1、高中英語語法解析-名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。 一 主語從句主語從句是在復合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。引導主語從句的連詞有：that, whether, who, whom, what, whatever, whose1.常規(guī)主語從句，既復合句在句中充當一個主語，那么這個句子就是主語從句(1)That he

2、 finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.(2)Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.(3)Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.(4)Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.(5)What caused the accident remains is unknown.(6)What we

3、 need is time.(7)Whose watch was lost is unknown.(8)Whatever you did is right.注：連詞位于句首不能省略2. It 作形式主語和it引導強調(diào)句的比較（為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置于句末）It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進行強調(diào)，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see t

4、he film. 你不去看那場電影真可惜。 b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我對你成功與否不感興趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強調(diào)句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強調(diào)句型）3. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is 名詞 從句 It is a fact that 事實是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸 It is common

5、knowledge that 是常識(2) It is 形容詞 從句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物動詞 從句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎(4) It 過去分詞 從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報道 It has been proved that 已證實 It is said that 據(jù)說3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：（1）if 引導的主語從句不可居于復合句句首。（2）It is said /rep

6、orted結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 錯誤表達：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 錯誤表達：That he failed in the examination occurr

7、ed to him.（4）It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 錯誤表達：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter.（5）含主語從句的復合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 錯誤表達：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 與that 在引導

8、主語從句時的區(qū)別 what 引導主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。例如： a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation 二賓語從句賓語從句就是在復合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞 (及物動詞) 或介詞之后。(1) 由that引導的賓語從句(that 通常可以省略), 例如： I heard that he joined the army. 我聽說他參軍了。注： that在引導賓語從句時也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下

9、，that不能省略:that從句位于句首時，that不可省略:That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. 我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。that賓語從句的狀語部分位于從句前部時。I promised that if anyone could set me free,I would make him king over the earth.我曾許諾如果有人把我放了，我就讓他成為全世界的國王。當主句的狀語部分位于that賓語從句前時。Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only wen

10、t to school a little now and a little then.亞伯拉罕林肯自己后來說他只不過是時斷時續(xù)地接受教育。that引導的賓語從句作介詞賓語時，that不能省略:I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.對他我一無所知，只知道他是南方人。主句的謂語動詞與賓語從句之間有插入語時。When he got to England,he found,however,that his English was too limited.然而當他到英國時，他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的英語很有限。當一個謂語動詞帶兩個或兩個以上的

11、that引導的賓語從句時。(只有第一個可省略）Then he said （that） French was the most beautiful tongue in the world,and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.他說，法語是世界上最美的語言，我們必須堅持說法語，永遠也不要忘記它。賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時。I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.我決不能告訴任何人我看不到那布。賓語從句的主語是this/that，或用this/that修飾

12、主語時。He said that that was a good idea.他說那是個好主意。在直接引語中，主句和賓語從句被隔開時。“I'm sorry to tell you,”he said,“that you didn't watch carefully enough what I did.”我很遺憾的告訴大家，你們沒有仔細觀察我所做的一切。賓語從句的主語是非謂語動詞或主語從句時。The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl.那位老太太解釋

13、說她在為一個女孩找一雙手套。(2)從屬連詞if/whether。連詞whether可引導主語從句、賓語從句和表語從句，不可省。if引導賓語從句。賓語從句是肯定句時，whether,if可互換；但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用,賓語從句是否定句時，一般用if引導。如:I don't know if/whether I should tell you.不知我是否應(yīng)告訴你。I wonder whether it is true or not.不知這是不是真的。I don't care if it doesn't rain.天下不下雨我不會在乎

14、。用if引導賓語從句如果會引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter。試比較：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if從句可理解為賓語從句，意為“請告訴我你是否想去”；此句又可理解為條件狀語從句意為“如果你想去的話，請告訴我一聲”。作介詞賓語時，只能用whether,不能用if。(介詞常可省略）如：Everything depends （on） whether we have enough experience.一切都取決于我們是否有足夠的經(jīng)驗。(3)連接代詞who, who

15、m, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如:Who or what he was, Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？馬丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要給我寫信說什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我會告訴你我為什么要你來。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。有關(guān)賓語從句的其它一些要點.賓語

16、從句的語序必須是陳述語序。如：Do you know why winter is colder than summer?你知道為什么冬季比夏季冷嗎?.如賓語從句有自己的賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，而把賓語從句后置。其句型為：“主語+謂語+it+補足語+賓語從句”。如： We think it important that we should master at least one foreign language.我們認為掌握至少一門外語是重要的。注意：(1)連詞that引導的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在except,but和in等少數(shù)幾個介詞后。其它一些介詞的賓語從句如由連詞tha

17、t引導，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語。如： He is a good student except that he is careless.他是個好學生，只不過有點粗心。See to it that children don't catch cold.當心孩子別感冒了。 (2)that引導表語從句時，在句中無詞義，只起連接作用，但不可省去。His idea is that we should go there at once.他主張我們立即去那兒。.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, guess,

18、imagine等動詞后的賓語從句，有時謂語盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健Ｈ纾篒 dont think you are right. 我認為你錯了。I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是嗎？.某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句，這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，連詞t

19、hat可省略。That 引導的從句還常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：Anxious, aware, confident, convinced, determined, proud, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能確定我該做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said.恐怕你沒

20、領(lǐng)會我說的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前沒看到過。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.媽媽為她的女兒通過了考試而感到高興。.有關(guān)that的忌諱：后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞這類動詞有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不

21、可以用that引導的賓語從句。例如：I admire their winning the match. (right)I admire that they won the match. (wrong)不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞有些動詞不可用于“動詞間接賓語that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)He impressed t

22、he manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)介詞賓語從句.賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。有時介詞可以省略。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他對那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do

23、it.你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。I dont care (for) who marries him. 我不管誰跟他結(jié)婚。Be careful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做這件事的方式。.作介詞的賓語：連詞that引導的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在except, but, in,besides后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.（that一般不省）他是一個好學生，只是有點粗心。You may rely

24、 on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我會幫助你的。介詞賓語不可以用which來引導，而要用what來引導。如：Are you sorry for what youve done?你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎？介詞賓語只能用whether,不能用if。(介詞常可省略）Everything depends （on） whether we have enough experience.一切都取決于我們是否有足夠的經(jīng)驗。補充:"if"、"whether"在名詞性從句中的使用介詞的賓語從句，不定式作賓語，都可用whether引導。w

25、hether也可引導主語從句，表語從句，同位語從句，還可引導讓步狀語從句，這時卻不能換成if。引導條件從句時，只能用if，而不能用 whether。 不用if，用whether的情況：在標語從句和同位語從句中。例如： The question is whether the film is worth seeing. The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.在主語從句中，只有用it作形式主語時，whether和if都能引導主語從句，否則，也只能用 whether。例如： whether we shall attend the

26、meeting hasn,t been decided yet. It hasn,t been decided whether(if) we shall attend the meeting .后面直接跟動詞不定式。例如： He doesn，t know whether to stay or not . 還有關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether 或if，不能用 that的情況如下： 若doubt一詞作“懷疑”解接賓語從句時，主語為肯定句用wether或if，主句為否定句或疑問句用that。例如： I doubt whether he will come soon. I do not doubt that

27、 he will come soon. Do you doubt that he will come soon？ 注意：下面這個例句中doubt的含義為“認為 .不必可能”。I doubt that he will come.（我認為他不可能來）注：whatever可以引導名詞性從句，同時起先行詞和關(guān)系代詞的作用。相當于anything that或all that，有任何一切這類意思。此時不能用no matter what替換。.三、表語從句表語從句就是用一個句子作為表語。說明主語是什么或者怎么樣，由名詞、形容詞或相當于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語充當，和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語系動詞有：be, kee

28、p, remain, stay, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, become, grow, turn, get, go,等。構(gòu)成：主語+ 連系動詞+表語從句（一個句子作表語）表語從句定義：在一個復合句中，充當表語的是一個句子，那么這個句子就叫做表語從句。連接表語從句的連接詞有：連詞： that（不作成分，沒有詞義；不能省略）whether （不作成分）連接代詞：what, who, , which, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等關(guān)系副詞：when, where，why, howHe h

29、as become a teacher. 他已經(jīng)成為一名教師。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已經(jīng)成為了他10年前想成為的。 His suggestion is good. 他的建議是好的。 His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建議是，我們應(yīng)該保持冷靜。 注意事項A表語從句一定要用陳述語序。 The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. 錯The question is when he can arrive at t

30、he hotel. 對B不可以用if，而用whether 連接表語從句(as if 例外）。 引導賓語從句時可以互換if/whether， 位于介詞后要用whether，位于句首時要用whether.引導主語從句時,whether引導的從句可以放在主句前和后，而if從句只能放在主句后。引導表語從句， 同位語從句時要用whetherThe question is if the enemy is marching towards us. 錯The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. 對It looked as if he ha

31、d understood this question. 對C不像賓語從句，在有表語從句的復合句中，主句時態(tài)和從句時態(tài)可以不一致。 The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. 對The question is why he cried yesterday. 對Dthat在表語從句中具有三個特點：不作成分；不能省略；沒有意義。E表語從句只能置于主句之后，而主句的動詞只能是連系動詞。 例如： The problem is how we can get the things we need.問題是我們怎樣能弄到我們需要的東西

32、。The scissors are not what I need. 這把剪刀不是我所需要的。What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告訴他的是我會給他找個好劇本。That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要對你講的。(what在表語從句中充當直接賓語) That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考試不及格的原因。(why 在表語從句中充當原因狀語) F“That is why.”是常用句型， 意為“這就是的原因/因此”， 其中why引導的名詞

33、性從句在句中作表語， 該句型通常用于針對前面已經(jīng)說明過的原因進行總結(jié)，如： That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮， 這就是現(xiàn)在這個老太婆出現(xiàn)在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne對老婦人顯得蒼老憔悴深感詫異， 說話人對她講述了其中的原因之后，用這一句來進行概括)。G. “That is why.” “That is the reason why.” “That is because.”辨析： (1)“That is why.”與“That is the reason why.”同義， 從語法結(jié)構(gòu)上講， “T

34、hat is the reason why.”中why引導的是個定語從句， 將其中的the reason去掉則與“That is why.”結(jié)構(gòu)一樣， 例如： That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 這就是我不能同意的理由。 (2)“That is because.”句型中從屬連詞because引導的名詞性從句在此作表語， 這也是個常用句型， 意為“這就是為什么/因為”。“That is because.”與“That is why.”之間的不同在于：“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”則指由于各種原因所造成

35、的后果， 例如： He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他沒有去看電影， 那是因為他得幫助他的妹妹做作業(yè)。(第一句話說明結(jié)果， 第二句話說明原因) He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看過那部電影， 因此他昨天晚上沒有去看。(第一句話說明原因， 第二句話說明結(jié)果) H. 當主句的主語為reason,或者是由wh

36、y引導的從句時,與它們相關(guān)的表語從句用that,而不能由because引導; because 引導表語從句時只能用于It/That/This is /was because_句型中. 1.The reason why I was late was that I missed the train.2. I was late. It/That/This was because I missed the train.I. 名詞（主語）+系動詞+表語從句主語名詞常常是表示事實，真理的名詞，如：fact, truth 表示看法，觀點、問題、麻煩的名詞，如：idea, opinion, belief, v

37、iew, news, advice, feeling, suggestion, plan, trouble, question, problem, 1.The fact is that our team has won the game.2.The truth is that she was the very person we are looking for.必須記住：1. that引導表語從句時不能省.2. if不能引導表語從句.3.除that外的所有引導詞都有自己的意義。4. 除that, whether外的所有引導詞都須在從句中充當相應(yīng)的成分 5. what在表語從句中譯成“ 東西；事

38、情; 內(nèi)容” 案例分析 考題1The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海) A. when B. why C. whether D. that 答案 D 解析 下劃線處之后是包含一個原因狀語從句的表語從句， 如果看不出它是充當整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)的表語從句將難以把握整個句子的意思。因此， 應(yīng)選擇可引導名詞性從句且不充當任何成分的that。 考題2 You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this i

39、s _ I disagree. (2004) A. why B. where C. what D. how 答案 B 解析 下劃線處的引導詞引導系動詞is后的表語從句并在該表語從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語(“disagree”屬于不及物動詞， “I disagree”本身是完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu))， 下劃線應(yīng)填入引導詞where， 表語從句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之處、 我不同意的地方”。 考題3 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off? (1999) A. why

40、 B. when C. what D. where 答案 A 解析 下劃線處的引導詞引導與系動詞is連用的表語從句并在該表語從句中充當原因狀語， 下劃線應(yīng)填入表示“因此”(指因某種原因所造成的結(jié)果)的引導詞why。 _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (2000上海) A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that 答案 A 解析 第一個下劃線處的引導詞引導主語從句并在該主語從句中充當賓語，

41、 特指她所不理解的事情， 應(yīng)填入關(guān)系代詞型的引導詞what； 第二個下劃線處表示“因此”(指因某種原因所造成的后果， 由why引導對應(yīng)的名詞性從句)而不是“為什么”(指原因、 理由， 由because引導對應(yīng)的名詞性從句)， 應(yīng)填入引導詞why。 _ made the school proud was _ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春) A. What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because 答案 B

42、解析 第一個下劃線處的引導詞引導主語從句并在該主語從句中充當主語， 特指令校方驕傲的事情， 應(yīng)選用關(guān)系代詞型的引導詞what； 第二個下劃線處引導表語從句表示原因、 理由， 應(yīng)由that引導對應(yīng)的名詞性從句。 Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? Oh, thats _. (2003北京春) A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited 答案 A 解析 A選項的意思是“令

43、我感覺激動的事物”； B選項的意思是“我覺得激動的任何事物”； C選項的意思是“我對它感覺的方式”； D選項的意思是“令我感覺激動的時間”。四個選項中A最適合跟代表“game”的主語that對應(yīng)， 充當表語從句。 表語從句與賓語從句的關(guān)系賓語從句和表語從句都屬于名詞性從句。其作用跟名詞在句中的作用相同。故充當賓語的句子叫賓語從句，充當表語的句子叫表語從句。四. 同位語從句同位語從句就是在復合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。1. 同位語從句的功能 1.同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導，例如： 1) The kings decision that the pri

44、soner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.whether eg：The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor3.連接代詞what, who, whom, whose, which 1).I have no idea what size shoes she we

45、ars 2).I have no idea which wine is bestits a matter of personal taste. 3).The question who will take his place is still not clear.2. 同位語在句子中的位置 同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別(1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），

46、而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，t

47、hat在句中不作任何成分）高一英語名詞性從句專項練習1_he does has nothing to do with me. A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_ A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is _makes thing work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as5. This is _the shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C.