1、附錄翻譯原文Experimental study on visibility of exit signs in buildingsL.T. Wong, K.C. LoDepartment of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China Received 26 November 2003; received in revised form 19 January 2006; accepted 23 February 2006Abstract：Visibility of

2、exit signs in terms of the height of the sign content was studied experimentally in an 18m internal corridor. Four factors affecting the visibility including graphics, colours, lighting conditions and ages of the observers were investigated. Combinations of designations containing the English and Ch

3、inese words EXIT, five directional indicators and two exit symbols in different colours under normal and emergency lighting conditions were presented to 30 observers of different age groups to determine their visibility. The sign heights detected, identified and identified with confidence were measu

4、red. Increased height for correct identification was found for an exit sign containing two symbols as compared to a sign containing only one symbol. A green exit sign was reported to be highly visible. It was also reported that at reduced illumination, the sign height for correct identification incr

5、eased.©2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionEmergency exit signs are installed to provide markings of exits and escape routes in buildings and should be able to assist the occupants to leave the buildings effectively in case of emergency 1,2. Exit sign is an essential installat

6、ion in buildings and the specifications are stated in design guides and regulations 36. Thousands of exit signs can be found in many high-rise buildings. In Hong Kong, exit signs containing the word EXIT in English and Chinese of not less than 125mm height are specified for local buildings 5,6. A si

7、gn shall be designed with a combination of directional indicator, symbol and words: while the general design shall follow the standard specified 4, the Chinese word shall reach a minimum width of 15mm in vertical strokes and 10mm in horizontal strokes 5. Moreover, the colour-pair of sign content and

8、 background shall be green and white (GW) or white and green (WG) 5, though black and green (BG) is being used in some existing buildings 6. Comprehensible symbols, words and directional indicators for exit designation were studied and applied to exit sign designs 710. Both signage design and illumi

9、nation conditions affect the visibility of an exit sign 11. The changes in visibility with size and luminance in terms of the visual angle were studied by Jin et al. 13. Increasing the contrast of the arrow, enlarging the area of the chevron and changing the aspect ratio of the chevron will increase

10、 the distance of identification 12. Larger exit symbols are thus quantified in large spaces. It was found that colour of the sign content (green or red) would increase the identification distance by about 6m in smoke clear conditions 14. The recognition performance of a green exit sign was found to

11、be high for both colour normal and deficient observers 15. Luminance is also important in determining the visibility of an exit sign in smoky conditions 1620. In fact, sign area, stroke thickness, bounding area of words, word spacing, and luminance of characters, contrast, colour, orientation, and v

12、isual environment surrounding the sign will all have effects on a preferred exit sign in terms of signage legibility 21. In bilingual context, the visibility of exit signs in Chinese is important in designing an egress system for buildings in Hong Kong, but this has not yet been studied in detail. S

13、uch visibility was included and examined in this study. Four factors affecting the sign visibility, graphics, colour, lighting condition and age of the observers, were considered. In an internal corridor under normal and emergency lighting conditions, the visibility of a number of coloured exit sign

14、s with different combinations of symbol, directional indicator, English and Chinese words signifying an exit in building environment was studied. The experimental results were then compared with the previous results reported in literature to highlight the effective designs of an exit sign. 2. Exit s

15、ign content Configurations for combination of the symbols, words and directional indicators on an exit sign can be found in the literature 36. For example, a 57-mm-wide chevron in gray fitted onto a 300-mm-wide white sign containing the word EXIT of 150mm height would be identified correctly at a me

16、an distance of 30m 3. In Hong Kong, an exit sign designed with the word EXIT in English and Chinese and an exit symbol of a running person is specified for local buildings 5,6, and a directional indicator shall be used in a directional sign with an exit symbol or the English and Chinese words. Exit

17、symbols (E1, E2), words (W1, W2) and directional indicators (D1 to D5) used in this study are shown in Table 1. The following are their sources. The graphics of a person running through an open door (E1) 710 and a person running away from fire (E2) 5 from current codes were used as the exit symbols.

18、 E2 is believed to be a good exit indication and prescribed in the local code 6. The English word EXIT (W1) contributed to accurate identification of exit messages 710 and has been widely adopted in design guides and standards 36. The Chinese word for exit (W2) has also been specified for local appl

19、ications 5-6. Visibility of directional indicators and their effectiveness in indicating direction were studied extensively 710. A chevron (D1) was identified as the most visible and effective directional indicator and recommended for building environment 3. Alternatively, an angelfish (D2) was foun

20、d to be eye catching and a triangle (D3) (of increased area related to D1) would be easily visible 11, 12. An arrow containing a chevron with a tail (D4) prescribed in British Standard 4 has been used in local buildings 5, 6. A triangle with a tail (D5) was hypothesized to have increased visibility

21、because of its increased area relating to the arrow (D4) 11,12. Visibility of the combinations of E1, E2, W1, W2, D1 to D5 in six colour-pairs, namely green and white (GW), red and white (RW), black and white (BW), white and green (WG), white and red (WR) and white and black (WB) as shown in Table 3

22、, was studied and reported in this paper.2.1. Experimental studyVisibility is defined as the ability of an observer to both see and identify the sign content correctly at a distance in terms of the height of the content of an exit sign. Smaller sign content for correct identification indicates a hig

23、her visibility. Visibility of an exit sign was determined for observers at a fixed distance in smoke clear conditions. The visual distance L2 (m) of a sign of height h2 (mm) would be calculated from the measured h1 (mm) at L1 (m) in the experiment with the same visual angle assumed 22, 23:L2=L1h1h2T

24、he visibility is alternatively defined in terms of distance between the observer and the sign with Eq. (1). Longer distance for correct identification indicates higher visibility associated with the sign. To access the visibility, a corridor of 1.2m (width)_18m (length) _ 2.5m (height) with an inspe

25、ction window of size 0.6m (height)_0.6m (width) was used. As shown in Fig. 1, an exit sign installed at the end of the corridor was presented to an observer behind the window. The participants were 22 male and 8 female volunteers aged from 18 to 55 with a mean age of 36. They were invited through lo

26、cal advertising. All of them reported to have normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no colour deficiency. A total of 10 participants wore glasses. The experiments were divided into two parts. Part 1 studied the visibility of the designations in Tables 1 and 2. For Table 2, the interference betwee

27、n the two components of a sign was also studied. The symbols, words and directional indicators of good visibility were identified and used to design the exit signs for the second part. Part 2 studied the visibility of the exit signs in different colour pairs of sign content and background under norm

28、al and emergency lighting conditions. Three exit sign designs in six colour-pairs as shown in Table 3 were studied. In both experiments, the observer looked at a sign of content height of 20mm and reported whether the sign content was detected, identified or identified with confidence. The same sign

29、 in larger graphics, with a height increment of 5 mm, would be presented until it was identified with confidence. Another sign was then presented in the same way till all the signs were done. The second part was repeated for two illumination conditions: normal lighting and emergency lighting 2326. F

30、luorescent lamps were installed in the corridor to simulate both conditions in a building environment. The average floor luminance and wall luminance were 115 lux and 2.8 cd/m2 for normal lighting condition, and 5 lux and 0.35 cd/m2 for emergency lighting condition.The average time to complete Part

31、1 was 15 min. The average times to complete Part 2 were 27 and 68 min for normal and emergency lighting conditions, respectively. A break of 20 min between tests was arranged for each participant. 3. Result and discussionTable 1 presents the results of the visibility of symbols, words and directiona

32、l indicators in terms of average and standard deviation (in parentheses) of the sign heights identified and identified with confidence (denoted by confident). As indicated in the table, different sign heights for correct identification were recorded for different designations. For confident identifi

33、cation, a bigger sign was confirmed. Although E1 should be familiar to local occupants, the results showed that both exit symbols E1 and E2 were of similar visibility. It was found that the English word EXIT associated with a higher visibility in comparison with the Chinese one. The directional indi

34、cator D4 (normally adopted in local buildings) was reported most visible while D5 (of similar design to D4) was highly visible. The experimental results were used to calculate the visibility in terms of visual distance for a directional indicator (D1 to D5) of height 63.5mm and for an English word E

35、XIT (W1) of height 150mm with Eq. (1). D1 to D5 would be identified at 33, 26, 27, 41, 39m and confidently identified at 23, 19, 19, 27, 26 m, respectively, while W1 would be identified at 90m and confidently at 59 m. The results are shown in Fig. 2 comparing with those measured by Collins; a good a

36、greement was found. Except for the confident identification of D1, the identification measured in this study generally occurred at a longer distance when compared with Collins 11. Probably a brighter environment of illuminance of 115 lux and signage of contrast of 0.60.7 increased the identification

37、 distance. It was noted that, however, local occupants were not familiar with the directional indicator D1. Likewise, sign heights of combining a directional indicator and an exit symbol/word to be identified and identified with confidence were studied and the results are summarized in Table 2. Redu

38、ced visibility of a sign of combined symbols was reported if compared to a sign containing only one symbol. For instance, the identified sign heights of E1 and D5 individually were 40 and 32 mm, respectively, while the sign height of them combined was 34 mm. Although an observer would recognize the

39、exit sign if any one of the two symbols in it was identified, a bigger size of it was still required for correct identification than when the symbols were identified separately. Sign heights to be detected, identified and identified with confidence for three exit signs (C1, C2 and C3) in different s

40、ign-content-and-background colour-pairs under normal and emergency lighting conditions were studied and the results are summarized in Table 3. Six colour-pair combinations were considered: GW, RW, BW, WG, WR and WB. Average sign heights to be detected were 31 to 37mm for emergency lighting condition

41、. Under normal lighting condition, sign heights for correct identification were 3036mm for a white background and 3540mm for a white content. These values changed drastically under emergency lighting condition, in which sigh heights recorded were 5359mm for signs of white background and 5460mm for s

42、igns of white content. Visibility of an exit sign in green was ranked high among the signs of same design as shown in the table. In some cases, highest visibility was reported for an exit sign in black and white. It is possible that the sharp contrast between sign content and background have increas

43、ed the visibility. The identified heights of signs C1, C2 and C3 in different colour pairs under normal and emergency lighting conditions are also shown in Fig. 3. The sign height for correct identification was increased by 2025mm under emergency lighting condition as shown. To be correctly identifi

44、ed, a larger sign is required for elder observers because their visual acuity is reduced 27. Fig. 4 shows the average sign heights for correct identification found for age groups below 30, 3050 and above 50 were 45, 48 and 55 mm, respectively, under normal lighting condition, and 72, 75 and 80mm und

45、er emergency lighting condition. The average sign heights in different colour-pairs are shown in Table 4. The variations of the sign height for correct identification for the three age groups are shown. Taking the group below 30 as the baseline, sign height increments needed to maintain the visual p

46、erformance of observers aged 50 or above for green signs were 9 and 6mm for normal and emergency lighting conditions, respectively. Larger variations for red and black signs were recorded. 4. Conclusion A visible, legible and understandable exit sign should be designed for building occupants. In thi

47、s work, the visibility of exit signs in both English and Chinese, as an important component of an egress system for buildings in Hong Kong, was studied in an internal corridor under normal and emergency lighting conditions experimentally. In particular, four factors affecting the sign visibility, gr

48、aphics, colour, lighting condition and age of the observers, were considered. The results showed that green exit signs associated with highest visual performance while colour-contentandwhite- background designs were of higher visibility. Hence, an exit sign of green graphics against a white backgrou

49、nd would be a good design. Also, the English word EXIT was found associated with a higher visibility than the Chinese one. Although an exit sign of combined symbols would be recognized if any one of its symbols could be identified, its visibility was reported reduced when compared to a sign containi

50、ng only one of these symbols. An enlarged exit sign of combined symbols might be required for good visibility. Moreover, for correct identification, this study showed that the sign height would be increased under emergency lighting condition. A larger sign would also be required for the elder age gr

51、oup. Acknowledgements This work was undertaken in the Department of Building Services Engineering at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and supported by the PolyU Research Grant (Account code: G-T815).譯 文建筑物出口標志的能見度實驗研究LT黃，羅國洲（屋宇設備工程學系，香港理工大學，香港，中國。 2003年11月26日收到來稿，2006年1月19日收到修改后稿件，2006年2月23日收稿錄用

52、。）摘要：在一個18米長的內廊中根據高度對出口指示牌的標志內容的可見性進行研究。調查探討了四個影響標志可見性的因素圖形、色彩、照明條件和觀察者的年齡。令30位不同年齡的觀察者觀察不同顏色的標志和正常以及緊急情況時照明情況下的標志組合，以此判斷其能見度。這些標志組合包括五種方向指針標志和兩種出口符號。我們測量了人們感覺到標志、識別出標志以及確信識別出標志內容的不同標志高度。研究發現相較于只有一個符號的標志，為正確識別，含有兩個符號的標志需要提高高度。據報道，綠色的出口標志會非常明顯。另據報道，在低照明時，為達到正確識別的目的，標志高度也會增加。©2006年愛思唯爾有限公司保留所有權利.

53、1.前言在建筑物內安裝的消防應急標志，主要用來標志安全出口和逃生路線，并且應該能夠協助建筑內人員在緊急情況下能夠有效的撤離建筑物。1,2出口標志是建筑物內一種重要的設備。其規格在設計說明和規范中有相應說明。3-6高層建筑內有成千上萬的出口標志在香港，建筑物的出口標志都是有指定規格的。它們一般包括中英文的“EXIT“（出口）并且高度不得小于125mm。設計標志時，應當為方向箭頭、符號和字的組合。同時一般的設計應該遵循標準規定，中文文字最小尺寸不能低于高度15mm和寬度10mm。此外，標志內容和背景的顏色應是綠色和白色（GW）或白色和綠色（WG），5，雖然在一些現有的建筑物正在使用黑色和綠色（BG

54、）6。退出標志設計會研究或應用可理解的符號，文字和退出方向箭頭。7-10。標牌設計和照明情況同事影響著出口標志的可見性。11Jin等人研究了尺寸和亮度變化與視角對能見度的影響。13.增加箭頭與背景的對比度、擴大箭頭人字形的面積、改變人字形的高寬比，這些措施都將能夠增加識別標志的距離。12因此，大空間中大尺寸的出口標志均被定量化。研究發現，在清晰無煙的環境下，紅色或者綠色的標志內容會增加大約6m的識別距離。同事，我們發現綠色標志的鑒別性能對色覺正常和色覺障礙的觀察著而言都非常高。在煙氣條件下，亮度對鑒別標志能見度也非常重要。事實上，標志面積、字體筆畫粗細、文字邊界面積、字間距、字符亮度、對比度、

55、顏色、文字方向以及標志周圍的視覺環境都將對首選出口標志的可讀性造成影響。在雙語背景下，香港的建筑設計疏散系統時，中文出口標志的可見性是很重要的一點。可是這方面還沒有詳細的研究。 上述可見性既被列入本次研究中。 圖形、色彩、照明條件和觀察者的年齡這四個影響因素也進行了審議。 我們研究了內廊環境中，正常已經緊急照明條件下數個標志的可見性。這些標志均為表征建筑物出口的符號、方向箭頭和中英文字。我們將實驗結果同之間文獻中報道的結果作比較，突出最有效的出口標志設計。2.出口標志內容出口標志上符號、文字和方向指示組合的各種配置均出自文獻3-6。例如：一個57mm寬的灰色人字形在香港，本地建筑使用的標志都使

56、用含有中英文的EXIT和一個奔跑的人形團。方向性指示則被用于有出口符號的方向標志或是有中英文字的方向標志中。 圖1 實驗室用內廊圖 1. 實驗用內廊本次研究中使用的退出符號（E1，E2），字（W1，W2）和方向指示燈（D1至D5）等都列在表1中。以下是其來源。現行規范中，出口符號的圖形有兩種。一種是一個奔跑的人穿過一扇打開著的門（E1）；另一種是一個人跑離火場（E2）。本地規范人為標志E2是一個比較好的戶口指示。英文EXIT（W1）有助于準確識別文字信息并且被廣泛應用與指引和標準中3-6。中文的出口（W2）也已經被指定應用于本地實踐中。5-6。 方向性指示的可見性和說明方向的有效性都得到了廣泛

57、的研究7-10。（D1）中的人字被人形方向標記視覺性能和方向指示性能都是最好的，一直被作為推薦使用的圖形。另外，我們發現一種“神仙魚”（D2）標志比較醒目，還有一種三角形（D3）（其增加的面積與D1有關）也會很容易看到。本地建筑物內還是用過一種英國標準中描述的標志，它是一個有尾巴的人字形箭頭（D4）。我們推測D5所示的帶尾巴的三角標志會增加能見度，因為他與增加的面積與D4有關本文研究并報告了六種顏色對下E1, E2, W1, W2, D1 與 D5組合的能見度。這些顏色對羅列在表三中。分別為綠白(GW)、紅白(RW)、黑白(BW)、白綠(WG)、白紅(WR)和白黑(WB)。2.1實驗研究可見性

58、是指觀察者就一定高度的出口標志而言，相距一定距離的情況下看到并且正確鑒別出標志內容的能力。正確識別較小的標識內容表明更高的可是性。出口標志的可見性使用如下方法確定，即觀察者在無煙環境下看清標志的固定距離。上述在標志高度為h2下可視距離L2可以通過同視角下實驗環境中測得的h1和L1 （距離單位均為m）計算得出：L2=L1h1h2(1)則可見性也可以用式（1）定義下的觀察者與標志的距離定義表示。更長的正確識別距離意味著該標志具有更高的能見度。為了獲取能見度數據，我們搭建了一個1.2m寬，18m長的內廊，在一端開有邊長0.6m的房型檢視口。如圖1所示，出口標志安裝在走廊的一段，觀察者在檢視口后滿正對著標志的方向。實驗的志愿參與者由22名男性和8位女性，年齡在18到55歲之間，平均年齡36歲。我們通過本地廣告邀請了這些志愿者。他們都有正常的（或校正后正常的）視力，并且沒有色覺障礙者。共10人戴眼鏡。名稱標志描述標志平均標志高度（標準差）（mm）鑒出可信E1一個人逃離火場(出口符號)40 (11)55(14)E2一個人跑著穿過一扇開著的門（出口符號）41(12)57(14)W1英文出口文字30(11)46(12