1、 句子成分和簡(jiǎn)單句五個(gè)基本句型一、 句子成分 構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。 句子成分常 用 詞 性主語(yǔ)名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和賓語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞及表語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)形容詞、名詞、代詞、分詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)副詞、副詞性詞組、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式 、分詞、名詞和狀語(yǔ)從句賓補(bǔ)名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句同位語(yǔ)名詞 等（一）主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主

2、體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語(yǔ)不是疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語(yǔ)位于謂語(yǔ)、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） 2.We often speak English in class.（代詞）3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5.Smoking does ha

3、rm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）6.The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語(yǔ)從句）8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的不定式）（二）謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)說明主語(yǔ)所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： He practices running every m

4、orning.2、復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。如： We are students.（三）表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)用以說明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）T

5、he speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語(yǔ)從句）（四）賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。They went to se

6、e an exhibition yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語(yǔ)）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)）I think（that）he is fit

7、 for his office.（賓語(yǔ)從句）賓語(yǔ)種類：（1）雙賓語(yǔ)（間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)），例如： They elected him their monitor.（五）賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（賓補(bǔ)）英語(yǔ)中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如 make等+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)）。 His father named him Dongdong.（名詞） They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the

8、fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語(yǔ)）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語(yǔ)）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）(六）定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句稱為定語(yǔ)。Hangzhou is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; A

9、merica is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名詞）His progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語(yǔ)）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn Englis

10、h.（介詞短語(yǔ)）（七）狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語(yǔ)。Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語(yǔ)）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語(yǔ)）He is in the room making a plane model.（分詞短語(yǔ)）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must cont

11、inue.（狀語(yǔ)從句）狀語(yǔ)種類1. How about meeting again at six?（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）2. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語(yǔ)）3. I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語(yǔ)）4. Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語(yǔ)）6. She came in with a dictio

12、nary in her hand.（伴隨狀語(yǔ)）7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語(yǔ)）8. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）9. She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語(yǔ)）10.I am taller than he is.（比較狀語(yǔ)）（八）同位語(yǔ)一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾，限定或說明，這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語(yǔ)。同位語(yǔ)與被它限定的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨

13、在一起。 Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.He himself told me that his brother is a doctor. 二、句子種類 兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：（1）陳述句（肯定、否定）： He is six years old. She didnt hear of you before.（2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）： Do they like skating? How old is he

14、? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? （3）祈使句 Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class（4）感嘆句 How clever the boy is!按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)（或并列謂語(yǔ)）。He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall new

15、spapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號(hào)（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also,

16、neithernor, then等連接。The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。 Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and

17、 interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.三、簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型（1）SV（主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)）We work.（2）SVP（主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)/系動(dòng)詞表語(yǔ)）He is a student.（3）SVO（主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)）Writing makes an exact man（4）SVOO（主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)間接賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)）My father bought me a car.（5）SVOOC（主

18、語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)）That news made her happy注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。 基本句型一：主謂 SVi (動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞和不及物的動(dòng)詞詞組。在有的句子中，不及物動(dòng)詞可以有狀語(yǔ)修飾。)1.The sun is rising.2.I'll try.3.The engine broke down. 4.Did you sleep well？ (well做狀語(yǔ)，修飾不及物動(dòng)詞sleep)基本句型二：主系表 SVP(動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞，劃線部分為表語(yǔ)。)1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名詞做表語(yǔ))2.Gradualy he bec

19、ame silent.(形容詞)3.She remained standing for an hour.(現(xiàn)在分詞)4.The question remained unsolved.(過去分詞)5.The machine is out of order.(介詞短語(yǔ))6.The television was on.(副詞)7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(動(dòng)詞不定式)8.My job is repairing cars.(動(dòng)名詞)9.The question is what you want to do.(表語(yǔ)從句)常見系動(dòng)詞：be, become

20、, get, remain, turn, seem, stay, grow，look ,sound, feel, smell, taste, go, appear, run基本句型三：主謂賓 SVO (動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞vt，劃線部分為賓語(yǔ)。)1.Do you know these people ？(名詞或代詞做賓語(yǔ))2.I can't express myself in English.(反身代詞做賓語(yǔ))3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源賓語(yǔ))4.We can't afford to pay such a price.(不定式做賓語(yǔ))5.Would y

21、ou mind waiting a few minutes？(動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ))6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(賓語(yǔ)從句)基本句型四：主謂賓賓 SVOO (間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)有三種情況。)1. 間接賓語(yǔ)可以改為to引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)。He handed me a letter.He handed a letter to me.2. 間接賓語(yǔ)可以改為for引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)。She sang us a folk song.She sang a folksong for us.3. 直接賓語(yǔ)可以由賓語(yǔ)從句充當(dāng)。Tell him I'm out.Ca

22、n you inform me where Miss Green lives？基本句型五：主謂賓賓補(bǔ) SVOOC (賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)一起被稱做復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。)1.He found his new job boring.(形容詞做賓補(bǔ))2.They called their daughter Mary.(名詞)3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介詞短語(yǔ))4.We thought him to be an honest man. (to be)5.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(現(xiàn)在分詞)7.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(過去分詞)1.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.注意：在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，可以用it做形式賓語(yǔ)，把真正的賓語(yǔ)放在后面。2.I think it best that you should stay with us.分析：it是形式賓語(yǔ)，best是賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，that you should stay with us是真正的賓語(yǔ) Eg 1: “在湯姆獲釋之前，他給妻子寫了一封信，問她是否愿意讓他去。”