1、2021/3/2711. What is culture?On the surface: customs and behavior More deeply: what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following themIn a word: Culture is all about meanings Hall: Culture is everything and everywhere 2021/3/2724. What is Communication? It comes from the Latin word “

2、communicare”, it means to give or to exchange. Now, the most common meaning of “communication” is to give or exchange information or ideas. Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (the basis of all human contact) Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings

3、are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols. (J.T.Wood)2021/3/273Elements of communication Context (location, time, light, temperature, seating arrangements) Participants (relationship, gender, culture) Messages (meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding) Channels (sound, sight, smell

4、, taste, touch) Noise (external noise, internal noise, semantic noise) feedback2021/3/274Linear Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverChannel (message)encodingdecodingnoiseIs this an effective model of communication?Mode of Communication2021/3/275Interactive Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverSenderR

5、eceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedback is essential to good communicationdecodingencodingmessage / channelmessage / channel2021/3/2765. Characteristics of communication 1) Communication is dynamic 2) Communication is interactive 3) Communication is irreversible 4) Communication takes place in both a p

6、hysical and social context.2021/3/2776. Intercultural Communication Samovar & Porter Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. intercultural communication refers to any communica

7、tion between two members of any cultural communities.2021/3/278Intercultural Communication Vs Cross-cultural Communication Cross-cultural communication the similarities and differences in value orientations, affective dispositions, relationship management, communicative styles (psychological process

8、) Intercultural communication the penetration by a member of one culture into another culture (practical significance)2021/3/279Warm-up: Read the following sayings aloud, and discuss with your partner: what do they mean to you? Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habit

9、s and customs keep them apart. - Confucian saying One mans meat is another mans poison. - English proverb God gave to every people a cup, cup of clay, and from this cup they drank life They all dipped in the water, but their cups were different. - R. Benedict 2021/3/2710High-context Culture: In high

10、-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation). Examples of high-context cultures include , etc.20

11、21/3/2711Low-context Culture: In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. Examples of low-context cultures include , etc.2021/3/2712Summary: language and culture Language is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language. Culture influen

12、ces language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols). Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.2021/3/2713What is ve

13、rbal communication Verbal: connected with words and their use Verbal communication: communication done both orally and in written language Easier to use words to represent ones experiences within the same culture because people share many similar experiences. More troublesome in verbal communication

14、 across cultures because peoples experiences, beliefs, values, customs, traditions and the like are different.2021/3/2714How different thinking patterns affect our life? Western medicine Vs traditional Chinese medicine Western cooking Different views on contracts- Westerners value objectivity, speci

15、ficity and precision and make sense of the world by reasoning and analyzing.- Chinese are more subjective and value intuition a lot, through which they get an insight into things around them.2021/3/27154. Communication Styles and CultureCompare the following two spoken discourse and decide which one

16、 might be given by a Chinese and which by an American?A. Because most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997, and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I s

17、uggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.Inductive pattern (topic delayed)2021/3/2716Which is given by a Chinese? Which by an American?B. I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision. Thats because I think a certain amount of c

18、aution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. In addition to that, most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how Hong Kong will be like after 1997. deductive pattern (topic first)2021/3/2717Different Communication Styles 2 2）東方）東方: :歸納法（個(gè)

19、別歸納法（個(gè)別一般）一般） VS VS 西方西方: :演繹（一般演繹（一般個(gè)別）個(gè)別） induction (specific induction (specific general) deduction (general specific)2021/3/2718Chinese Inductive?American deductive? In the east, people sometimes adopt the deductive pattern. (in a close relationship or relatively equal status) In the west, peopl

20、e do not exclude the use of inductive pattern. (borrow money, or ask for a big, embarrassing favor) In both the east and west, the person in a higher status tends to use the deductive pattern while the one in a lower status tends to use the inductive pattern.2021/3/27191. Nonverbal Communication1. N

21、onverbal CommunicationNoNonv verbal corbal codes s r ref fer to commur to communicatcativ ve m messassages whs which arch are notot in worword form form.MorMore tha than 55% % m messassages ars are commu communicatcated no onv verballrbally!2021/3/2720Definition: (1) “Metacommunication (beyond the u

22、sual commmunication), paralinguistics, second-order messages, the silent language, and the hidden dimension of communication.” (Hall, 1959)2021/3/2721Definition: (2) Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her

23、use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. (Samovar and Porter, 2004)2021/3/27221.1 Bo ody La Languauage Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements. Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressi

24、ons, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.2021/3/2723(1) General Appearance and DressConcern with how one appears is universal.We make inferences (often faulty) about anothers “intelligence, gender, age, approachability, financial well-being, class, tastes, valu

25、es, and cultural background” from attractiveness, dress, and personal artifacts.Do you select attractive friends over less attractive ones?2021/3/27241.2 Paralaaralanguauage ( (伴隨語伴隨語言言) ) It refers to voice characteristics and vocal qualities. Paralinguistics is the study of such non-semantic aspec

26、ts of speech as tone, volume, pitch and tempo, pause and the like which are together with verbal information. Our voice may be one of the most informative elements in building up our images. 2021/3/2725 Pitch decides hesitation or emphasis. When one is excited, his/her voice would be high in pitch,

27、quick in rate, and there will be no pauses between sentences; When one is sad or depressed, his/her voice traits would surely be the opposite.2021/3/2726 The English always speak in lower voice than Chinese when they make speech or a lecture, or talking with each other, or phoning. But Chinese often

28、 speak in loud voice in the aforesaid occasions. American are more skilled in regulating their voice volume and use very many different volume levels depending on the size of the audience and the physical environment.2021/3/2727 Silence can be longer between friends or intimates than the strangers w

29、ho have to converse. Chinese pay more attention to the function of silence in the talking, and think that the pauses and silence have rich meanings. Silence may have many possible meanings: agreement-disagreement, thoughtful-ignorance, consideration-inconsideration, secrecy, coldness, submission, bo

30、redom and so on. 2021/3/2728Time systems (Hall, 1976):Do you still remember time orientation?1) Monochronic Time (M-Time) 2) Polychronic Time (P-Time) 美國人類學(xué)家霍爾（美國人類學(xué)家霍爾（Edward Hall）在）在超越超越文化文化（Beyond Culture）一書中首次區(qū)分了）一書中首次區(qū)分了兩種不同的時(shí)間觀念兩種不同的時(shí)間觀念,即即“單向計(jì)時(shí)制單向計(jì)時(shí)制”（monochronic time）和）和“多向計(jì)時(shí)制多向計(jì)時(shí)制”（polychro

31、nic time)2021/3/2729Monochronic Time (M-Time) It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. e.g. American People “單向計(jì)時(shí)制重視日程安排、階段時(shí)間和準(zhǔn)時(shí)”, 認(rèn)為“時(shí)間是線性的、可分割的,就象一條道路或帶子向前伸展到未來,向后延伸到過去”。 2021/3/2730Mono

32、chronic Time (M-Time) 在我們看來,同時(shí)做兩件事幾乎有點(diǎn)不道德。” 持有這種時(shí)間取向的英美人士把時(shí)間看成具體實(shí)在（tangible）的東西, 可以節(jié)省（save）、花費(fèi)（spend）、賺得（earn）、浪費(fèi)（waste）、失去（lose）、彌補(bǔ)（make up）、計(jì)量(measure）、 甚至當(dāng)成商品一樣買賣（buy, sell）和擁有（have）。 美國人特別強(qiáng)調(diào)把時(shí)間分割成不同的時(shí)段來安排活動(dòng),強(qiáng)調(diào)守時(shí), 嚴(yán)格按照日程一次做一件事情（do one thing at a time） 2021/3/2731Polychronic Time (P-Time) P-time s

33、chedules several activities at the same time. It is more flexible and more humanistic. People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. e.g. Chinese, Latin American, Arab and most Asian cultu

34、res 2021/3/2732Definition of Ethnocentrism Definition “the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it” (William G. Sumner) Examples “China is a country with a long history.” “ arranged marriage” 2021/3/2733Reason for e

35、thnocentric ideas All cultures have the tendency to use the categories of ones own culture to evaluate the actions of others.2021/3/2734Negative Impact of Ethnocentrism If people believe that their culture is the only true culture, they will discriminate against people who manifest cultural norms th

36、at fail to correspond to their values and behaviors. 2021/3/2735Stereotypes Definition Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. (Walter Lippmann) Reasons Human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify. 2021/3/2736Prejudice Definition It refers to negative attitud