer:Aunitloaddevice(ULD)inwhichaconsignmentcanbetransported、TEXTThemovementoffreightbyairismoreplicatedthanthe

14、movementofpassengersbyair、Everypieceoffreighthastobecarefully1abeledandtransportedfromplacetoplace、Inaddition,therearemoreplicatedgovernmentregulationsforinternationalshipmentoffreightthanforpassengers、Becauseofthesep1ications,mostairfreightshipmentsarehandledbyfreightforwardingagencies,whichfi1lafu

15、nctionsimilartothatperformedbytrave1agenciesforpassengers、Inotherwords,theytakecareofmakingallthenecessaryarrangementssothatthecustomerisnotbotheredwithmanyofthedetails、Theairfreightagentdoesmostofhisworkbytelephone、Let'ssupposethatashippingc1erkcallsinfromapanythatsendsalargenumberofshipmentsby

16、air、Theairfreightagentassignsanairwaybil1numbertotheshipment、Thenhearrangesforpickupoftheshipment、Hecanalsobooktheshipmentonwhateverf1ightsarenecessary、Whentheshipmentisreceivedbytheair1ine,eachpieceismarkedwiththeairwaybillnumberforidentification、Airfreightiscarriedeitherinthebaggagepartmentofaregu

17、larpassengerflight,orbyfreightswhichhavebeenespecia1lydesignedoradaptedforcarryingcargo、Thefreightersusual1yoperatebetweenmajorshippingpoints、Thechargesonairfreightaredeterminedeitherbyweightorweightplusvo1ume-thatis,bythesizeofthepiecesintheshipment、Generally,acertainnumberofcubicinchesisconsidered

18、theequivalentofapoundofweight>Oninternationalshipments,theshipperisatpresentallowed194cubicinchesforeachpound、1fhecxceedsthevolumeallowanee,hepaysahigherrate、Withpassengers,thefarefortheflightisalmostalwayspaidinadvance、Withfreight,howevertheairlinecanacceptpaymentondelivery,thisiscustomarywithla

19、rge,frequentshippers、Amenberofthegeneralpublicwhoisshippingpersona1effectswouldprobablybeaskedtoprepay、Inregardtointernationalshipments,however,somecountriesdonotpermitandshipmentsexceptthosethathavebeenprepaid,no matter w ho the s hi p pe rW i th a memb r of the y u n abl eto assig n ane rta i n th

20、e c h arge s , or pecific fli g hts unti 1 the th e airline , w h en it iso s ee if it is a d e q u ately i s ma r king a fir st timei s、public, t h e agen t is probabla i r way bill n u mber, a s cb ook the shipm e nt on sshipm e n t has been receiv e d by we i g he d , and c heck e d tpacked、When

21、a pan yf i t i s an inte r national g e nt mi g ht remend a freig p t h e s h ipp e r w i th al cumentation , i n su r a n ce ,In ad d i tio n to the fr e s, th e sh i pping b us i o a n oth e r o cc u pa t ion cus t o ms broker giv e s assis h i p pers b o th in gettings hipme n t, particu 1 a r 1

22、y i shipmen t , the a ir line a h t for war d ing agency to hel 1 the p r oble m s o f do a nd so on、e i ght forwardi n g a g enci n e s s has a 1 so given r i se t ,th e c u st o ms broker、 The tan c e to in te rnat i ona 1 sn e c essarydocumen tati o nforoutgoingshipmentsandingettinginingshipments

23、,throughcustomsformalities、Inalmostallcountries,iningfreightmustgothroughcustoms,beforeitcanbereleasedtotheconsignee、Freightusua1lymustbeopenedandinspectedinthepresenceoftheconsigneeorhisrepresentative、Thisisoneofthejobsperformedbyacustsbroker、Theairwaybillisthemostimportantdocumentintheshippingofai

24、rfreight、Themonpracticeonmostairlinesistomarkeachpieceoffreightintheshipmentwithanairwaybillnumber、Itisaplicateddocument、Thereareusuallyasmanyastwelvecopiesofeachairwaybil1、Copiesgototheshipper,theconsignee,andeachairlineonwhichthefreighttraveIs、Theairwaybillshowsthevalueoftheshipment,thecharges,the

25、insurance,theflightsonwhichthefreightisbeingshipped,andotherinformation、Theentirebusinessofshippingfreightisap1icatedone、Inadditiontotheroutineofarrangingforco1lectionandde1ivery,bookingtheshipmentsonflights,andfillingoutairwaybi11,thefreightagentisalsoinvolvedinsuchprob1emsastracinglostorstrayedshi

26、pmentsanddealingwithc1aimsondamagedshipments、Hemusta1sobeacquaintedwiththespecial services that hiairline offers, s uch ascontainerizedservice,inwhichtheairlineprovidestheshipperwithspecialcontainers、Airfreight,willprobab1ymakeupa1argeshareofthetotalairlinebusinessinthefuture、Airlinesgenerallymakea1

27、argerprofitcarryingfreightthanpassengers,afact,whichguaranteesthegrowthofairfreightservices、lessonthre；Typesofcarriers承運人類型SpecialtermsIntegratedcarrier:Acarrierthatprovidesdoortodooraircargotransportationusingitsownorcontractedairplanesandmotortrucks,andperformsthisserviceundertheauthorityofasing1e

28、airwaybill(e、g、UnitedParce1serviceandFedera1Express)、binationCarrier:Scheduledaircarrierswhotransportbothpassengersandcargoinpassengerconfiguredaircraft,withcargorestrictedtothelowerdeckpartments、Belly:AlsoknownasPitsorHolds、partments1ocatedbeneaththecabinofanaircraftandusedforthecarriageofcargoandp

29、assengerbaggage、PickupandDelivery:Anoptiona1serviceforthesurfacetransportofshipmentsfromshipper'sdocktooriginationairtermina1andformtheairterminalofdestinationtoreceiver'sdock、Forairfreight,anadditionalchargeisusuallyassessed、Itmaybeprovidedbyanfreightforwarder,anintegratedcarrier,orbyaninde

30、pendenttruckoperator、AirporttoAirport:Aircargoservicefromairportoforigintoairportofdestination,withoutpick-upandde1iveryservice、DoortoDoor:Transportationofashipmentfromtheshipperspremises(factory,store,warehouse,etc、)totheconsignee'spremises、TEXTTheaircargoindustryincludesthreetypesofcarriers:in

31、tegratedcarriers,binationcarriersandconventionalallcargocarriers、IntegratedcarriersIn t eg r a ted ca r ri e rs, al s ocal 1 e de x pr e ss ca rri e rs, op e rate door t o -doorf r eigh t t r ansportation net works that inclu d eal 1 c aro aircraft ，delivery ve h icle s ,so r tin g hu b sand a dvan

32、c e dinformationsystems、Thesecarriersoperatetheirownaircrafttoensureadequatecapacityandservicereliability,althoughtheyalsousethebellycargospaceofpassengeraircrafttosupplementtheirowncapacityandprovideinternationa1service、TheU、S、expresscarriersincludeFexEx,UnitedParcelService(UPS),AirborneExpress,DHL

33、Airways,EmeryWorldwide,andBurlingtonAirExpress、binationcarriersAsecondmajortypeofcargocarrieristhebinationcarrier,whichcarrierspassengersandcargo、Thecarriersprimarilyofferpoint-to-pointserviceonawhole-salebasis,relyingonfreightforwardersforpickupandde1ivery,salestoshippersandcustomerservice、Becauset

34、hepassengerplanebellyspacethatrepresentsmuh of theicargocapacityisaaco-productofpassengerservice,binationcarriercargoserviceshavealowmarginalcostandthususua1lyoffermuchlowerpricesthanexpresscarriers、Althoughvirtua1lyallpassengerair1ineshandlesomecargo,theimpottanceofthecargobusinessvariessubstantial

35、lyfromairlinetoairline、ManylargeAsianandEuropeancarriers、includingKoreanAir,CathayPacificAirways,Lufthansa,andAirFrance,operatefleetsoffreighteraircrafttosupp1ementtheirbellycargocapacity、Allcargoairlinesfor other ai rline s、Two of th e conve n tionalca r rThethirdtypeofcargocarrieristheall-cargoair

36、line,whichoperatesavarietyofcargoservices、Some,includingAmericanInternationa1Airways,ChallengeAirCargo,andPolarAirCargo,providepointtopointserviceforairfreightforwarders,eitherasmoncarriersorunderguaranteedspaceagreement、Others,likeAtlasAirandAirTranspottinternational,primari1yoperateaircraftonacont

37、ractbasisiers,AtlasandPolar,specializeininternational747freighterserviceandareamongthefastestgrowingcargocarriersintheworId、Today,theU、S、expresscarriersholdatwo-thirdsmarketshareandover80percentofdomesticairfreightrevenues、Theintegratedcarriershavesuccessfullyfo1lowedthestrategyofofferingsuperiorser

38、viceatapremiumprice、Byprovidingtimedefinite,guaranteeddoor-todoorservicesupportedbyreal-timeshipmenttrackingservice,theyareab1etogenerateayieldofabout$2、00to$2、50perpoundfordomesticshipments、Theirleadingpetitors,thebinationcarriers,supplyairportto-airportserviceprimari1yonaspaceavai1ablebasis,usual1

39、yprovidenoserviceguarantees,offerlittleornotrackingcapability,andtypica1lyearn$0、30to$0、40perpoundfordomesticfreight、ThemostimportantpetitiveresponsebyU、S、binationearriersisthetrendtowardcontractingoutairportcargoservices、Thismayincr e as e airline cargprofitabi1itybyreducinglborcosts,butitwillnothe

40、lpthebinationcarriersregainmarketshareandmaycauseafurtherdropinshareifit1owerstheirservicequa1ity、LessonFourAirFreightForwarders航空貨代SpecialTermsConsolidator:Anentitythatprovidesconsolidationservices,joiningmultipleshipmentsintoasingleshipmentforanaircarrier、AnAirFreightForwarderperformsthefunctionof

41、aconso1idator、Consolidatedconsignment:aconsignmentofmultipackageswhichhasbeenoriginatedfrommorethanonepersoneachofwhomhasmadeanagreementforcarriagebyairwithanotherpersonotherthanascheduledaircarrier、Containerization:Thepracticeortechniqueofusingaboxlikedevice(containers)inwhichanumberofpackagesarest

42、ored,protected,andhandledasasing1eunitintransit、Consignor:Equiva1enttotheterm“Shipper",meansthepersonwhosenameappearsontheAWBasthepartycontractingwiththecarriersforcarriageofgoods、Consignee:ThepersonwhosenameappearsontheAWBasthepartytowhomthegoodsaretobedeliveredbythecarrier、TextTheairportto-airportoffreightisonlypartoftheaircargosys