1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一、定義：表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生并對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作由過(guò)去發(fā)生持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在有可能停下，也有可能延續(xù)下去 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始發(fā)生到目前為止已經(jīng)發(fā)生多次。二、構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由“助動(dòng)詞have / has + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的，其規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成及過(guò)去式相同，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞則需加強(qiáng)記憶。如：I have just cleaned my clothes 我剛洗過(guò)衣服。My brother has done his homework already. 我的弟弟已經(jīng)做完他的作業(yè)了。友情提示：在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的各種結(jié)構(gòu)中，have, has均為助動(dòng)詞，無(wú)實(shí)際意義，只起

2、構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)的作用，不可省略。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)助動(dòng)詞用has，其余人稱一律用have。過(guò)去分詞1 、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則及規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則： (1)、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-

3、cried-cried , play-played-played ,stay-stayed-stayed (4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫(xiě)該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：AAA型原型 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞burst burst burstcast cast castcost cost costcut cut cuthit hit hithurt hurt hurtput put putset set setshut shut shutspread spread spread

4、let let letAAB型 beat beat beatenABA型 become became becomerun ran runcome came come特殊情況 read read readread原形發(fā)音為/ri:d/,過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞發(fā)音為/red/ABB型bring brought broughtbuy bought boughtbuild built builtburn burnt burntcatch caught caughtdig dug dugfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found foundlay laid laid

5、lead led ledlose lost lostmake made mademeet met metsell sold soldABC型 begin began begunblow blew blownbreak broke brokenchoose chose chosendraw drew drawndrive drove drivendrink drank drunk fly flew flownforgive forgave forgiven三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。We have alre

6、ady finished our homework. 我們已完成作業(yè)了。They haven't finished their homework yet. 他們還沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)。用ever “曾經(jīng)”和never“從未”。它們多用于否定或疑問(wèn)句中。Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎？I have never been to the Great Wall. 我從未去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。用表示到說(shuō)話為止的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如just, before, up to now, so far, until now, in the past few years

7、等。I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前見(jiàn)過(guò)她，但記不起在哪里見(jiàn)過(guò)。He has been there three times in the last few days. 近幾年他去過(guò)那里三次了。 用for+一段時(shí)間，since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)。I've lived here for 15 years. 我已經(jīng)在這里住十五年了。I've lived here since 15 years ago. 自從十五年前我就住在這里了。Mr. Green has worked here since he came to

8、 China. 自從來(lái)到中國(guó)，格林先生一直在這里工作。三、句型轉(zhuǎn)換：1. 否定句式：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句式是“haven't （hasn't）過(guò)去分詞.”。如：I have not seen the movie yet. 我還沒(méi)看這部電影。2. 一般疑問(wèn)句：Have（Has）+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞.？ 如：Have you finished the work？你已經(jīng)做完這項(xiàng)工作了嗎？Yes, I have. 是的，我已經(jīng)做完了。（No, I haven't. 不，我還沒(méi)有做完。）Has she arrived here？她已經(jīng)到這兒了嗎？Yes, she has. 是的，她已經(jīng)

9、到了。（No, shehasn't. 不，她還沒(méi)有到這兒。）3. 特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+have（has）+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞.？如：How many times have you been to the Great Wall？你去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城幾次？友情提示：肯定句中有some, already時(shí)，改為否定句或疑問(wèn)句時(shí)通常要分別改為any, yet。如： I have already finished my homework. 我已經(jīng)完成了我的作業(yè)。 I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句) Have you finished your hom

10、ework yet? (一般疑問(wèn)句)四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“完成用法”：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。也就是說(shuō)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)雖及過(guò)去有關(guān)，但實(shí)際上看重的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果。例: (1)He has turned off the light 他已把燈關(guān)了。（動(dòng)作結(jié)束于過(guò)去，但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。） （2）Who has opened the window? 誰(shuí)把窗子打開(kāi)了？（動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但說(shuō)明的是現(xiàn)在的情況現(xiàn)在窗子開(kāi)著呢。）（3）I've finished my homework now. 現(xiàn)在我已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)了。（說(shuō)明

11、可以交作業(yè)或做別的了）（4）I have lost my pen. 我把筆丟了。（5）She has become a teacher. 她已經(jīng)當(dāng)了老師。（說(shuō)明她現(xiàn)在仍是老師）2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成用法”：指的是動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，剛剛結(jié)束，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。此時(shí)常及“for + 一段時(shí)間”或“since + 表過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)”或“since + 從句”連用。如： （1）He has lived here since 1978自從1978年以來(lái)，他一直住在這兒。（動(dòng)作起始于1978年，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。） （2）I have lived here for

12、 more than 30 years我在這兒已經(jīng)住了三十多年了。（動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于30多年前，一直延續(xù)至今，有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。）（3）He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在這兒三十年了。（現(xiàn)在還住在這兒） （4）They've known each other since childhood. 他們從小彼此相識(shí)。（現(xiàn)在還繼續(xù)往來(lái)） （5）How long have you studied English？你學(xué)英語(yǔ)多久了？（現(xiàn)在仍在學(xué)）友情提示：在這類句子的肯定句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。終止性動(dòng)詞由于動(dòng)作不能持續(xù)，故不能及for或since引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

13、連用。但終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式可及這類時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：I haven't met him for a long time. 我好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)見(jiàn)到他了。五、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換,如： fall asleep (ill) be asleep (ill)begin,(start) be on open be open buy have get up be up die be dead go out be out come be in closebe closed arrivebe here joinbe in, be a +名詞 finish( end )be over leave, m

14、ove be away, be out of borrow keep catch(a cold) have(a cold) come backbe back put onwear 或be on 例句：（1）He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。 （2）His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。 （3）The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開(kāi)始十分鐘了。 （4）We have studied English for three years. 我們（開(kāi)

15、始）學(xué)英語(yǔ)已三年了。六、have been(to)及have gone( to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過(guò)某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來(lái)了）”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（說(shuō)話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀保Ｓ糜诘谌朔Q，I have been to Paris three times. 表明我已經(jīng)去過(guò)巴黎，并且已經(jīng)回來(lái)了，有過(guò)這樣的經(jīng)歷。She has gone to Paris. 表明他在去巴黎的路上，現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有回來(lái)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（ 1 ）一般過(guò)去時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語(yǔ)基本構(gòu)成是“助動(dòng)詞 have/ has + 過(guò)去分詞”。 (2) 、一

16、般過(guò)去時(shí)通常及表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2019 等；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常及 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副詞和 these days ,this week ,since ., for . 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。 試比較以下幾組句子，有什么區(qū)別： A:Have you seen the film ? B:Did you see the film ? 分析：你看過(guò)這部電影嗎？（ A ）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問(wèn)者對(duì)劇情是否了解；（ B ）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動(dòng)作是否發(fā)生過(guò)，

17、并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。 A:How has he done it ? B:How did he do it ? 分析：他是怎么做的這件事？（ A ）句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做著件事的方式對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響；（ B ）句單純的詢問(wèn)做這件事的方式。 A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years . B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years . 分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了 8 年，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)在北京住下去。（ B ）句講的是他在北京住過(guò) 8 年，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在北京了。（2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響

18、和結(jié)果，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)及現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，只是說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去。 比：I have washed the car. 我洗過(guò)了車。（看上去很漂亮） I washed the car a moment ago.我剛才洗過(guò)車了。 She has watered the flowers.她已經(jīng)澆了花。（不需要再澆了） She watered the flowers yesterday.她昨天澆的花。 I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已經(jīng)寫(xiě)好了，但還沒(méi)有寄出。 I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago.我上周寫(xiě)的那封信，3天前寄出的。 （3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則單純表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)歷。 比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已經(jīng)下了5個(gè)小時(shí)了