1、吉林華橋外國語學院本科畢業論文（2006級）姓 名：侯曉慧學 號：0305060909院 系：雙語學院 專 業：英語（英日方向）指導教師：周宇軒 二一一年六月An Analysis of Mark Twains Writing Techniques in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer簡析馬克吐溫在湯姆索亞歷險記中使用的寫作手法 姓 名： 侯曉慧學 號： 0305060909院 系： 雙語學院專 業： 英語（英日方向）指導教師： 周宇軒 吉林華橋外國語學院 Jilin HuaQiao Foreign Languages InstituteContent.Introdu

2、ction1. Mark Twain and The Adventure of Tom Sawyer12.1 Mark Twains Life Experience12.2 A Brief Introduction of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer2. Writing Techniques Reflected in the Work43.1 Humor43.2 Satire53.3 Colloquial Language63.3.1 Local Color73.3.2 Vernacular Language73.4 Figures of Speech83.4.1

3、Exaggeration83.4.2 Metaphor93.4.3 Transferred epithet103.4.4 Metonymy11 Conclusion11Bibliography13 吉林華橋外國語學院畢業論文用紙AbstractMark Twain, a mastermind of humor and satire, is seen as a giant in world literature. His humor had great impact on the following men of letters. He produced the world famous juv

4、enile work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer which reflected his own life experience. He produced countless successful works loved by people form different countries. Until today, his works are still read by people all over the world. The thesis presents some of the writing features which contributed to h

5、is success such as humor, satire colloquial language and various figures of speech and some of the illustrations from the work.The thesis consists of four parts. The first part of the body tells the life experience of Mark Twain and his famous work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. The part following, wh

6、ich is also the theme that is discussed in the thesis, is a detailed analysis to some of the writing techniques such as humor, satire which Mark Twain applied in his work. This part specifically states how he created a vivid and expressive image to his readers with the application of the writing tec

7、hniques and what kind of effects he achieved through this by some of the examples from Twains work. The last part is a conclusion of the achievements and brilliance Mark Twain have got. Mark Twain depicts the real world around him with vivid and animated words which shows his true feelings to the wo

8、rld.Key Words: Mark Twain; Tom Sawyer; writing techniques 摘 要美國的幽默大師和現實主義作家馬克·土溫,被看作一位世界文學巨匠。他的幽默對其后輩文人產生了巨大的影響.批評家對此亦高度重視并就此提出了不同的闡釋.他創作了聞名世界的兒童著作湯姆索亞歷險記，從本書中讀者們可以感受到馬克吐溫的生活經歷。除了湯姆索亞歷險記，他還創作了許多名著深受全世界讀者的喜愛，直到今天，全世界的人任在讀他的作品。本文介紹了一些促成馬克吐溫成功的寫作特點如幽默、諷刺、口語化的語言，不同修辭手法以及他文中的一些例句。本文由四部分組成。正文的第一部分講述了

9、馬克吐溫的生活經歷與其作品湯姆索亞歷險記。緊接著的部分，也就是本文的主題，詳細分析了馬克吐溫應用于其作品的寫作手法如幽默，諷刺等。這一部分詳細陳述了馬克吐溫是如何利用這些寫作手法為讀者們創造出生動的形象并通過文中的一些例句來展示他達到了怎樣的效果。最后一個部分是對馬克吐溫的成就和輝煌的一個總結。馬克吐溫用生動形象的文字把包含他真實感情的真實的世界展現給了他的讀者們。關鍵詞: 馬克吐溫； 湯姆索亞； 寫作手法第13頁An Analysis of Mark Twains Writing Techniques in The Adventures of Tom SawyerI. Introductio

10、nMost of Mark Twains works are directed against the American society. He is good at using extreme technique, enlarge the ugly phenomenon to the readers, let them find out what is right, what is wrong by themselves. For this reason, Mark Twain has a lot of audiences in the whole world. His works have

11、 practical significances, deserving to analyze. This thesis uses several points to expound Mark Twains writing style. His humorous style is different from that of other authors. Mark Twains humor is remarkable, it is fun to read Twain at first, for most of his works tend to be funny, containing some

12、 practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks and so on, and some of them are actually tall tales. Today, most of the authors still choose Mark Twains humorous style as the main technique in their literary works, because it is the best weapon to attack the darkness, could show the authors ideas bet

13、ter than any other ways. . Mark Twain and The Adventure of Tom SawyerAs an outstanding writer, humorist, critic Mark Twain is loved by people all around the world. His works had been translated into several other languages across the universe. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer is one of his most successfu

14、l juvenile works which is still a bestseller today. The book was written partly based on Twains own life experience. So when the readers are reading through the book, they could imagine a vivid image of young Mark Twain.2.1 Mark Twains Life ExperienceMark Twain (pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens

15、, 1835-1910), was an American writer, journalist and humorist, who won a worldwide audience for his stories of the youthful adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri, of a Virginian family. He was brought up in Hannibal, Missouri. The li

16、fe of which contributed to the construction of the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. After his father's death in 1847, he was apprenticed to a printer and wrote for his brother's newspaper. And later He worked as a licensed M

17、ississippi river-boat pilot, which provided him with sufficient materials for him and inspired him to the creation of many great works. The Civil War put an end to the steamboat traffic and Clemens moved to Virginia City, where he edited the Territorial Enterprise. On February 3, 1863, 'Mark Twa

18、in' was born when Clemens signed a humorous travel account with that pseudonym.In 1864 Twain left for California, and worked in San Francisco as a journalist. There he got his first success as a writer for his humorous tall tale. He visited Hawaii as a correspondent for The Sacramento Union, pub

19、lishing letters on his trip and giving lectures. Then He set out on a world tour, traveling in France and Italy. His travelogue was recorded in 1869 in The Innocents Abroad, which gained him wide popularity, and poked fun at both American and European prejudices and manners.The success as a writer g

20、ave Twain enough financial security to marry Olivia Langdon in 1870 whom Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight . The next year, they moved to Hartford. Twain continued to give lecture in the United States and worked as an editor and writer in the Buffalo Express. Between 1876 and 1884

21、he published several masterpieces, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1881) and The Prince And The Pauper (1881). Life On The Mississippi appeared in 1883 and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1884.Twain made a substantial amount of money through his writing, but he lost a great deal through investme

22、nts, mostly in new inventions and technology. In the 1890s Twain lost most of his earnings in financial speculations and in the failure of his own publishing firm. To recover from the bankruptcy, he started a world lecture tour, during which one of his daughters died. Twain toured New Zealand, Austr

23、alia, India, and South Africa. He wrote such books as The Tragedy Of Pudd'head Wilson (1884), Personal Recollections Of Joan Of Arc (1885), A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and the travelogue Following The Equator (1897). During his long writing career, Twain also produced

24、a considerable number of essays. “Advice to youth” and “Courage”Misery and sufferings beat the man who makes the world laugh. The death of his wife and his second daughter darkened the author's later years, which is seen in his posthumously published autobiography (1924). Twain died on April 21,

25、 1910. His funeral was at the "Old Brick" Presbyterian Church in New York. He is buried in his wife's family plot at Woodlawn Cemetery in Elmira, New York. His grave is marked by a 12-foot (i.e., two fathoms, or "mark twain") monument. 2.2 A Brief Introduction of The Adventur

26、es of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a literary masterpieces, written in 1876 is a childs adventure story by the famous author Mark Twain. Tom Sawyer is a mischievous young boy who lives in the small town on the Mississippi River called St. Petersburg. Tom Sawyer is saucy and naturally sh

27、ow-off, who likes to show his authority over the other boys. He is a 13 years old boy who was born in a town on the Mississippi River, where he and Huck-his best friend, grew up. Tom is intended to represent the carefree and wonderful world of boyhood in the antebellum era. The story line is simple,

28、 the book reads like a biography or a memoir of a summer in Tom Sawyer's life. Tom Sawyer seems to be the precursor of and the template for misfit kids such as Dennis the Menace, Malcolm in the Middle, and Calvin and Hobbs. What makes this story great is that Tom Sawyer represents everything tha

29、t is great about childhood. The book is filled with Tom's adventures playing pirates and war with his friend Joe Harper. Tom has a trusted friend, Huck Finn, who few of the adults approve of. The book is filled with ideas of how the world works, such as how pirates and robbers work, that are so

30、innocent, they could only come from a child. It is a story filled with action, adventure, ingenious ideas, love, and schoolyard politics. The whole story is seemingly a complication of what people did or wish they did during their childhood. One of Americas best-loved tales, Tom Sawyer has a double

31、appeal. First, it appeals to the young adolescent as the exciting adventures of a typical boy during the mid-nineteenth century, adventures that are still intriguing and delightful because they appeal to the basic instincts of nearly all young people, regardless of time or culture. Second, the novel

32、 appeals to the adult reader who looks back on his or her own childhood with fond reminiscences. Thus, the novel is a combination of the past and the present, of the well-remembered events from childhood told in such a way as to evoke remembrances in the adult mind.The tale is very dramatically wrou

33、ght, and the subordinate characters are treated with the same graphic force that sets Tom alive before us. The worthless vagabond, Huck Finn, is entirely delightful throughout, and in his promised reform his identity is respected: he will lead a decent life in order that he may one day be thought wo

34、rthy to become a member of that gang of robbers which Tom is to organize. Tom's aunt is excellent, with her kind heart's sorrow and secret pride in Tom; and so is his sister Mary, one of those good girls who are born to usefulness and charity and forbearance and unvarying rectitude. Many vil

35、lage people and local notables are introduced in well-conceived character; the whole little town lives in the reader's sense, with its religiousness, its lawlessness, its droll social distinctions, its civilization qualified by its slave-holding, and its traditions of the wilder West which has p

36、assed away. The picture will be instructive to those who have fancied the whole Southwest a sort of vast Pike County, and have not conceived of a sober and serious and orderly contrast to the sort of life that has come to represent the Southwest in literature.Although Tom Sawyer is set in a small to

37、wn along the western frontier on the banks of the legendary Mississippi River sometime during the 1840s, readers from all parts of the world respond to the various adventures experienced by Tom and his band of friends. The appeal of the novel lies mostly in Twains ability to capture-or recapture-uni

38、versal experiences and dreams and fears of childhood. Writing Techniques Reflected in the WorkWhatever Mark Twain writes is pretty sure of an eager popular recognition. And it is due to him to say that he finds his readers and admirers all around the world. His application of humor, satire and collo

39、quial language to his work bestowed him the most powerful weapon to win him the outstanding status in history of literature.3.1 HumorThe word “Humor” in English originated from ancient Latin, "Liquid "or" Fluid ", which originally refers to one of the four humors (i.e., blood, mu

40、cus, bile, depression fluid) that play a decisive role in human nature and health. It was later extended to the meaning of today's humor. Humor is one of the most complex mechanisms of human language. According to their different life experiences, different social context, different writing styl

41、e, writers defers greatly in their way of expression. Some express their meaning directly; some others are subtle and indirect in the expression of their thoughts and feelings. Humor is always showed in the indirect way.Humor is among the most important ingredients that make satire interesting and a

42、ttractive. But humor is certainly multifaceted. It may be aggressive and derisive, it can be playful or intelligent, it can even be serious as satire; it cannot be false.Humor cannot desert truth. Mark Twain, who was extremely gifted in humor, used his talent in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, which ha

43、s become American humors “masterpiece as well as MarkThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer is the first novel which Mark Twain wrote independently. In this novel, Mark Twain create a vivid, delicate and lovely boy Tom and a colorful world which belong to him in the third person with a friendly easy-going ton

44、e. On the humorous and clever use of irony, the author criticized the current social vulgar, social institutions, and all kinds of people in society. Mark Twain combines o the real material and the humor together to form his own unique writing style which is frequently applied to his work. Mr. Lu sa

45、id: "The irony from life is the real irony.” Only when one is involved in the real life could one grasp the surprise hiding in the common social phenomena could we discover and create good humor.So Life is the source of humor, and humor could only be reflected fully by life.Mark Twain's hum

46、or is the case. Mark Twain inherited the 19th century humorous writing styles of the early American western literature of popularity. Besides, because of Mark Twain own writing features, .He used expressive words so that the characters in his work looks vivid. The carefully used words give the simpl

47、e images a special effect. He perfectly combined the realism and humor together criticizes the dark society. His doesnt not only create a unique humorous writing style, but also influence many American artists and authors.3.2 SatireSatire is primarily a literary genre or form, although in practice i

48、t can also be found in the graphic and performing arts. In satire, vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, and society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be funny, its greater purpose is often constr

49、uctive social criticism, using wit as a weapon.A common feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm"in satire, irony is militant"2but parody, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. This &quo

50、t;militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to attack.In the Adventure of Tom Sawyer, Twain does not confine himself to telling a simple childrens story. He is, as always, the satirist and commentator on the foibles

51、 of human nature. As the authorial commentator, Twain often steps in and comments on the absurdity of human nature. In Tom Sawyer, he is content with mild admonitions about the human race. For example, after Tom has tricked the other boys into painting the fence for him, the voice of Twain, the auth

52、or, points out the gullibility of man:”than in order to make a man or a boy covet a thing, it is only necessary to make the thing difficult to attain.” There are stronger satires. Twain is constantly satirizing the hypocrisy found in many religious observances. For example, in the Sunday school epis

53、ode, there are aspects of religion satirized, as Twain points out that one boy had memorized so many verses of the Bible so as to win prizesmore Bibles elegantly illustratedthat “the strain upon his mental faculties was too great, and he was little better than an idiot from that day forward.”The adu

54、lts reaction to Injun Joe and his malevolence is a typical Twain commentary on society; the adults create petitions to free Joe who has already killed, so it was believed, five” citizens of the village, but what of that? If he had been Satan himself there would have been plenty of weaklings ready to

55、 scribble their names to a pardon petition, and drip a tear on it from their permanently impaired and leaky waterworks.”Twain criticizes the adult attitudes and behaviors throughout the novel. That is part of the conflict: the maturation of a youth into adulthood conflicting with the disapproval of

56、the adult behaviors that exist. It is this double vision that raises the novel above the level of a boys adventure story.3.3 Colloquial LanguageAnother factor that made Mark Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of colloquial language. “In his hands, comic jargon and dialect became

57、a finished literary weapon, unemphatic, visual, and deceptively simple, sounding like speech and yet not quite the same”. At that time, Mark Twain adopts the American colloquial languages, hammering it into shape again and again. His words are vivid, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence s

58、tructures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language. And Mark Twain skillfully used the colloquialism to cast his protagonists in their everyday life. Whats more, his characters, confined to a particular region and to a particular historical moment, speak with a strong accent, which is true of his local colorism. Besides, different characters from different literary or cultural backgrounds talk differently, as is the case with Tom. Indeed, with hi