1、copyright Allyn & bacon Chapter 2 Research Methods in Psychology 心理學研究的方法 Thi nwliimcihn pnxluvt and hs contents arc protected under copyngbt hw. The dny public performance or display indudmg any transmission of imy preparalion of any derivative work, including lite cxtraclioci. in whole or in p

2、art. an/ renlal lea of lending oflbe program The Goals of Psychology Psychology 一 The scientific study of the behavior of individuals 2002 Allyn & by Uw: and their mental processes What Makes Psychology Unique? -Scientific method The Goals of Psychology 描述、解釋、預測和控制行為。 （基礎研究） 提高人類生活質量。 （應用） 描述： -

3、通過觀察收集行為數據（behavioral data） 描述的不同水平 -描述須克服主觀偏愛、偏見和期望 Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 機體變量Organismic variables 秉性/屬性變量Dispositional variables -內部因素如基因、動機、自尊、智力 Explaining What Happens Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon環謹從多種解釋中確定哪種更好 Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 6 Predicting What Will Happen 科學預測Sc

4、ientific prediction -基于對事件相互關聯方式的理解 一 Based on an understanding of the ways events relate to one another -指Hl什么樣的機制把那些事件與特定的預測物 聯系起來 Suggests what mechanisms link those events to certain predictors 因果預測Causal prediction -說明在什么樣的條件下行為會改變 - Specifies conditions under which behaviors will change Copyri

5、ght 2002 Allyn & Bacon 控制激動人心的目標？ -控制：使行為發生或不發生 -控制的成功意味著解釋的正確 -改變生活質量，樂觀主義 -控制與殖民主義文化：理解還是控制 -典型的男性主義觀點控制發生的事情 WEB IM WEB Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 8 心理學研究的過程 形成想法（發現）檢驗想法（驗證） 形成想法（發現） Theory 一 Organized set of concepts that explains a phenomenon or set of phenomena Copyright 2002 Allyn

6、& Bacon Hypothesis -Tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two (or more) events or variables -假設hypothesis -在尚未實際獲得研究結果之前，研究者先提出 -種暫時性或推估性的答案 -相關的或因果的(如果-一那么 -開放、批評和懷疑 II -當數據與觀念沖突 VW -公開與公共驗證 *號/心WEB lb 1 WEB Observer Bias $ cup half empty or hall 、客觀性 (objectivity) 、不因人

7、而變 、不按照個人好惡曲 解事實 9公共性 、Observer bias 一 Distortion of evidence because of the personal motives and expectations of the viewer Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon Observer Bias A. Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 11 Observer Bias: The Remedy 標準化 Standardization -用統一的一致的程序

8、收集信息 -Set of uniform procedures for treating each participant 操作性定義Operational definition 一 Definition in terms of the specific operation or procedure used to determine its presence -操作什么？所有變量 Copyright 2002 Allyn & BaconObCopyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 14 變量：在量和質上變化的因素 仝屬性（機體）變量： 性別、年齡、身體狀況等

9、刺激（環境）變量 刺激歲類別和強度; 仝反應變量 反應表現的形式及強弱 仝自變量、因變量和中介變量 因果關系 仝預測變量與被預測變量 相關關系 Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon Experimental Methods Challenge to objectivity -混淆變量Confounding variables -期望效應Expectancy effects -安慰劑效應Placebo effect變量 Variables WEB IM Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 16 Experimental Methods:

10、The Remedy 演 講 并 評 估 成 演 講 并 評 佔 成 績 WEB IM 控制程序Control procedures -力圖使所有無關變量恒定的方法 自知力療法 Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon Experimental Methods: The Remedy 控制程序Contro行為療法 無害藥片 自知60% 行為藥片73% WEB Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 18 Experimental Methods: The Remedy 控制程序Control procedures -隨機抽樣(random sa

11、mpling) -母仝體(population) - 樣本(sample) Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon Experimental Methods: The Remedy組A 實驗條件1 測量效應 組B 實驗條件2 測量效應 組n 實驗條件n 測量效應 WEB 測量 測量 被試 A 控制程序Control procedures -被試內設計(subjects designs) 實驗條件1實驗條件2實驗條件n 測量效應 Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 20 Experimental Methods: The Remedy 控制

12、程序Control procedures 一被試內設計(within-subjects designs) Each participant is his or her own control -學習WPS和WORD -如果前種處理對后面有影響 -順序變量 -思考被試內設計的優勢和局限？ Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 19 Experimental Methods: The Remedy 控制程序Control procedures A-B-A design - Participants first experience the baseline condit

13、ion (A), then the experimental treatment (B), then the baseline Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 21 again (A) -時間變量WEB Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 22 A-B-A Design 90 70 SOE *8ceojad csz 60 50 40 30 0 A, B Initial Anonyrnhy Final baseline baseline Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 21 Correlationa

14、l Methods 樂觀的人更長壽？紅顏是否多薄命？ 兒童早期受到虐待與成年和的精神疾病有 關？ 操作變皐的困難和道德倫理的限制。 Correlational methods - Determine to what extent two variables, traits, or attributes are related Correlational coefficient 一 (r)Indicates the degree of relationship between two variables -小心相關的虛假性 WEB Correlational Methods WEB Positi

15、ve correlation Correlational Methods Negative correlation Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 26 Subliminal Influence 閾下錄音磁帶真的有效？ Are subliminal audiotapes effective? 閱讀26-27 Independent varisblos Posttest Population Pretest Scf or teem

16、tape Memory tape Exper mental Condition 1 Experimental Condition 2 Random Time, duration Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon Self-estoom Memory 心理測量 - 操作變量 信度 Reliability 一 Degree to which a test produces sirrHlar scores each time it is used -Stability, consistency -數據的一致性、可靠性和穩定性 效度 Validity 一 Extent

17、to which a test measures what it was intended to test -鞋子的尺碼與愉快程度 Psychological Measurement 自我報告法 Self-report measures 一 Behavior identified through a participants own observations and reports Behavioral Measures -研究外顯行為和可觀察、可記錄的反應 的方法 一 Overt actions and reactions that are observed and recorded -直接

18、觀察 Direct observations -自然觀察 Natunilistic observ! Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon行Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 27 Psychological Measurement Case study 一 Intensive observation of a particular individual or small group of individuals Copyright 2002 Allyn & Bacon 29 Ethical Issues in Research 獲得贊同 Informed consent 風險/收獲評估 R