1、外文翻譯Crank the engine of development of processing technology trendsAfter entering the 21st century, the engine crankshaft manufacture process, tools in all aspects. Leadership for nearly half a century of many knives cutting process and manual process, due to the low and the poor flexible machining

2、precision, is gradually from the stage of history. High-speed, high efficient compound processing technology and equipment quickly into the automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, high efficient compound processing technology in the crankshaft production process in a degree of application, an

3、d will be the inevitable developing trend.The crankshaft processing technology and equipment statusAt present, the domestic older crankshaft production by ordinary machine and the most special machine, production efficiency and automation is relatively low. Balancing device generally adopted the cra

4、nkshaft lathe cutting knife shaft neck and neck connecting shaft, working procedure quality stability, easy to produce large processing stress, difficult to achieve reasonable limits.but. Widely used as ordinary precision MQ8260 crankshaft grinding machine for the coarse grinding and fine grinding,

5、polishing, grinding, usually by artificial operation, the processing quality instability, dimension tolerance.One of the main characteristics of old line is too common, processing equipment, ductile iron crankshaft assembly line has 35 to 40 sets of equipment. The author examines the domestic a cran

6、kshaft forging steel production, the neck and the milling spindles and nc precise neck connecting shaft neck and neck car after a number of processes to finishing processes. Grinding side So this line of more than 60 sets of equipment, product line, site turnaround occupied large area, the productio

7、n efficiency is completely by multiple devices decomposition processes and allowance to improve.But today's car engine crankshaft manufacture is facing the following problemsIt is based on the above situation, since the beginning of the 21st century, high-speed, high precision, high efficient co

8、mpound processing technology and equipment in automobile crankshaft manufacture rapidly, production efficiency improved, so the crankshaft production line production equipment engine number was reduced. The author once in a car engine crankshaft production line equipment, including heat treatment, s

9、urface strengthening) only 13 equipment, product line, short cycle of high efficiency, easy machining quality control.The crankshaft compound machining technology developmentIn the late 1980s, Germany BOEHRINGER company and HELLER company developed perfect crankshaft car - car pulled machine, this p

10、rocess is turning process and crankshaft crankshaft wheeled craft perfect combination, high production efficiency and machining precision, good flexibility, high automation degree, in short time, especially for the sword of the crankshaft is heavy cutting groove, processing can be directly after the

11、 crankshaft jingmo, save the coarse grinding process. Therefore, the crankshaft car - car pull processing technology is an international popular in balancing the crankshaft processing.In the mid 1990s appeared new CNC milling machine makes the crankshaft high-speed balancing process and the cranksha

12、ft on a new step. CNC milling and CNC within the crankshaft speed milling, internal and external crankshaft mill has disadvantages: not easy to knife and cutting speed is low (usually less than 160m/min), the cutting time longer, more investment, circulation machine for a long time. And CNC milling

13、speed, has the following advantages of the crankshaft, high speed cutting ($350m/min), cutting time is shorter, process cycle time is shorter, cutting force is lesser, low temperature workpiece, the tool life, high in fewer knife, machining accuracy is higher, flexible better. Therefore, CNC milling

14、 is outside the crankshaft high-speed balancing the development direction of the crankshaft. According to expert introduction, crankshaft car, car, suitable for shaft neck is heavy cutting groove, the balance blocks side of the crankshaft; without processing But the milling process is not high axial

15、 have heavy cutting slots of the crankshaft. The milling machine for Germany BOEHRINGER company VDF 315 OM - 4 with the high-speed milling machine, it is specially designed for the German BOEHRINGER automobile engine crankshaft design and manufacture of CNC milling machine, the flexible application

16、of workpiece and milling equipment for servo control technology, can a year-end clamping don't change the crankshaft rotary center, and following the crankshaft connecting shaft neck milling. VDF 315 OM - 4 with high-speed milling and integration of the composite structure of bed, workpiece, ele

17、ctronic synchronization driver ends with dry cutting machining, high precision, high efficient cutting, This machine use 840D CNC control system, SIEMENS through input parts of basic parameters can be automatically generate processing procedure, can be processed in length and diameter of 4.5-700mm 3

18、80mm in all kinds of crankshaft connecting within its axis, ± 0.02 mm diameter error for.By comparison, balancing the popular process of crankshaft is: by car and main journal and high-speed milling process, the neck and the high speed milling speed servo tend to outside, adopt dry milling mach

19、ining. Because the overseas such equipment, product processing cost price is expensive, some domestic tool manufacturers (e.g., qinghai second machine manufacturing Co., LTD) successively developed nc crankshaft lathe, milling machine, high-speed nc crankshaft lathe, nc crankshaft car special machin

20、e.The crankshaft grinding precision CNC cylindrical grinder with domestic situation has quite common, product processing precision has considerable improvement. To meet the increasing demands of the crankshaft, crankshaft grinding machining forward high requirements. In addition to modern crankshaft

21、 grinding machine with high static, dynamic stiffness and high machining accuracy, still require a high grinding efficiency and more flexible. In recent years, the more the requirement of crankshaft grinding machine with stable machining precision of the crankshaft grinding machine, therefore, provi

22、ded the process capability coefficient, which means 1.67 experiment.it Cp requirement of crankshaft grinding machine processing tolerance than the crankshaft given half of tolerance. With modern drive and control technology, measurement and control (cubicborazin CBN grinding and advanced machine), t

23、he application of components for crankshaft grinding high-precision grinding efficiency, created conditions. As a kind of connecting with the grinding process neck. It reflects the comprehensive application of these new technologies specific results achieved. With this technology can significantly i

24、mprove grinding crankshaft connecting the grinding efficiency, neck and flexible machining precision machining. On the neck for connecting with the crankshaft grinding, with spindle rotation axis, neck for clamping down at once and for all the neck. Connecting grinding In grinding process, grinding

25、head swinging into to realize reciprocating the eccentric, tracking the connecting rod neck for turning grinding. To realize the X axis with grinding, but must have high dynamic performance, still must have enough, to ensure the tracking accuracy requirements of neck connecting shape tolerance. The

26、application of CBN wheels is connecting with neck important condition of grinding. Due to the high resistance CBN wheels in the grinding process, the diameter of the grinding wheel is almost constant, a dressing grinding 600-800 can crank. CBN wheels can also adopts high grinding speed, in general c

27、an adopt the crankshaft grinding up to 120 140m/s grinding speed, high grinding efficiency. Fixture systemFixture first appeared in the 18th century fixture later. Along with the science and technology unceasing progress, already from a fixture auxiliary tool development becomes a complete range of

28、process equipment. 1 The machine tool's fixtureThe international association for the study of the production of statistics shows that in the present, and small batch production of workpiece varieties of workpiece species varieties has total 85%. Modern production requirements of products manufac

29、tured by enterprises, in order to adapt to the frequently update market demand and competition. However, general enterprises are still used the traditional special jig, usually in a medium production capacity of the plant, to have about 10,000 sets of even special jig, On the other hand, in many var

30、ieties of production enterprises, every 3 4 years will update 50 80% special jig and fixture actual wear only for 10-20%. Especially in recent years, nc machine tools and machining center, the group technology, flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) new processing technology, the application of the ma

31、chine tool's fixture to put forward new requirements as follows: 1) can be quickly and easily equipment production of new products, to shorten the production preparation period, lower production cost, 2) can have a group of clamping workpiece similarity characteristics, 3) could be used for prec

32、ision machining precision machine tool fixtures, 4) to be applicable to all kinds of modern manufacturing technology of the new type of machine tool fixtures, 5) adopts hydraulic power station with such as high clamping device, to further reduce the labor intensity and improve labor productivity,To

33、improve the standardization of the machine tool's fixture. 2 the development direction of modern the machine tool's fixtureThe development direction of modern the machine tool's fixture is mainly for standardization, precision and efficiency and flexibility in four aspects.The standardiz

34、ation of the machine tool's fixture standardization and generalization is two aspects. At present already fixture parts and components of the national standard (GB / : T2148 T2259-91 and general-purpose fixture, modular fixture standard etc. The standardization of the machine tool's fixture,

35、 fixture commercialized, shorten production preparation period, lower the total cost of production. (2) precision mechanical products with the increasing accuracy, certainly will raise the accuracy requirement of the fixtures. Precision toolings structure types, such as many more precision indexing

36、gear disk, the degree of accuracy ± 0.1mm " the third turning precision for the high precision, o.d.meter for mounting 5 muon m.(3) is mainly used to reduce highlyeffective efficient fixtures processing time and auxiliary time of basic, in order to improve productivity and reduce labor int

37、ensity. Common highlyeffective clip clamps, automatic high-speed fixture and clamping force.on device fixture etc. For example, in the use of electric machine jaw vice clamping work-piece, can improve the efficiency of about five times, In the third claw using high-speed lathe, can assure card from

38、chuck claws in test speed for 9000r/min conditions can still firmly clamping workpiece, thereby cutting speed increase. Currently, except in the production line, automatic line configure corresponding efficient, automatic fixtures, nc machine tools, especially in machining center appeared on the var

39、ious automatic clamping work-piece jig automatic replacement and fixture device, give full play to the efficiency of nc machine tools. (4) flexible，of the machine tool's fixture flexible and adaptable machine, it is similar to the flexibility to the machine tool's fixture through adjustment,

40、 etc, in order to adapt to the combination of process variables. Process variable factors include: production batch process characteristic, shape and size of workpiece, etc. Has the characteristics of new jig flexibility are mainly: modular fixture, general adjustable clamp, group clamps, modular fi

41、xture, CNC jig, etc. In order to adapt to the modern machinery industry many varieties, and the need for mass production, expand the degree of flexibility, change the fixture structure of special jig for detachable down adjustable structure, development, is the current fixture structure clamp the ma

42、in development direction 發動機曲軸復合加工技術成為發展趨勢進入21世紀以后，發動機曲軸在制造工藝、刀具等方面都發生了巨大的變化。領導了近半個多世紀的多刀車削工藝和手工磨削工藝，由于加工精度低和柔性差等原因，正在逐步退出歷史舞臺。高速、高效的復合加工技術及裝備迅速進入汽車及零部件制造業，高速高效復合加工技術在曲軸加工生產中已有相當程度的應用，并將是其必然發展趨勢。 曲軸加工技術設備現狀 目前，國內較陳舊的曲軸生產線多數由普通機床和專用機床組成，生產效率和自動化程度相對較低。粗加工設備一般采用多刀車床車削曲軸主軸頸及連桿軸頸，工序質量穩定性差，容易產生較大的加工應力，難以

43、達到合理的加工余量。精加工普遍采用MQ8260等普通曲軸磨床進行粗磨、半精磨、精磨、拋光，通?？咳斯げ僮鳎庸べ|量不穩，尺寸一致性差。老式生產線一個主要的特點就是普通設備太多，按加工球墨鑄鐵曲軸來計算，一條生產線有3540臺設備。筆者曾考查過國內某一鍛鋼曲軸生產線，粗加工采用普通外銑加工主軸頸和連桿頸，然后數控精車主軸頸和連桿頸，再經過多道工序的磨削方轉入精加工工序。所以這條生產線設備達60多臺，導致產品周轉線長、場地占用面積大，其生產效率完全是靠多臺設備分解工序和余量來提高的。而當今的汽車發動機曲軸制造業面臨的卻是以下幾個問題 正是基于以上情況，進入21世紀以來，高速、高精、高效的復合加工技

44、術及裝備在汽車曲軸制造業中得到了迅速的應用，生產效率得到了很大提高，因此發動機曲軸生產線中生產設備數量得以減少。筆者曾在某一轎車發動機曲軸生產線看到，全線設備（包括熱處理、表面強化）只有13臺設備左右，產品周轉線短、加工效率高、易于質量控制管理。曲軸復合加工技術的發展20世紀80年代后期，德國BOEHRINGER公司和HELLER公司開發出了完善的曲軸車車拉機床，該加工工藝是將曲軸車削工藝與曲軸車拉工藝完美結合，生產效率高、加工精度好、柔性強、自動化程度高、換刀時間短，特別適合有沉割槽曲軸的加工，加工后曲軸可直接進行精磨，省去粗磨工序。因此，曲軸車車拉加工工藝是目前國際上曲軸粗加工中流行的加工

45、工藝之一。20世紀90年代中期出現的新型CNC高速曲軸外銑機床使曲軸粗加工工藝又上了一個新臺階。CNC曲軸內銑與CNC高速曲軸外銑對比，內銑存在以下缺點：不容易對刀、切削速度較低（通常不大于160m/min）、非切削時間較長、機床投資較多、工序循環時間較長。而CNC高速曲軸外銑具有以下優點：切削速度高（可高達350m/min）、切削時間較短、工序循環時間較短、切削力較小、工件溫升較低、刀具壽命高、換刀次數少，加工精度更高、柔性更好。因此，CNC高速曲軸外銑將是曲軸粗加工的發展方向。據專家介紹，曲軸車車拉機床特別適合于軸頸有沉割槽、平衡塊側面不用加工的曲軸；而高速外銑則不能加工軸向有沉割槽的曲軸

46、。該銑床為德國BOEHRINGER公司的VDF 315 OM-4高速隨動外銑床，它是德國BOEHRINGER公司專為汽車發動機曲軸設計制造的柔性數控銑床，該設備應用工件回轉和銑刀進給伺服連動控制技術，可以一次裝夾不改變曲軸回轉中心，并隨動跟蹤銑削曲軸的連桿軸頸。VDF 315 OM-4高速隨動外銑采用復合材料一體化結構床身，工件兩端電子同步旋轉驅動，具有干式切削、加工精度高、切削效率高等特點；該銑床使用SIEMENS 840D CNC控制系統，通過輸入零件的基本參數即可自動生成加工程序，可以加工長度在450700mm、回轉直徑在380mm以內的各種曲軸，連桿軸頸直徑誤差為±0.02m

47、m。 由上可以看出，曲軸粗加工比較流行的工藝是：主軸頸采用車拉工藝和高速外銑，連桿頸采用高速外銑，而且傾向于高速隨動外銑，全部采用干式切削。由于國外此類設備價格昂貴，產品加工成本很高，國內一些機床生產廠家（如青海第二機床制造有限責任公司）相繼開發出了數控曲軸車床、數控高速曲軸銑床，數控曲軸車拉機床等專用機床。 曲軸精加工采用國內數控磨床磨削情況已相當普遍，產品加工精度已有相當程度的提高。為滿足曲軸日益提高的加工要求，對曲軸磨床提出了很高的要求?，F代曲軸磨床除了要有很高的靜態、動態剛度和很高的加工精度外，還要求有很高的磨削效率和更多的柔性。近年來，更要求曲軸磨床具有穩定的加工精度，為此，對曲軸磨

48、床的工序能力系數規定了Cp1.67，這意味著要求曲軸磨床的實際加工公差要比曲軸給定的公差小一半。隨著現代驅動和控制技術、測量控制、CBN（立方氮化硼）砂輪和先進的機床部件的應用，為曲軸磨床的高精度、高效磨削加工創造了條件。一種稱之為連桿頸隨動磨削的工藝。正是體現了這些新技術綜合應用的具體成果。這種隨動磨削工藝可顯著地提高曲軸連桿頸的磨削效率、加工精度和加工柔性。在對連桿頸進行隨動磨削時，曲軸以主軸頸為軸線進行旋轉，并在一次裝夾下磨削所有連桿頸。在磨削過程中，磨頭實現往復擺動進給，跟蹤著偏心回轉的連桿頸進行磨削加工。要實現隨動磨削，X軸除了必須具有高的動態性能外，還必須具有足夠的跟蹤精度，以確保

49、連桿頸所要求的形狀公差。CBN砂輪的應用是實現連桿頸隨動磨削的重要條件。由于CBN砂輪耐磨性高，在磨削過程中砂輪的直徑幾乎是不變的，一次修整可磨削600800條曲軸。CBN砂輪還可以采用很高的磨削速度，在曲軸磨床上一般可采用高達120140m/s的磨削速度，磨削效率很高。 機床夾具夾具最早出現在18世紀后期。隨著科學技術的不斷進步，夾具已從一種輔助工具發展成為門類齊全的工藝裝備。1機床夾具的現狀國際生產研究協會的統計表明，目前中、小批多品種生產的工件品種已占工件種類總數的85左右?，F代生產要求企業所制造的產品品種經常更新換代，以適應市場的需求與競爭。然而，一般企業都仍習慣于大量采用傳統的專用夾

50、具，一般在具有中等生產能力的工廠里，約擁有數千甚至近萬套專用夾具；另一方面，在多品種生產的企業中，每隔34年就要更新5080左右專用夾具，而夾具的實際磨損量僅為1020左右。特別是近年來，數控機床、加工中心、成組技術、柔性制造系統（FMS）等新加工技術的應用，對機床夾具提出了如下新的要求： 1）能迅速而方便地裝備新產品的投產，以縮短生產準備周期，降低生產成本； 2）能裝夾一組具有相似性特征的工件； 3）能適用于精密加工的高精度機床夾具； 4）能適用于各種現代化制造技術的新型機床夾具； 5）采用以液壓站等為動力源的高效夾緊裝置，以進一步減輕勞動強度和提高勞動生產率； 6） 提高機床夾具的標準化程

51、度。2現代機床夾具的發展方向現代機床夾具的發展方向主要表現為標準化、精密化、高效化和柔性化等四個方面。（1） 標準化 機床夾具的標準化與通用化是相互聯系的兩個方面。目前我國已有夾具零件及部件的國家標準：GB/T2148T225991以及各類通用夾具、組合夾具標準等。機床夾具的標準化，有利于夾具的商品化生產，有利于縮短生產準備周期，降低生產總成本。（2）精密化 隨著機械產品精度的日益提高，勢必相應提高了對夾具的精度要求。精密化夾具的結構類型很多，例如用于精密分度的多齒盤，其分度精度可達±0.1"；用于精密車削的高精度三爪自定心卡盤，其定心精度為5m。（3）高效化 高效化夾具主要用來減少工件加工的基本時間和輔助時間，以提高勞動生產率，減輕工人的勞動強度。常見的高效化夾具有自動化夾具、高速化夾具和具有夾緊力裝置的夾具等。例如，在銑床上使用電動虎鉗裝夾工件，效率可提高5倍左右；在車床上使用高速三爪自定心卡盤，可保證卡爪在試驗轉速為9000r/min的條件下仍能牢固