1、德國屋頂花園綠化（德）渥爾納·皮特·庫斯特摘要本文介紹了德國屋頂花園的類型、構造、工作原理、政府的政策支持。屋頂花園是必需品，而不是奢侈品。關鍵詞：風景園林；屋頂花園；綜述；開敞型1 屋頂花園的優勢屋頂花園擁有很多優勢，這是一個毋庸置疑也不可否認的事實。有些人還存有疑慮或持相反觀點，其主要原因是這些人不了解屋頂花園的技術發展。在30年前或者僅僅15年前，這些疑問更多地與技術相關，如今疑問主要與成本相關。現在我們能否擁有屋頂花園已完全不成問題，因為屋頂花園是必需品，而不是奢侈品。1 高度水分保持根據屋頂花園的設計，直接的水分流失量將減少70%90（100）%。排水口的數量能夠

2、大大減少，管道的直徑也可以更小，因此能夠節省大量建筑費用。所收集的水資源也同樣能夠通過日常的蒸發和輸送達到自然循環。2 空間的利用將普通的未被使用的屋頂區域設計為屋頂花園，尤其是作為公共娛樂和運動建筑的屋頂，不僅充分利用寶貴的空間，同時也降低了購買土地的費用。3 動植物棲息的大自然屋頂花園很少被打擾，環境優美，益蟲可以找到一方生存的凈土，鳥兒也可以找到一片棲息地。布滿屋頂花園的城市就是在都市里建立了適合小動物生存的大自然。4 降低灰塵與煙霧濃度屋頂花園幫助過濾灰塵和煙霧顆粒，從大氣和雨水中吸收危害性物質，并將其從土壤中去除。5 延長屋頂使用壽命屋頂花園保護防水層不受氣候、紫外線以及其他損傷，這

3、大大延長了建筑的使用壽命。裸露屋頂在夏天高溫時可以達到100以上，而夜間降至20以下，這就意味著防水層材料、連接處和其他材料都處在極度疲勞的狀態。由于系統所具備的蒸發、陰涼和大氣循環的冷卻效應，一個屋頂花園最高溫度為25（德國），并且降溫緩慢。6 降低噪聲屋頂花園至少可以減少3分貝噪聲，同時隔絕噪聲效能達到8分貝。這對于某些位于機場附近或有喧鬧的迪斯科舞廳等大型設備的建筑來說最為有效。7 作為附加的隔熱層系統能夠帶給屋頂一片陰涼，空氣流通以及蒸發能夠大大冷卻屋頂并保護屋頂不受高溫傷害。對于建筑物的頂層至少能夠節省50%用于空調的能源，可以節省50%的冬季供暖能源。8 改善氣候環境屋頂花園能夠冷

4、卻周圍環境的大氣并增加濕度，從而創造出一個小氣候。大氣的生成改善了城市的大氣狀況，減少大氣污染。9 避免熱島效應植物蒸騰的水分吸收熱量，并冷卻大氣。綠化植被凈化大氣并且減少潛在的煙霧威脅，因此屋頂花園擁有巨大的潛力。2 德國屋頂花園的特色中德兩國屋頂綠化區別的主要表現之一是：在德國，80%的屋頂綠化都是開敞型。在中國，開敞型屋頂綠化非常少見。雖然僅有少量的樣板工程，但是開敞型屋頂綠化的益處已經越來越明顯。現在已經有很多的學術機構和行業組織正在致力于制訂新規定和標準。在德國，開敞型屋頂綠化面積取決于綠化形式和質量施工的不同，50%都被計算入綠地率，有的時候甚至更多。德國政府對于綠化有著一整套政策

5、支持系統。在一些特定的區域，比如“新建工業區”，主要是指那些新建的大型工業區域，開敞型屋頂綠化往往被視為一種義務，開發商被強制進行屋頂綠化。另外一個鼓勵開發商綠化屋頂的方法就是為被覆蓋表面減免雨水流失費。在德國，開敞型屋頂綠化被看作是半覆蓋表面，因此，此項雨水流失費用至少可以節約50%。在德國，屋頂花園覆蓋整個屋頂區域。屋頂綠化系統同樣也安裝在人行道、行車道、游樂區域以及池塘之下。在中國的密集型屋頂綠化，綠化區域往往彼此分離。這樣就使得灌溉效率十分低下、后期養護困難重重，設計師設計時無從下手，因為他們不得不考慮排水口在什么位置。在德國，地下停車場頂蓋綠化也被看作是屋頂綠化，因為所使用的技術是相

6、近的。在中國，地下停車場頂板的綠化卻需要至少3M覆土才被承認為綠地。3M覆土顯然是對金錢和自然資源的浪費。原土的比重約為2.8t/立方米，也就是說如果覆土厚度達到3M，覆土荷載約為8.4t/立方米。這樣一來，主體結構就需要大量的鋼筋和混凝土。這樣不僅成本加高，開發商還失去了整整一層樓的開發空間。中國的原土資源非常緊缺，大量使用原土資源無疑是對遠郊區域自然環境的破壞。最重要的是：沒有任何一種綠化形式需要3M的覆土。在德國，無論是密集型綠化形式還是開敞型綠化形式，屋頂綠化都必須具備防植物根穿刺的防水層或者是單獨的隔根層。但是在中國的很多工程的防水材料質量存在嚴重的問題，不能夠很好地保護建筑屋頂結構

7、。3 屋頂花園的類型31 屋頂綠化類型屋頂形式千差萬別，有平屋頂、坡屋頂、拱形屋頂、蝶形屋頂等等。同時屋頂綠化系統也是千差萬別的。在這里，僅介紹其中最為普遍的幾種綠化系統，它們分別是：開敞型屋頂綠化、半密集型屋頂綠化以及密集型屋頂綠化。3.1.1 開敞型屋頂綠化系統開敞型屋頂綠化，又稱粗放型屋頂綠化，是屋頂綠化中最簡單的一種形式，具有以下基本特征： 低養護 免灌溉 從苔蘚、景天到草坪地被型綠化 整體高度620cm 重量為60200kg/平方米在德國，這種綠化形式非常普遍，綠化效果比較粗放和自然化，讓人們有接近自然的感覺，所選用的植物往往也是一些景天科的植物，這類植物具有抗干旱、生命力強的特點，

8、并且顏色豐富鮮艷，綠化效果顯著。由于開敞型屋頂綠化具備重量輕、養護粗放的特點，因此比較適合于荷載有限以及后期養護投資有限的屋頂。我們親切地稱它為“生態毯”。3.1.2 半密集型屋頂綠化系統半密集型屋頂綠化，是介于開敞型屋頂綠化和密集型屋頂綠化之間的一種綠化形式，植物選擇趨于復雜，效果也更加美觀，它所具備的特點如下： 定期養護 定期灌溉 從草坪綠化屋頂到灌木綠化屋頂 整體高度1225cm 重量為120250kg/平方米半密集型屋頂綠化居于自然野性和人工雕琢之間，很自然，低矮灌木和彩色花朵完美結合，但是由于系統重量的增加，設計師可以加入更多的設計理念，設計更加自由，一些人工造景也可以得到很好地展示

9、。3.1.3 密集型屋頂綠化系統密集型屋頂綠化，是植被綠化與人工造景、亭臺樓閣、溪流水榭的完美組合，它具備以下幾個特點： 經常養護 經常灌溉 從草坪、常綠植物到灌木、喬木 整體高度15100cm 重量為1501000kg/平方米密集型屋頂綠化是真正意義上的“屋頂花園”，高大的喬木、低矮的灌木、鮮艷的花朵，植物的選擇隨心所欲；還可設計休閑場所、運動場地、兒童游樂場、人行道、車行道、池塘噴泉等。3.2 屋頂綠化系統工作原理如何有效解決中國氣候干燥，淡水資源緊缺的現狀？如何利用有限的雨水資源？蓄排水系統無疑是最佳選擇，土壤、蓄排水盤、保濕毯，層層保水，互相補充，蓄水量可達70%以上。蓄排水系統，顧名

10、思義，除了蓄水功能，強大的排水功能也是其優勢的凸現之處，蓄排水盤結構的特殊設計能夠保證在水分飽和的情況下，將水排至排水口，整個系統蓄、排結合。除了讓植物根系直接吸收水分，不容忽視的是通過蒸發，以蒸發的形式供給水分，排水系統的特殊設計使這二者有機結。另外也更加充分地利用水資源，完全杜絕了植物干濕交替頻繁的現象。3.3 屋頂綠化土壤簡介3.3.1 良好的屋頂綠化土壤的特點： 良好的穩定性 不易受風力、水力侵蝕 根據植物調節水量 良好的通風和滲水性能 良好的吸收與緩沖性能 重量輕 免受雜草、疾病以及有害物質侵害 避免飛濺的火花以及光線引起的火災 屋頂綠化土壤成分分析圖3.2 屋頂綠化土壤成分分析3.

11、3.3 屋頂綠化土壤制作過程將礦物質（主要是瓦片）壓碎，與有機物質（主要是灌木與喬木的殘枝）混合，加入普通土壤中。圖3.3 屋頂綠化土壤制作過程4 政府的政策支持與規范的制訂4.1 政策支持回顧一下德國屋頂綠化歷史：德國已有相關的屋頂綠化技術和世界范圍內最大的屋頂花園市場。現在市場上使用的系統產品有了多年歷史，基礎技術也已經有25年歷史了。早期，德國的屋頂花園僅僅作為環境議題予以考慮。幸運的是，自從1973年的石油危機和綠色組織的不斷壯大，人們也逐漸地改變了原有的行為和態度。在20世紀80年代中葉，當綠色組織最早加入當地政府的時候，一些有關推廣屋頂花園的議題就被提上了議事日程。起初當地政府部門

12、要求在一些建筑區域進行屋頂綠化作為對自然的補償，首先是輕工業區，之后是寫字樓、公寓樓以及相關建筑。當屋頂花園建設逐步寫入當地建筑規范之后，還有很多官員存在理解上的問題。他們關系的是開發商是否真的肯于進行屋頂綠化，屋頂花園使工程成本升高，會促使開發商選擇其他城市進行項目興建。但是之后的事實證明，屋頂花園并不是那么昂貴，并且還存在一些益處，使開發商反而歡迎屋頂花園，那就是屋頂花園可以提升他們的聲譽。隨著綠色組織的不斷壯大以及人們意識的不斷提高，屋頂花園越來越流行。新修訂的鼓勵開發商興建屋頂花園的相關規范也不斷頒布。但是絕大多數的開發商仍然需要通過法律和規定的強制才能完成屋頂花園的建設，這樣一來就導

13、致了其他的一些問題出現：因為成本要盡量節省至最低，一些屋頂花園質量不能得到保證，如不是完全被綠化，覆土厚度有限，只能允許某些景天科植物生存。單一綠化屋頂花園并不是政府希望看到的結果，甚至有時植物并不能完全成活、一些屋頂開始出現滲水等，這些都不同程度地損害了屋頂綠化的聲譽。隨著時間的推移，一些地方政府認識到利用屋頂花園來提高公共福利水平，降低稅率甚至直接或間接補貼屋頂綠化不失為上策。通過政府部門的規定、補貼政策以及額外財政支持，令屋頂花園的推廣更加容易。根據地方政府關于中水費用的最新規定，中水費用中50%應該來自淡水消費，另50%來自被覆蓋表面。新規定內容如下：10cm以上的覆土以及適當綠化的屋

14、頂花園被看作是至少能夠蓄存年降水量的50%（保存的這50%將會通過蒸發被二次利用，從屋頂流失的水分往往小于50%，因為屋頂花園往往能夠儲存大量水分甚至更多）。這些新規定實際上是一種對屋頂花園的間接補貼，不會花費政府一分錢，甚至還會節省公共費用，因為這是一項人民的福利措施。考慮到日益增加的淡水費用，一些年后房產所有人就能夠還清貸款。在德國的一些城市以及省份，地方政府已經認識到了屋頂花園的優勢并且開始予以補貼每平方米15歐元。在德國，面積大于500平方米的屋頂綠化成本完全可以低于15歐元，其形式往往是特定區域常綠的開敞型屋頂花園。4.2 標準和技術指南在德國，從所周知的是DIN，即德國國家工業標準

15、，而在園林綠化方面，更加有權威的是FLL，即園林綠化研究、發展與建設團體制訂并頒布的同名規范。園林綠化研究、發展與建設組織（FLL）于1975年成立，研究、創立、普及并推廣一切與園林綠化發展相關的原則、指南與規范，從而確保環境質量。這些法律出版物涵蓋了園林綠化材料、植物與種植技術、園林工程的施工與養護等等一切相關內容。綠色屋頂的設計、安裝以及后期養護技術指南（“FLL-Richtlinien”,Fuidelines for the Planning, lnstallation and Maintenance ot Greed Roofs）主要針對的是屋頂綠化工程相關技術指導，涉及內容包括：屋頂

16、綠化的設計，屋頂綠化工程的施工和屋頂綠化產品安裝的技術，以及屋頂綠化完成之后養護工作的規定和技術指南。這項指南是當今屋頂綠化領域內最全面也是最權威的一項指南，德國乃至整個歐洲的園林綠化行業都需遵循這項規定。Roof Garden in Germany（Germany）Werner Peter KuestersAbstractThis paper introduces the types of roof garden in Germany, structure, working principle, the government's policy support. Roof garden

17、 is a necessity, not luxury.Key words: landscape architecture; Roof garden; Review; Open type1 the advantage of roof gardenRoof garden has many advantages; it is a needless to say it is undeniable fact. Some people still have doubts or take the opposite point of view; the main reason is that these p

18、eople don't understand the technology development of roof garden. In the 30 years ago or just 15 years ago, these questions more associated with technology. Now questions mainly related to the cost. Now we can have roof garden has completely is not a problem, because of the roof garden is a nece

19、ssity, rather than a luxury.(1) Maintain moistureAccording to the roof garden design, direct moisture loss will be reduced 70% 90 (100) %. Drain can greatly reduce the number of the diameter of the pipe can be smaller, so we can save a lot of buildings. The collected water also can be transmitted th

20、rough daily evaporation and natural circulation. The use of spaceOrdinary unused roof area for roof garden design, especially as a public entertainment and sports building roof, not only make full use of valuable space, but also reduce the cost of buying land.(3) Nature of animal and plant habitatRo

21、of garden is rarely bother, a beautiful environment, beneficial insects can find a pure land to survive; the birds can also find a habitat. Is full of roof garden city is established suitable for small animals to survive in cities the nature.(4) Reduce the concentration of dust and smokeRoof garden

22、to help filter the dust and smoke particles from the air and rain in the absorption of harmful substances, and its removal from the soil. could prolong the service life of roofRoof garden protection waterproof layer is not affected by climate, ova and other damage, which greatly extend the service l

23、ife of the building. Bare roof at high temperature can reach above 100 in summer, while night fell to below 20 , which means that the waterproof layer material, joint and other material was in a state of extreme fatigue.Because the system of evaporation, shade, and the cooling effect of atmospheric

24、circulation, a roof garden the highest temperature is 25 (Germany), and cool down slowly. Reduce noiseRoof garden at least 3 db noise can be reduced, and noise isolation efficiency reaches 8 decibels. That for some there is noisy disco near the airport or for buildings and other large equipment is t

25、he most effective. As additional thermal insulation layerSystem is able to bring a piece of a cool roof, air flow and evaporation can greatly cooling roof and protect against high temperature damage. To the top floor of the building can save at least 50% for air conditioning energy, can save 50% of

26、the winter heating energy. To improve the climate environmentRoof garden to cooling ambient atmosphere and increase of humidity, thus creating a microclimate, atmosphere generated to improve the urban atmospheric conditions, reduce air pollution.(9) Avoid heat island effectTranspiration moisture abs

27、orbing heat and cooling the atmosphere; green vegetation, purify the atmosphere and reduce the potential threat of smoke, so the roof garden has great potential.2 Characteristic of roof garden in GermanyChina and Germany rooftop greenery other one of the main performances is: in Germany, 80% of the

28、roof greening is open type. In China, the open type of roof greening is very rare. Although only a small number of model projects, but the benefits of open type roof greening has become increasingly obvious. Now has a lot of academic institutions and industry groups are working to develop new rules

29、and standards.In Germany, the open type of roof greening area depends on the green form and quality of construction, 50% were calculated in the rate, sometimes even more.The German government for greening has a set of policy support system. In some specific areas, such as "new industrial zone,

30、is mainly refers to the newly built large industrial area, open type roof greening is often seen as a kind of obligation, developers have been mandatory for roof greening.Another encouraging developer to green roofs is to be covered surface relief rain erosion. In Germany, the open type of roof gree

31、ning is seen as a half covered surface; therefore, the rainwater drain cost can save at least 50%.In Germany, roof garden covers the whole area. Roof greening system is also installed on the sidewalk, driveway, recreation area, and the pond. In China intensive green roofs, green areas are often sepa

32、rated from each other. Irrigation efficiency is very low, which makes the late maintenance difficulties, when designers design a hindrance, because they had to consider drain in what position.In Germany, underground parking lot is also seen as roof greening, roof greening for the use of technology i

33、s similar. Underground parking garage roof greening in China, but need at least 3 m turns the soil to be recognized as green. 3 m apparently turns the soil is a waste of money and natural resources. The proportion of the original soil of about 2.8 t/m3, that is to say, if the thickness of overburden

34、 soil reaches 3 m, turns the soil load of about 8.4 t/m3. As a result, the main structure will need a lot of steel and concrete. Not only cost is higher, developers also lost a whole floor space for development. China's soil resource is very scarce, extensive use of the original soil resources i

35、s undoubtedly damage to suburban areas of the natural environment. The most important thing is: there's no need a greening form 3 m turns the soil.In Germany, whether intensive greening form or open type greening, roof greening plant roots puncture proof for the waterproof layer or a separate ro

36、ot isolation layer. But many of the engineering of waterproof material in China there are serious quality problems, will not be able to well protect building roof structure.3 The type of roof garden3.1 Roof greening typesDiffer in thousands ways of roof form, with a flat roof, sloping roof, roof arc

37、h, butterfly roof and so on. Roof greening system is differ in thousands ways at the same time. Here, only a few of the most common greening system is introduced in this paper, they respectively are: the open type of roof greening, half intensive green roofs and the intensive green roof.3.1.1 Open t

38、ype of green roof systemsOpen type of roof greening, also called extensive green roof, roof greening is one of the simplest form, has the following basic features:(1) Low maintenance(2) Free of irrigation(3) From moss, stonecrop to type lawn is green(4)The overall height 6 20 cm(5)Weight is 60 200 k

39、g/m2In Germany, this green form is so common, greening effect is more extensive and natural, make people feel closer to nature, the chosen plants tend to be some crassulaceae plants, this kind of plant has the characteristics of drought resistance, vitality is strong, bright color and rich, greening

40、 effect is remarkable.Due to the open type of roof greening has the characteristics of light weight, maintained extensive, therefore more suitable for the roof load limited and later maintenance investment co., LTD. We affectionately call it "ecological carpet".3.1.2 Half intensive green r

41、oof systemsHalf intensive green roofs, is between the open type of roof greening and intensive between a form of green roof garden, plant selection becomes complex, result is more beautiful, also it has the characteristics as follows:1 Maintenance on a regular basis2 Irrigation on a regular basis3 F

42、rom the lawn greening roof greening to shrubs4 The overall height 12 25 cm5 Weight is 120 250 kg/m2Half intensive between natural wild and artificial carve in the roof garden, very natural, low shrubs and flower color combination, but due to the increase in weight system, designer can add more desig

43、n concept, design more freedom, some artificial landscape also can get a good show. Intensive green roof systemsIntensive green roofs, green vegetation and artificial landscape perfect combination, pavilions, streams waterside pavilion, it has the following characteristics:(1) Constant maintenance(2

44、) Often the irrigation(3) From the lawn, evergreen shrubs and trees(4) The overall height of 15-100 cm or more(5) Weight is 150 1000 kg/square meter or moreIntensive green roof is in the true sense of "roof garden", the tall trees, low shrubs, flowers, plant choice follow one's inclina

45、tions; Can also be designed leisure places, sports venues, children's playground, sidewalks, roadway, fountain, pond, etc.3.2 Roof greening system principle of workHow to effectively solve the Chinese climate is dry, the present situation of the shortage of fresh water resources? How to make use

46、 of limited water resources? Drainage system is undoubtedly the best choice, soil, drainage plate storage, protect wet blanket, layer upon layer water, supplement each other, storage capacity can reach more than 70%.Accumulation of drainage system, as the name implies, besides the function of water

47、storage, powerful drainage as well as the advantages of protruding, drainage plate storage structure of the special design can guarantee under the condition of the water saturation, the water to drain; the system as a whole row of storage.In addition to plant roots absorb moisture directly, cannot b

48、e ignored by evaporation, evaporation in the form of water supply, drainage system of the special design makes the two organic knot. Also more fully utilization of water resources, to completely eliminate the plants dry and wet alternation frequent phenomenon.3.3 Roof greening soil profile Good char

49、acteristics of roof greening soil(1) Good stability(2) Susceptible to wind and water erosion(3) According to the adjustment of water plants(4) Good ventilation and porous(5) Good absorption and buffer performance(6) Light in weight(7) From the weed, disease and harmful substances(8) Avoid splashing

50、sparks and light caused by the fire3.3.2 Roof greening soil composition analysisFigure 3.1 roof greening soil composition analysis Roof greening soil production processCrushed minerals (mainly tiles), and organic substances (mainly shrubs and trees of branches) mix, add to the common soil.Figure 3.2

51、 roof greening soil production process4、The government's policy support and standard formulation4.1 Policy supportRoof greening history review of Germany: Germany existing roof greening technology and largest rooftop garden market worldwide. Now use the system on the market has years of history,

52、 basic technology also has a history of 25 years. Germany's roof garden, early, is only a consideration of environmental issues. Fortunately, since the 1973 oil crisis and the growing green group, the people also gradually change the original behavior and attitude. In the mid - 1980 - s, when th

53、e green groups at the earliest to join the local government, some issues about promotion of roof garden have been on the agenda.Initially required by local government departments in some construction area of roof greening as the compensation of nature, first is light industrial area, followed by off

54、ice buildings, apartment buildings and related structures. When the construction of roof garden gradually into the local building code; there are many officials to understand the problems. Their relationship is whether developers really need for roof greening, roof garden project cost rise, develope

55、rs tend to choose other cities for project construction.But after it has been proved that the roof garden is not so expensive, and there are some benefits, roof garden, to make developers instead of welcome that's roof garden can improve their reputation. With the growing green groups and people

56、 consciousness unceasing enhancement, roof garden more and more popular. New revised encourage developers to build a rooftop garden related specification has been issued. But the vast majority of developers still need to pass laws and regulations of mandatory to complete the construction of roof gar

57、den, thus causing some of the other problems appear: because of cost savings as far as possible to a minimum, some roof garden quality cannot be guaranteed, if green is not completely, the covering soil thickness is limited, can only allow certain crassulaceae plants to survive.Single green roof gar

58、den is not the result of the government wants to see, and even sometimes plants cannot fully survive, some roof began seeping in. These are damaged the reputation of roof greening in different degrees. With the passage of time, some local governments realize the use of roof gardens to improve the level of public welfare, lower taxes and even subsidies directly or indirectly roof greening is the best policy. Through government regulation and subsidies, and additional financial support, the roof garden promotion more easily.According to the latest regulatio