1、翻譯1) 國際貿易一般指不同國家的當事人進行的交易，它涉及到許多因素，因而比國內貿易要復雜得多International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries , it involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business . 2) 隨著經濟一體化進程的發展，很少人和公司能完全獨立于國防商務之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知識是十分必要的，這既有益于企業的發展又有益于個人的進步。With th

2、e development of economic globalization , few people or companies can completely stay away from international business .Some knowledge in this respect is necessary for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement . 3) 其它參與國際貿易的形式有管理合同， 承包生產和交鑰匙工程。Other forms for participating in international

3、 business are management contract , contract manufacturing , and turnkey project . 4) 國際貿易最初以商品貿易的形式出現， 即在一國生產或制造商品而出口或進口到另一國進行消費或轉售International business first took the form of commodity trade , i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in

4、another . 5) 除了國際貿易和投資， 國際許可和特許經營有時是進入國外市場的一種方式Besides trade and investment , international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a mean of entering a foreign market . 6) 國展生產總值和國內生產總值是表明一國收入的兩處重要概念， 區別在于前者強調的是生產要素的所屬權而后者著重于進行生產的國家。GNP(gross national product ) and GDP (gross domestic prod

5、uct ) are two important concepts used to indicate a countrys total income . GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. 7) 要估評某一市場的潛力， 人們往往要分析其收入水平，因為它為那里居民的購買力高低提供了線索。In assessing the potential of a country as a marke

6、t , people often look at per captia income 8) 世界各國被世界銀行分為三大領域： 高收入國家， 中等收入國家和低收入國家Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income , middle income , and low-income economies .9) 中國現在的年人均收入為1100美元以上， 但幾年前它還是個低收入的國家。 China with a per capita income of over $ 110

7、0 is a middle-income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago . 10) 就中國來說， 周圍還有其他應特別關注的市場， 如亞洲四小虎，東盟國家，俄羅斯等國， 這些國家都具有前景看好的市場潛力， 能為中國提供很好的商機。 So far as China is concerned , other markets we should pay particular attention to are thouse around us : the Four Tigers , the ASEAN co

8、untries , Russia etc . Those countries have very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China .11) 過去的幾十年， 地區經濟一體化越來越重要。 The past decades witnessed increasing growing importance of regional economic integration.12) 最著名的自由貿易區是北美自由貿易區， 它是由美國，加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。The most n

9、otable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) , it formed by the United States , Canada and Mexico in 1991 .13) 經濟聯盟的成員國不僅要在稅收， 政府開支，企業策略等方面保持一致，而且還應使用同一的貨幣。The members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize their taxation , government expenditure , indus

10、try policies , etc , but also use the same currency . 14) 歐洲委員會是歐盟的管理機構之一， 此機構將提議呈交給部長理事會做決定，并監督各成員國根椐所制定的條約履行自己的義務。The European commission is one of management body , it submit the proposal to the council of Ministers for approval , and also supervise its member countries to do its duty according t

11、o the agreements . 15) APEC建立于澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部長級會議上。當時有12位成員國出席，分別為澳大利亞，美國，加拿大， 日本， 朝鮮 ，新西蘭，和東盟六國。 APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia , the United States , Canada , Japan , Republic of Korea , New Zealand and six ASAN

12、 countries . 16) 經濟全球化為世界經濟發展提供了新的動力和機會，同時也使各經濟體更加相互依賴，相互影響。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive. 17) 跨國公司是在一個以上國家擁有，控制和經營資產的商業組織。Multinational en

13、terprise is a business organization which owns , controls and manages assets in more that one country . 18) 許多人歡呼經濟全球化帶來的好處，但同時也有強烈的反對聲音While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization , there are also loud voices opposition . 19) 跨國公司的內部交換占整個國際貿易是一個很大的比例。Intra-M

14、NE transactions which constitute a very significant proportion of total international trade . 20) 盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國企業的子公司，但重要決策，如有關公司目標和新投資等都 由母公司來決定。 Although the day-to day running of corporate operations maybe decentralized to the affiliates , the major decisions ,such as those on corporate goals

15、, new investment are made by the parent company . 21) 無論人們是否喜歡，經濟全球化已成為世界經濟發展中的一個客觀趨勢。But like it or not , the economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development . 22) 在復雜的經濟世界中， 沒有一個國家可以完全自給自足。In the complex economic world , no country can be completely self-sufficie

16、nt . 23) 隨著制造和技術的發展， 出現了另一個刺激貿易的因素，即國際專業化。With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade . I.e. international specialization 24) 按照比較利益學說，兩個貿易伙伴均可從貿易中得到好處。According to the comparative advantage, two trading partners could be benefit from the trade . jh2

17、5) 比較利益并不是一個靜止的概念， 一個國家可以通過自己的行動發展某種特定的比較利益。Comparative advantage is not a static concept , A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions . 26) 比較利益理論已成為現代國際貿易思想的基石。Absolute advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade 27) 一

18、件商品的成本會因生產規模擴大而減少The cost for the production of one commodity will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale . 28) 在實際中，即使完全的專業化在經濟上有利， 也可能永遠不會發生。In reality , However , complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous . 29) 配額或者說數量限制是最常見的關稅壁壘。Quotas or qua

19、ntitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers . 30) 有形貿易是指貨物的進出口貿易，而無形貿易涉及的是國家間的勞務交換。Visible trade which involves the import and export of goods , invisible trade which involves the exchange of services between countries . 31) 國家從事的貿易種類是多樣的， 復雜的， 往往是有形貿易和無形貿易的混合The kinds of

20、trade nations engage in are varied and complex , often a mixture of visible and invisible trade . 32) 包裝需按運輸的要求進行，在大多數情況下，賣方明確知道把貨物安全地運到目的地所需要的包裝。Package should be accord with the transport requirements . Under most conditions , the seller should know the suitable package which could move the goods

21、to destination safely . 33) 在許多情況下，應通知買方在賣方將貨物啟運之時或之前安排驗貨。除非合同另有規定，否則買方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗貨費用。Under many conditions , it should be arrange the inspection upon /before delivery , the buyer should be bear the inspection charges unless there is other contents in the contract . 34) 進口商可能通過可轉讓的運輸單據將貨物在運輸途中賣給

22、新的買方，這類可轉讓單據用起來非常方便。The importer may sell the goods to new buyer through the negotiable transport document, this kind of negotiable transport document is t very convenient to use 35) 在所有條款中， 買賣雙方各處的義務排列在10項標題下Under all terms , the respective obligations of the parties have been grouped 10 headings 3

23、6) 2000年對國際貿易術語解釋通則的修改考慮了無關稅區的發展。商務活動中電子通訊使用的增加，以及運輸方式的變化。In 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones , the increased use of electronic communication , and the changes in transport practices . 37) 合同依法實施， 未能履行合同義務的一方可能受到起訴， 并被強制作出賠償。The contract is enforced by law

24、, and any party that fail to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation . 38) 口頭業務協商指的是面對面的直接談判或通過國際長途電話進行的商談Oral business negotiations refers to the face to face direct negotiation or discussions through international trunk calls . 39) 買方發出的詢盤是為了獲得擬定購商品的有關信息，它對發

25、出詢盤的人無約束力。Enquiry is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered, it is without engagement on the part of the enquirer . 40) 有效期對于確盤是必不可少的。在規定的時間之前， 或在被對方接受或拒絕之前確盤一直是有效的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer . An offer is considered open until after a stipulate

26、d time or until it is accepted or rejected . 41) 還盤是對發盤的拒絕，一旦作出還盤，原報盤即失效而失去約束力。It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter offer is made .42) 對銷貿易一般是與有關國家的政策目標相互聯系的，如應對外匯短缺和擴大出口之類的問題。Counter trade is often associated with policy objectives of relevant economies li

27、ke dealing with foreign exchange shortage and promotion of exports. 43) 實質上，反向貿易指的是各種貨物和服務的直接交換。Actually, counter trade is the direct exchange of all kind of goods and service 44) 回購貿易和互購貿易之間另一個重要的區別在于回購貿易一般比互購貿易要延續更長一段時間。Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a l

28、onger period of time. 45) 在正常的市場交易中， 由于使用貨幣及市場手段，貨物的買賣是分別進行的。 In normal market transaction , the buying and selling of goods is conducted separately due to the use of money and market methods. 46) 盡管有很多好處，反向貿易可能是風險很大的事。 Through there is many benefits , however counter trade can be very risky busines

29、s . 47) 在其他貿易方式中還有加工貿易，寄售，租賃貿易，代理等。 Among other modes of trade are processing trade , consignment , leasing trade , agency etc . 48) 在國際貿易中進出口雙方都面臨風險， 因為總存在對方不履約的可能。Both the exporter and the importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may not fulfill the contract . 49

30、) 為處理國際貿易中的不同形勢，各種支付方法便發展了起來。Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade . 50) 許多國際貿易是通過匯票支付的，匯票是對銀行或顧客的支付命令。A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft , draft is the conditional order to a bank or a customer to

31、pay a sum of money .51) 即期付款交單要求進口商立即付款以取得單據。In the case of D/P , documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected . 52) 就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。So far as the exporters interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight , and D/P is more fav

32、orable than D/A 53) 在國際貿易中幾乎不可能使付款和實際交貨同時進行。In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods 54) 信用證付款方式對買賣雙方都提供保障。The letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer .55) 現代信用證在19世紀后半葉開始采用，第一次世界大戰后得到了實質性的發展。Modern credit were intr

33、oduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the first world war. 56) 要么因為信用證金額過大， 要么因為對開證行不完全信任，出口商有時可能需要保況的信用證。Sometimes the exporter may require a confirmed letter of credit either because the credit amount is too larger or because he does not fully trust th

34、e opening bank . 57) 信用證的形式， 長短，語言和規定各不相同Letters of credit are varied in form , length , language , and stipulations. 58) 在國際貿易中使用正確的單據很重要， 否則進口商提貨時會遇到困難。It is very important to use correct document in international trade , otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the good

35、s. 59) 商業發票，一般稱發票， 這種單據對貨物的質量和數量以及單價和總價進行概括性描述。The commercial invoice , generally called “ the invoice “ for short , this document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price . 60) 貨物在運輸過程中可能發生風險損失，需要辦理貨物保險。The goods may have the risk of loss duri

36、ng transportation , it needs to be insured . 61) 已裝船提單表明貨物已實際裝上開往目的地的承運船只。An on board bill of lading indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination . 62) 清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。 A clean bill of lading is one which

37、 states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition. It is meant that the document is devoid of any qualifying remarks concerning the packing and the outer appearance of the goods. 63) 毫無疑問，一個沒有先進的運輸系統的社會仍然是一個原始落后的社會。A society without an advanced transportation system remai

38、ns primitive . 64) 這些方式在動作特點和性能方面不同， 從而使它們各有比較優勢和劣勢。五種運輸方式分別是： 水路，鐵路， 公路， 管道及航空The modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities , giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages . The five major modes are water , rail , truck pipeline , and air . 65) 過去10年， 公司自己提供運輸能力的傾向越

39、來越大。The past 10 years has been increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability . 66) 作為一個社會， 我們現在的生活比完全自給自足時更富裕，更消閑。As a society , we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would if small communities had to be totally self-sufficient . 67) 最近幾年運輸功能引入注目

40、的另一個因素就是越來越多的使用零庫存系統。這種系統是以公司保持很少數量的生產投入的生產方式為基礎的。 Another factor that has thrusted the transportation function into limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems. They are based on production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of prod

41、uction inputs. 68) 保險是一種風險轉移機制。通過保險個人或企業可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉移給其他人。Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism , whereby the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life onto the shoulders of the others . 69) 即使在這種情況下，大多數公司寧可付已知的費用即保險費來轉移風險，而不愿面對不確定的風險損失。Even in these circumst

42、ances the majority of firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk , rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss . 70) 對企業來說損失的價值要比個人高得多。因此保險費也比一棟房子或一輛車高出許多。The values exposed to loss for enterprises are usually much higher than loss of individual , so the p

43、remium charged is likely to be substantially higher than that for a house or a car .71) 企業投保的主要刺激是他們可以騰資金，進行其他項目的投資。The main stimulus to enterprise is the release of funds , now available for investment for other project . 72) 因此， 貨物保險是一種目的在于把風險從進口商和出口商的肩上轉移到專門承擔風險的保險人一方的活動。 Cargo insurance therefor

44、e is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exporter and importers and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing under- writers. 73) 沒有可保利益的保險合同是無效的。而任何根椐這類合同提出的索賠都不會受理。Every contract of insurance requires an insurable interest to support it , or othe

45、rwise it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained . 74) 盡管錯誤的陳述是無意的， 但保險人還是受到欺騙。從而保險合同無效。Even if the mis-statement was unintentional , the underwriter would still be deceived and the policy voidable . 75) 將受損失人的利益恢復到損害發生前的狀況的合同就是保險合同。A contract of insurance is one which restores

46、 a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred . 76) 賠償金額一般包括發票金額加上運輸費用及保險費再加上一個商定的百分比， 如10%The compensation payable will be at an agreed figure , often at invoiced cost plus fright and forwarding charges plus t he insurance premium plus an agreed percenta

47、ge such as 10 percent . 77) 如果投保的險別不是造成損失的直接原因，保險公司將不予賠償。A claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest ) cause of the loss suffered . 78) 第一次世界大戰以前，金本位制建立了固定匯率制，每個國家通過將本國貨幣與黃金掛鉤來確定其貨幣的平價。Before the first world war, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate , each

48、 country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value . 79) 1944年44國在美國布雷頓森林舉行會議簽署了協議，計劃在世界貿易和貨幣方面實現更好的合作。In 1944 , 44 countries held Bretton Woods meeting in USA and sign a agreement Plan to have better cooperation in the world trade and currency 80) 彈性匯率從沒有真正地“干凈”或自由地浮動過。 因為

49、中央銀行為了穩定匯率采取了各種措施對貨幣價格進行干涉。The flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float ,the central bank take various measures to intervene in the price of its currency .81) 在特定條件下，提高利率可以吸引國外短期資金，提高一國的外匯匯率。Under specific condtions , high interest rate will attract short term internati

50、onal fund , increasing the exchange rate of ones own currency .82) 外匯匯率有三種形式， 即買進匯率，售出匯率和兩者的平均值中間匯率。 There are three types of foreign exchange price : buying rate ,selling rate , the average of the two -medial rate 83) 這些機構的共同目標是通過把發達國家的資金輸送輸送到發展中國家幫助這些國家提高生活水平。The common objective of these institut

51、ions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries 84) 國際復興開發銀行的資金有相當大一部分來自它的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入。A substantial contribution to the IBRDs resources also comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loa

52、ns. 85) 該銀行的貸款是向處于經濟和社會發展較高階段的發展中國家提供中期貸款。They are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth 86) 為了承擔這項使命， 多邊投資擔保機構向投資者提供擔保以防范非商業性風險，向發展中成員國政府提供咨詢，并為國際商業界與東道國政府就投資問題安排對對話。 To carry out this mandate, MIGA offers investors guarantees against noncommerci

53、al risks , and offer the consultation to developing member governments , and sponsors a dialogue between the international business community and host governments on investment issues . 87) 對外直接投資是國際投資的主要方式， 一國居民為進行督控和經營通過對外投資獲取另一國的資產。Foreign direct investment is a major form of international invest

54、ment , whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them .88) 控制成本是一些企業進行對外投資的主要動機之一， 而降低生產成本是考慮的一個重要方面。Controlling costs Is the first major motivation for engaging in FDI . and lowering production costs is an important consideratio

55、n 89) 直接在國外經營提高一個產品的能見度， 使當地客戶對他們所購買的商品更加放心。Operating directly abroad enhance the visibility of a firms products , making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy . 90) 即時庫存管理系統的引進能最大限度地降低庫存從而提高經營效率The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory to i

56、ncrease efficiency . 91) 國外直接投資主要有三種形式： 建立新企業 ，購買現在設施和建立合資公司FDI is mainly practiced in three forms : bulding new enterprises , purchasing existing facilites and forming joint ventures. 92) 選擇權是指在特定的時間內按規定的價格購買或出售一種證券的權利。Options are contracts giving the right to buy and sell a security 93) 未掛牌證券市場是為了

57、滿足已經確立了地位的， 但是較小的， 而且不成熟的公司的需求而建立的。The unlisted securities market a market created in 1980 to meet the needs of established , but smaller , less mature companies . 94) 政府滿足公共部門借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊一些證券。One of the ways the government meets the public sector borrowing requirement is by selling gilt-edged st

58、ocks . 95) 通過證券的發行和交易提供中心市場，股票交易所長期為政府，工業以及投資商的需求服務。The stock exchange has long served the needs of government , industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issue and trading of securities . 96) 國際股票交易所提供了一種途徑，使人們的存款能夠為那些需要資金的人所利用。The international Stock Exchange exists to provide a channe