1、GMAT邏輯講義一、歸納題：從上到下（從原文到答案）讀題1）注意條件句，如if,aslongas等，例第二冊P203（20）2）注意有沒有否絕對化詞，如only,any,no,solely等3）注意有沒有數學上的等式、不等式關系或比例（percent,proportion）等，例第二冊第二冊P117、P126Q9）、P169（1）、P248（14）判斷答案的原則：（1）答案中不能出現原文中沒有的新概念（包括新的動詞、形容詞名詞等，但是需要同義詞的出現）（2）若原文在某一信息點上沒有絕對化概念，那么答案中也沒有（3）不能出現新的比較（4）答案不能和原文信息相違背。例題：第二冊P115（10）P1

2、16（H）P123P126（18）推導結構例題第二冊P122，講義section1（19題）2）理解命題及常用表達（這一知識點需要好好把握，不僅僅在歸納題中有用，在邏輯描述題中，邏輯結構一致性，對上文最好的批評等問法中都出現）原命題和逆否命題為等價命題，逆命題和否命題為等價命題（A-B+C,逆否命題為B/C-A）,（A+B-C,則其逆否命題為CfA/B）II.unless:=ifnot即notAunlessB表達為AfBAunlessB表達為非A-Bonlyif:AonlyifB表達為AfBifonly:AifonlyB表達為BfAAisnecessarytoB:BfAWhenever,who

3、ever,wherever:=if二、Weaken和Support演繹題型（從下到上，即從答案到原文）weakensupportReasoningPremise（前提），Conclusion（結論），Reasoning（推理過程，前提到結論的思維變遷）演繹題所面臨的是一個“待評價的推理”，也就是從前提到結論的這個推理是否能夠成立我是不知道的，我需要對它進行評價。根據問題的不同問法，確定不同的解題態度,問支持，就找一個選項說它可能對， 問反對， 找一個選項說它不一定對， 問假設考慮使結論成立需要什么，哪一個是使其成立的一個必要條件。1 .如何正確理解weaken,support支持：（suppo

4、rt）,將答案放在論據和結論之間，對原文推理或者結論有支持作用就可以，所以既可非充分又可非必要駁斥：（weaken）,將答案放在論據和結論之間，對原文推理或者結論有駁斥作用就可以，所以也是既可非充分又可非必要如何理解充分和必要1 .充分：所謂充分條件就是僅有這條件就足以帶來結果，不需考慮別的條件了。它是誰成立，誰一定也成立，比如A-B,如果A成立，那么一定有B2 .必要：所謂必要條件就是沒有這個條件結果一定不對。3 .前因后果結構推理中的前提和結論在大多數情況下用因果關系來表示，根據因果關系中的結果成立不成立我們分為兩種邏輯結構，前因后果結果和CausalExplanations結構，以后講的

5、答案方向點區別并不大，但是我們為了利于理解進行這個分類前因后果結構表示：(AB)從這個原因是否能夠得到這個結果？(注意because,since,for等原因引導詞這個方法是否能夠達到這個目的？(注意by引導方法，To的不定式引導目的)從這個條件是否能夠得到這個結論？(注意if,when,aslongas等引導條件注意上面的結果、結論到底能不能夠成立，目的到底能不能夠達到，還不確定駁斥、支持方向：A方法可行，P122(7)A-B之間P113(3)、P116(12)A之外因素的影響BP113(2)、P123(11)直接對B說講義Section1第4題4 .CausalExplanationsa.

6、對一個事實的發生、一個現象的存在，一個研究的發現，提出一種解釋也就是為什么這個事實會發生呢？為什么這個現象會存在呢？是這個原因導致的b.從一個已知的，已經發生的事實，已經存在的現象中得到一個結論，這個結論其實還是對上面的事實發生、現象存在做出了一種解釋注意上面的結果、事實，現象都是已經發生，已經成立了，問到底是不是這個原因導致的，這也是CausalExplanation結構和前因后果結構最本質的區別，務必仔細體會。CausalExplanation結構的典型弓I導詞：resultdueto、reason、attributeto、hypothesizetheexplanationisberesp

7、onsiblefor把這個事實當作B,把這個原因解釋當作A,答案方向：這個原因和結果之間的關系？(B-A之間)有沒有別的原因來對上面的事實、現象、研究發現作出解釋(A之外的其他原因)支持：直接：就是這原因導致結果，具體還可以表現為沒有這個原因就沒有這個結果。例題：講義Section1第1題，P201(12)間接：沒有別的原因解釋上面的事實或現象駁斥：直接：原因和結果無關，具體表現為有這個原因沒有這個結果或者沒有這個原因有這個結果例題：P114(7),P115(9)間接：還有別的原因存在解釋上面的事實或現象P124(13)如何統一兩種結構的答案方向？5 .Weaken,Support讀題：1)重

8、點是找出原因和結果兩句話，如果沒有任何原因指示詞，那么重點在結論，緊靠結論因果詞(therefore,thus)前面的往往就是原因2)對to的不定式要讀出(往往表示為對一個目的提出一個方法)3)對any,all,none,everyone,each,no,ingeneral,onthewhole等詞需注意，因可能會為范圍差異4)對only,solely加以注意，例：第四冊：P185)對動詞的程度修飾，例：第四冊：P76 .一些輔助的類型范圍差異、數據得結果、因果順序、比較原則三：“Assumption”題型假設定義：使結論成立的必要條件讀題：和weaken,support讀題方法完全一樣，再注

9、意when、if等詞語答案方向：前因后果結構1)因果關系差異概念的橋梁作用(A-B之間)例題：P115(8)、P122(5)、P200、P202(15)、P248(12)、P249(162)A可行性或者原因有意義：P228(9)、P2463)沒有其他的因素來影響這個結果或者結論P248(12)、P250(18)CausalExplanations:1)沒有這個原因就沒有這個結果(兩者之間)3)沒有其他的原因來解釋上面的事實或者現象P173(16)、P229(13)注意此類假設其答案中，很可能會有否定詞或類似否定概念出現注意：和weaken、support一樣，這兩種結構的答案方向完全可以統一四

10、：evaluate題型1 .定義：對某個問題兩方面的回答(yesandno)或者某個信息兩方面的回答，對原文推理如果一方面回答起到支持作用，則另一方面回答起到駁斥作用，如果一方面回答起到駁斥作用，則另一方面回答起到支持作用，這個問題或者信息就對原文有評價作用。注意一定是yesandno回答都起到作用，如果僅僅一方面回答起到作用，則不是評價2.答案方向：1)直接說，結果和原因之間有沒有關系(A-B)例：第二冊P172(10)、P198(3)3 )A是否可行或者有意義。講義section1(11題)3)間接性答案：除A之外是否還有別的因素影響B,例：第四冊P104或者有沒有其他的原因來解釋原文中存

11、在的事實或者現象注意：evaluationassumption和weaken,support的統五：解釋現象1 .解釋result,situation等，統稱為解釋結果具體讀出要解釋什么，現象是什么，解題要點：抓住要解釋的對象，具體發生了什么變化2 .解釋矛盾，找一個選項說明為什么會存在這種矛盾，解題主要抓住區別點3 .答案要明確，滿足無推導、無充分性。講義section1(第20題)六.完成一段話“題型”找答案需滿足：1)在句子意思上滿足原文，特別是可將最后一句話補全2)答案必須和原文前半段描述有關系例：第二冊：P60P70P201(14)七.“上文使用何種有疑問技術”題型(邏輯描述)并不是

12、讓你找一個選項對上文推理進行駁斥， 也不是問原文推理的缺陷， 而是讓你用邏輯描述的語言來描述一下原文的推導過程。例：第三冊P4(17)第四冊P85八、提高(由學生自己去訓練培養對weakensupport等題的感覺)1.Weaken:求異2.Support:求同所謂求同、求異就是答案和原文的一致或不一致，而不是答案中誰與誰一致或不一致，它要求既不要考慮原文的因果之間為什么會如此， 也不要考慮答案中因果之間為什么會如此， 更不可考慮此答案是如何使得對原文有支持或駁斥作用的， 而僅僅辨認在答案滿足和原文有關時是保持和原文一致還是不一致，這一點往往對于難題來講，特別還僅僅剩下兩個選項需要辨別的時候，

13、更為有用例：“因為這兒有個人，所以螞蟻有兩條腿。”對這一論證的支持或駁斥不應考慮為什么人和螞蟻有關， 而只考慮在答案中說有人或說螞蟻兩條腿的情況下， 找其相同或不同就可以了，如“相鄰近處沒有人，螞蟻也有兩條腿”，在滿足說螞蟻有兩條腿時說的是沒有人，和上邊論述不一致，因此可weaken同理說“在鄰近處沒有人，螞蟻也就無兩條腿，”就有support作用，你所需做的僅僅是尋找相同或不同點，僅此而已，大家可由第三冊上P1P2(9)P3P5(20)P28P29(15)P46P47等題去理解weaken,由第二冊上P30(11)P31(20)P45P48(15)等理解support.九、最后讀題GMAT改

14、為機考后，邏輯題長度明顯增加，對此除提高閱讀能力外(不是閱讀技巧),主要要做訓練看對一段話中在僅讀一遍的情況下， 究竟哪句話為結論， 然后看出和結論相關的直接原因是什么，最后次要地看出和直接原因相關的性質點中， 原文提出過什么就可以了， 但對于“歸納”題型只能學會一邊讀一邊思考原文的層次是什么，腦中將層次留下，無其他好方法。Section11. ThetownofStavanger,Norway,wasquietandpeacefuluntiltheearly1960s,whenStavangerbecameNorwayscenterforoffshoreoilexploration.Betw

15、eenthenandnow,violentcrimeandvandalisminStavangerhavegreatlyincreased.Clearly,thesesocialproblemsareamongtheresultsofStavangersoilboom.Whichofthefollowing,ifitoccurredbetweentheearly1960sandnow,givesthestrongestsupporttotheargumentabove?(A) ThepeopleofStavangerrarelyregretthattheirtownwaschosentobeN

16、orwayscenterforoffshoreoilexploration(B) NorwegiansociologistsexpressedgraveconcernabouttheincreaseinviolentcrimeandvandalisminStavanger.(C) ViolentcrimeandvandalismhaveremainedlowinNorwegiantownsthathadnooilboom.(D) Nonviolentcrime,drugaddiction,anddivorceinStavangerincreasedapproximatelyasmuchasvi

17、olentcrimeandvandalismdid.(E) TheoilboomnecessitatedthebuildingofwiderroadsfortheincreasedtrafficinStavanger.2. Since1945therehavebeennumerousinternationalconfrontationsastenseasthosethatprecipitatedtheSecondWorldWar,andyetnolarge-scaleconflicthasresulted.Toexplainthis,somearguethatfearofenormousdes

18、tructionsuchastheSecondWorldWarproducedhashadadramaticdeterrenteffect.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakensthedeterrenttheorymentionedabove?(A)AftertheFirstWorldWar,thefearofgreatfuturedestructionwasasintenseasitwasaftertheSecondWorldwar.(B) Psychologistshavedeterminedthatthefearofretaliat

19、iontendstotemperaggressivenessamonghumanbeings.(C) TheSecondWorldWarwasfarlessdestructivethanmostpeoplegenerallybelieve.(D) FearofrepeatingthelevelsofdestructionthattheSecondWorldWarproducedisaspervasivetodayasitwasfortyyearsago.(E) Manyoftheinternationalconfrontationsthathaveoccurredsince1945havein

20、volvedcountriesthatparticipatedintheSecondWorldWar.3. AlistofthefifteenoperasmostfrequentlyperformedinrecenttimesincludesnoworksbythenineteenthcenturyGermancomposerRichardWagner.Althoughmusicproducerstendtoproducewhataudienceswant,relativeinfrequencyofperformanceprobablydoesnotindicatelackofpopulari

21、tyinWagnerscase,sinceWagnersoperasarenotoriouslyexpensivetoperformonstage.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupporttheconclusionoftheargumentabove?(A)Thelistofmostfrequentlyperformedoperasdoesnotincludeoperasproducedbysmallamateurgroups.(B)Someoperacompaniesarebackedbypatronswhoarewillingtocomm

22、itlargesumsofmoneyinordertoenjoylavishproductions.(C)Allofthefifteenmostfrequentlyperformedoperasofrecenttimesareworksthathavebeenpopularforatleast75years.(D)MorerecordingshavebeenproducedrecentlyoftheworksofWagnerthanoftheworksofanyothercomposerofopera.(E)Operaticworksofallkindshavebeenincreasingin

23、popularityinrecentyears.4. V-shapedwalledstructuresincentralAsiawereusedbyprehistorichunterswhodrovehoofedanimalsintoanenclosureatthepointoftheV.ThecentralAsianswhobuiltthesestructuresprobablylearnedthishuntingtechniquefrominvadersfromsouthwestAsia,becausethearrivalofinvadersfromaregioninsouthwestAs

24、iawheresimilarstructureshadlongbeenusedcoincidesroughlywiththebuildingoftheearliestofsuchstructuresincentralAsia.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheargument?(A) ExcavationsinthecentralAsianregiondonotindicatewhetherinvadersfromsouthwestAsiasettledpermanentlyincentralAsia.(B) TheV-shapedstr

25、ucturesincentralAsiawereroughly70meterslong,whereasthesimilarstructuresinsouthwestAsiawereusuallyover300meterslong.(C) ThewallsofthestructuresincentralAsiaweremadefromearth,whereasthewallsofthestructuresinsouthwestAsiaweremadeofrock.(D) TheearliestexamplesofV-shapedwalledstructuresincentralAsiawereo

26、fanadvanceddesign.(E) SomeofthewalledstructuresusedforhuntinginsouthwestAsiawerebuiltwellaftertheearliestsuchstructureswerebuiltincentralAsia.5. TheaverageageandracingexperienceofthedriversattheIndianapolis500automobileraceincreasedeachyearbetween1965and1980.Thereasonfortheincreaseisthathigh-speedra

27、cingdriverswerelivinglongerthantheirpredecessors.Race-carsafetyfeaturesthatreducedtheseverityofcrashesofthekindthatformerlytookdriversliveswereprimarilyresponsiblefortheincreaseintheaverageageoftheIndianapolis500competitors.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldbemostlikelytobepartoftheevidenceusedtoshowt

28、hatsafetyfeaturesonthecarsthatprotecteddriversinmajorcrasheswereresponsiblefortheincreaseintheaverageageofdriversattheIndianapolisrace?(A)Youngerdriversathigh-speedracetrackswereinvolvedinmajoraccidentsataslightlyhigherratethanwereolderdriversbetween1965and1980.(B)Majoraccidentsonhigh-speedracetrack

29、soccurredataboutthesamefrequencyintheyearsafter1965asintheyearsbefore1965.(C)TheaverageageofdriversattemptingtoqualifyfortheIndianapolis500decreasedslightlybetween1965and1980.(D)AccidentsonhighwaysintheUnitedStatesoccurredataboutthesamefrequencyintheyearsafter1965asintheyearsbefore1965.(E)Othersafet

30、yfeatures,involvingtheconditionoftheracetrackandtheuniformswornbythedriverswhiledriving,wereadoptedatIndianapolisbetween1965and1980.6. Calvin:Fireinsurancepoliciesaredisadvantageoustopolicyholders.Thetypicalpolicyholderalwayspaysmoreinpremiumsthanheorshecollectsinpaymentsonpolicies.Lorraine:Yes,butp

31、olicyholdersarestillrightinthinkingthatitistotheiradvantagetoholdaninsurancepolicy.Thepeaceofmindthatcomesfromhavinganinsurancepolicyisthemainadvantagetothepolicyholder.LorraineaddressesCalvinsargumentby(A) QuestioningthesourceofCalvinsfactualinformation(B) introducingaconsiderationneglectedbyCalvin

32、sargument(C) showingthatCalvinsargumentassumeswhatitsetsouttoprove(D) challengingthetruthoftheevidenceadvancedinCalvinsargument(E) showingtheirrelevanceofCalvinsevidencetotheconclusionhedraws7.X:Whenararebutseriousindustrialaccidentoccurs,peoplerespondbybelievingthatsuchaccidentsarebecomingmorefrequ

33、ent.Thisbeliefisirrational.Afterall,beingdealtfouracesinahandofpoker,arareevent,hardlyincreasesoneschancesofbeingdealtfouracesinafuturehand.Y:Tothecontrary,thebeliefisrationalbecauseitresultsinpeoplessensingadangertothemselvesnotpreviouslysensedandtakingprecautionaryactionstopreventsimilaraccidentsi

34、nthefuture.YsattempttocounterXsclaimcsib bestdesbywhichofthefollowing?(A) ItquestionstheaptnessoftheanalogydrawnbyX.(B) ItmakesapparentXsfailuretoconsiderhowpeoplevaryintheirresponsestoaseriousaccident.(C) Itshiftsthebasisforjudgingrationalitytoconsiderationsofutility.(D) Itoffersanalternativeexplan

35、ationofwhypeopleformincorrectbeliefs.(E) ItchallengesXsassumptionthattheoccurrenceofasingleeventissufficienttochangeabelief.8.John:Itispermissibleandevenadvisabletoexecutecriminalsconvictedofbrutalmurders.Afterall,apublicizedexecutioncanservetodeterheinouscrimesandthusminimizesufferinginthelongrun.C

36、apital.punishmentisakindofsocietalself-defense.Mary:Youareignoringthepriorissueofwhetherastateorsocietyhastherighttotakeanyoneslife.Ifthereisnosuchright.then,theissueofwhethercapitalpunishmentdeterscrimeisirrelevant.Ifitweredetermineddialcapitalpunishmentdoesnotservetodetercrime.JohnsandMary-spositi

37、onswouldbeaffectedinwhichofthefollowingways?(A) NeitherJohnsnorMaryspositionwouldbeaffected.(B) BothJohnsandMaryspositionswouldbeweakened.(C) MaryspositionwouldbestrengthenedbutJohnspositionwouldnotbeaffected.(D) JohnspositionwouldbeweakenedbutMaryspositionwouldnotbeaffected,(E) Johnspositionwouldbe

38、weakenedandMaryspositionwouldbestrengthened.9. Excludingpurchasesbybusinesses,theaverageamountspentonafactory-newcarhasrisen30percentinthelastfiveyears.Intheaveragehouseholdbudget,theproportionspentoncarpurchaseshasremainedunchangedinthatperiod.Thereforetheaveragehouseholdbudgetmusthaveincreasedby30

39、percentoverthelastfiveyears.Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentrelies?(A)Theaveragenumberoffactory-newcarspurchasedperhouseholdhasremainedunchangedoverthelastfiveyears.(B)Theaverageamountspentpercarbybusinessesbuyingfactory-newcarshasrisen30percentinthelastfiveyears.(C)Theproportiono

40、ftheaveragehouseholdbudgetspentonallcar-relatedexpenseshasremainedunchangedoverthelastfiveyears.(D)Theproportionoftheaveragehouseholdbudgetspentonfoodandhousinghasremainedunchangedoverthelastfiveyears.(E)Thetotalamountspentnationwideonfactory-newcarshasincreasedby30percentoverthelastfiveyears.10. Ed

41、itorial:Criticsofnuclearpowercomplainabouttheallegedlyseriousharmthatmightresultfromcontinuedoperationofexistingnuclearpowerplants.Butsuchconcernsdonotjustifyclosingtheseplants;afterall,theiroperationhascausednomoreharmthanthatcausedbypollutiongeneratedbycoal-andoil-burningpowerplants,themostimporta

42、ntothersourcesofenergy.Whichofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?(A) Existingnuclearpowerplantsshouldbeclosedonlyifitcanbeconclusivelydemonstratedthattheircontinuedoperationislikelytocauseharmmoreseriousthantheharmtheiroperationhasalreadycaused.(B) Closingexistingnuclearpowerplantsw

43、ouldrequiregreatlyincreasedrelianceoncoal-andoil-burningpowerplants.(C) Theharmthathasresultedfromoperationofexistingcoalandoil-burningpowerplantshasbeensignificant.(D) Theharmthatanuclearpowerplantislikelytocauseasitcontinuestooperatecanbereliablypredictedfromthepasthistoryofnuclearpowerplants.(E)

44、Theonlyharmthathasresultedfromoperationofexistingcoalandoil-burningpowerplantshasresultedfromthepollutiongeneratedbytheseplants.(F) Closingexistingnuclearpowerplantswouldrequireincreasedrelianceoncoal-andoil-burningpowerplants.11. Sleepdeprivationisaknowncauseofworkplaceerror,andmanyphysiciansfreque

45、ntlygowithoutsleepforperiodsof24hoursormore.However,fewofthesephysicianshave,inthecourseofaroutineexaminationbyapeer,beendiagnosedwithsleepdeprivation.Sothereislittlecauseforconcernthathabitualsleepdeprivationwillcausewidespreadphysicianerror.Theanswertowhichofthefollowingquestionswouldbemosthelpful

46、inevaluatingtheargument?(A)Dophysicianswhohavebeendiagnosedwithsleepdisordersalsoshowsignsofotherillsnotrelatedtosleepdeprivation?(B)Istheabilitytorecognizethesymptomsofsleepdeprivationinotherssignificantlyimpairedbyhabitualsleepdeprivation？(C)Dofactorsotherthanhabitualsleepdeprivationeverleadtoerro

47、rsintheworkplaceonthepartofphysicians?(D)Ofpeoplewhohaverecentlybeentreatedbyphysicians,whatpercentagebelievethatmanyphysicianshaveoccasionallysufferedfromsleepdeprivation？(E)Istheincidenceofsleepdeprivationhigheramongphysiciansthanitisamongotherhealthcareworkers？12. Theorganizersoftomorrowsoutdoorc

48、oncertannouncedthatitwillgoontomorrowonscheduleunlessbadweatherisforecastortoofewadvanceticketsaresold.Iftheconcertiscanceled,refundswillbemadetoticketholders.Sincesometicketholdershavealreadybeenissuedrefundseventhoughmorethanenoughadvanceticketsweresold,itmustbethecasethatbadweatherisforecast.Whic

49、hofthefollowingisanerrorofreasoningcontainedintheargument?(A) Itproceedsasifacondition,whichbyitselfisenoughtoguaranteeacertainresult,istheonlyconditionunderwhichthatresultwouldoccur.(B) Itbasesaconclusionthatisknowntorequiretwoconditionsonevidencethatbearsononlyoneofthoseconditions.(C) Itexplainson

50、eeventasbeingcausedbyanotherevent,eventhoughbotheventsmustactuallyhavebeencausedbysomethird,unidentifiedevent.(D) Ittreatsevidencefortheabsenceofoneconditionunderwhichacircumstancewouldoccurasconclusiveevidencethatthatcircumstancewillnotoccur.(E) Evidencegiventosupporttheconclusionactuallyundermines

51、it.13. Whensixoutoftenpeoplewhohadeatentheeggsaladatanofficepartybecameillshortlyafterward,theleftovereggsaladwastested.Testingfailedtoconfirmthepresenceofanyharmfulbacteriaintheeggsalad.Itfollowsthattheeggsaladwasnotresponsiblefortheillnessofanyofthepeoplewhoateit.Whichofthefollowingisanerrorinther

52、easoningoftheargumentabove?(A) Treatingthecauseofasequenceofeventsasifitweretheresultofthatsequenceofevents(B) Rejectingapossibleexplanationwithoutsuggestinganalternativeexplanation(C) Failingtoconsiderthepossibilitythatthosewhodidnotbecomeillshortlyaftereatingtheeggsaladbecameilllater(D) Treatingal

53、ackofproofthatsomethingisthecaseasconstitutingsufficientproofthatitisnotthecase(E) Overlookingthepossibilitythatsomepeoplearemoresusceptibletoharmfulbacteriathanareotherpeople14. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargumentbelow?Inrecentyears,theproportionofcarbuyerswhobuynewcarsratherthanus

54、edcarshasdeclined.Someconsumershaveattributedthischangetoanincreaseinnew-carprices.Asevidenceofthepriceincrease,theycitefiguresthatshowthat,evenadjustingforinflation,thepricethatthebuyerofanewcarpays,onaverage,isfarhighernowthanafewyearsago.Thisevidenceisunpersuasive,however,because_(A)thevalueofaca

55、rthatisboughtnewdeclinesmuchmorerapidlythandoesthevalueofacarthatisboughtused(B)aftersomeonehasboughtacar,itmightbeseveralyearsbeforethatpersonnextbuysacar(C)adeclineintheproportionofcarbuyerswhobuynewcarsmustnecessarilymeanthattheproportionwhobuyusedcarshasincreased(D)therelativeincreaseinused-cars

56、alesmightbeexplainedbythedecisionsofonlyasmallproportionofallcarbuyers(E)thechangeintheaveragepricepaidforanewcarcouldresultsolelyfrommorepeoplesrejectinginexpensivenewcarsinfavorofusedcars15. Whichofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargumentbelow?Aloneamonglivingspecies,humanbeingsexperienceadol

57、escence,aperiodofacceleratedphysicalgrowthpriortofullmaturity.Whetherotherhominidspecies,whicharenowallextinctandareknownonlythroughthefossilrecord,wentthroughadolescencecannotbeknown,since(A) theminimumaccelerationinphysicalgrowththatwouldindicateadolescencemightdifferaccordingtospecies(B) thefossi

58、lrecord,thoughsteadilyexpanding,willalwaysremainincomplete(C) detectingtheadolescentgrowthspurtrequiresmeasurementsonthesameindividualatdifferentages(D) completeskeletonsofextincthominidsareextremelyrare(E) humanbeingsmightbethefirstspeciestobenefitfromthesurvivaladvantages,ifany,conferredbyadolesce

59、nce16. Medicalpersonnelwhoservedinheavycombatinarecentwar-eventhosewhoescapedphysicalinjury-nowhavelowerincomesandhigherdivorcerates,andscoreloweronpsychologicalprofilesmeasuringgeneralhappiness,thanmedicalpersonnelwhoservedinlessstressfulsettingsduringthatwar.Thisevidencedemonstratesthatexposuretoh

60、eavy-combatsituationsproducesseriousadverseeffects,evenamongthosewhosufferednophysicalharm.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheconclusiondrawnabove?(A) Themedicalpersonnelwhoservedinheavycombathadcompletedsignificantlylessschoolingpriortomilitaryservicethanhadothermedicalpersonnel.(B) Theme