1、閱讀理解閱讀理解解題策略指導解題策略指導之之常見常見干擾干擾項設置手法項設置手法 閱讀閱讀理解是高考試卷中分值最大的題型。理解是高考試卷中分值最大的題型。近年來隨著高考命題指導思想的發展，閱讀近年來隨著高考命題指導思想的發展，閱讀理解題的考查角度越來越靈活多變。其干擾理解題的考查角度越來越靈活多變。其干擾選項的設置不僅能檢測出考生理解、概括、選項的設置不僅能檢測出考生理解、概括、推理等邏輯思維的精確性、深刻性，而且對推理等邏輯思維的精確性、深刻性，而且對考生個人心理品質也是一種檢驗，因此，它考生個人心理品質也是一種檢驗，因此，它常使很多考生陷入誤區。閱讀理解干擾項的常使很多考生陷入誤區。閱讀理

2、解干擾項的設置其實有一定的規律可循，如果做題時能設置其實有一定的規律可循，如果做題時能夠把握干擾項的特點，準確捕捉選項的錯誤夠把握干擾項的特點，準確捕捉選項的錯誤信息點或不合題目要求的信息點，迅速排除信息點或不合題目要求的信息點，迅速排除干擾項，對提高解題的準確率必將起到事半干擾項，對提高解題的準確率必將起到事半功倍的作用。功倍的作用。learning aims after learning the common techniques of setting disturbance options in reading comprehension, you are expected to be

3、able to reduce the chance of making a wrong choice while taking a reading comprehension test. 1. 包含包含項原則項原則 一個選項包含或概括了其他一個選項包含或概括了其他幾個選項幾個選項，就如花與玫瑰，牡，就如花與玫瑰，牡丹，康乃馨的關系。丹，康乃馨的關系。 example: q: the three examples are cited to show that_. a. quit smoking is necessary b. healthy habits benefit our health c

4、. fruits and vegetables are better than milk d. we should drink more water everyday.1包含項包含項原則原則 practice: q: what must you learn to be tolerant of if you live in a dormitory? a. your roommates telephone calls b. habits that may differ from your own c. visits by your roommates friends d. roommates wh

5、o are unsanitaryliving in a residence hall （學生宿舍）carries certain obligation.（義務）. you have to be considerate of others, especially during study hours. telephone calls and visits by friends should be short. you have to cooperate in keeping the room as sanitary（衛生） as possible. it is sometimes hard to

6、 be tolerant（容忍的）of another persons habits that may differ from your own.1. 包含包含項原則項原則 包含其他包含其他3 3個選項的個選項的那個選項就是正確答那個選項就是正確答案。案。告訴我們：告訴我們：2正反項原則正反項原則 所謂所謂正反項，是指兩選項陳述的命題完正反項，是指兩選項陳述的命題完全相矛盾。根據形式邏輯排中律知識：兩全相矛盾。根據形式邏輯排中律知識：兩個相互矛盾的判斷不能都是假的，其中必個相互矛盾的判斷不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在閱讀理解中，假如四選項有一真。所以在閱讀理解中，假如四選項中中a a、b

7、b互為正反項，那我們通常先排除互為正反項，那我們通常先排除c c、d d項，正確答案一般在項，正確答案一般在a a、b b項當中取其一。項當中取其一。2正反項正反項原則原則 example: q: according to the passage, listening only with ears may happen to us when_ a. we are emotionally tired b. we are physically disabled c. we are so interested in the topic d. we are asked many questions t

8、hey feel they are poor listeners when they think about something else while the other is talking or when they are tired, or not interested in what she or he is talking about. most people listen only with their ears. practice: q: there is unlikely any life on venus because_. a. it has very thin atmos

9、phere b. the surface temperature is too hot c. the weather is too cold d. it is extremely short of water the main problem is that our neighbor worlds appear to be unsuitable for advanced life forms. the moon may be the case first, it has hardly any atmosphere. venus is little better, but the surface

10、s temperature is very high. mars with thin atmosphere and little water cannot support the living necessity of the animals. 陳述陳述內容或基調完全相內容或基調完全相反的兩選項往往有一個是反的兩選項往往有一個是正確答案。正確答案。2正反項正反項原則原則告訴我們：告訴我們：3委婉項委婉項原則原則 所謂所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選

11、項一般。這些選項一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達，含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達，如：如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively等等等等 example1: q: according to the first two paragraphs, _. a. the use of water is a completely new concept b. the sea has already long been used as a way of power c. water is a

12、source of energy far more economical than any other energies d. water, if properly handled, may present a promising solution to energy crisis.3委婉項委婉項原則原則 example2: q: the opinion of the writer is that_. a. there may be other intelligent beings in the universe b. there are other intelligent beings in

13、 the universe c. people living on the earth are almost certainly the only intelligent beings in the universe d. people living on the earth are definitely the only intelligent beings in the universe3委婉項委婉項原則原則 practice: q: which of the following is true according to the passage? a. working hard is a

14、basic requirement of all employees. b. good writing skills alone help you succeed in any field c. the only qualification for getting hired by a company is good communication skills d. while the importance of ones ability to communicate increases, his professional background may become increasingly l

15、ess important. 含有絕對語氣的表達如：must, always, never, the most , all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等，往往不是正確答案。3委婉項委婉項原則原則告訴我們：告訴我們：4同形項同形項原則原則 幾個選項如存在形式與結構上的相似，那它們就互為同形項。命題者往往先將正確答案設置在一個大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細微變化來考察考生的理解能力與分析能力。 example: q:the rapid-transit rail lines should _. a. d

16、evelop as quickly as possible b. develop with local economic development c. develop after local economic development d. develop with the construction industry4同形項同形項原則原則the development of rapid transit rail lines in cities should parallel(與平行) local economic development and blind construction of suc

17、h lines should be avoidedit stressed that the amount of domestically made equipment used in such infrastructure projects needs to be increased. 詞匯與句法結構相似的選項一般存在有正確答案。4同形項同形項原則原則告訴我們：告訴我們：5常識項常識項原則原則 example: q: what is the most important service of trees to man according to the passage? a. they help

18、 him make money b. they give him wood and other products c. they help him prevent droughts and floods d. they give him shadetrees are useful to man in three import ways: they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts and floods. unfortunately, i

19、n many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important. practice: q: according to the passage, the insurance company will make great profits _. a. if the premium（保險費）is increased so the company can earn more money each year. b. if nobody above seventy

20、buys insurance against death. c. if most insurance buyers live longer than the average length of life. d. if most insurance buyers live shorter than the average length of life.5常識項常識項原則原則if mrs. abby dies after he has paid premiums for one or two years only, the insurance company will lose heavily.

21、but if she lives to the age of seventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit. 那些那些符合一般常識，意義深刻符合一般常識，意義深刻富有哲理，符合一般規律，屬于富有哲理，符合一般規律，屬于普遍現象的選項往往是正確答案。普遍現象的選項往往是正確答案。5常識項常識項原則原則告訴我們：告訴我們： example :文本中：a 喜歡 籃球， b喜歡足球， c喜歡乒乓選項中： a 喜歡乒乓 b喜歡籃球 c喜歡足球6.張冠李戴張冠李戴原則原則 q: according to the passage, h

22、ow can the government help improve lives of retired people? a. set aside some profits to help people with problems after they retire. b. increase savings levels of people during their working years. c. increase the discounts for food and transport for the old. d. make available pensions for those wh

23、o have retired.6.張冠李戴張冠李戴原則原則practice: 6.張冠李戴張冠李戴原則原則 example: first, employers should take the responsibility for their retired employees. to make this possible, a percentage of profits should be set aside for this purpose. another way of solving the problem is to return the responsibility, to the

24、individual. this means each person must save during his working years to pay for his years of retirement. in addition, the government could take responsibility for the care of the elderly. this could be financed through government taxes to increase the level of pensions.6.張冠李戴原則張冠李戴原則 一定要注意：一定要注意：1.

25、1.題干的主語與選項的主語是否一題干的主語與選項的主語是否一致。致。2.2.選項中所表達的選項中所表達的觀點觀點和描述的和描述的行行為為是否與該選項主語一致。是否與該選項主語一致。告訴我們：告訴我們：7.偷梁換柱偷梁換柱原則原則 干擾干擾項用了與原文相似的項用了與原文相似的句型結構和大部分相似的單句型結構和大部分相似的單詞，詞，卻在不易引人注意的地卻在不易引人注意的地方換了幾個詞匯方換了幾個詞匯，造成句意，造成句意的改變。的改變。 example : losangelesheart trouble is keeping elizabeth taylor hospitalized in los

26、angeles for sometime, but her publicist says the 78-year-old actress is ok and has been visiting with family and friends. taylor spokeswoman sally morrison said in a statement tuesday that the two-time oscar winner is comfortable at cedars-sinai medical center and “there has been steady improvement

27、in her condition” since she was admitted last week. q：what can we know about elizabeth taylor from the news? a. she has been suffering from heart illness for sometime. b. she will go back home in a day or two. c. she is feeling quite well at cedars-sinai medical center. d. she will receive her oscar

28、 award in the hospital.7.偷梁換柱偷梁換柱原則原則仔細揣摩選項中被換掉仔細揣摩選項中被換掉的詞所表達的意思是否的詞所表達的意思是否與原文相符。與原文相符。7.偷梁換柱偷梁換柱原則原則告訴我們：告訴我們：8. 望文生義原則望文生義原則 這一干擾方法一般這一干擾方法一般用于對句子或用于對句子或詞語含義的詞語含義的考查，即利用某個詞考查，即利用某個詞或句子的或句子的字面意義字面意義代替代替目前定語目前定語境中的境中的具體意義具體意義。 example: university tuition fees(學費) are currently capped at 3,000 annu

29、ally, but this will be reviewed next year and the government is under enormous pressure to raise the ceiling. q：the phrase “to raise the probably means “_”. a. to raise the students loans b. to improve the school facilities c. to increase the upper limit of the tuition d. to life the school building

30、 roofs8. 望文生義原則望文生義原則 對對句子或詞語含義的句子或詞語含義的考查的題目，考查的題目，切不可切不可因為認識某個詞而竊喜，特因為認識某個詞而竊喜，特別是詞義猜測，別是詞義猜測，萬不能萬不能簡單粗暴地簡單粗暴地用你所熟悉的字面意思代替在語境用你所熟悉的字面意思代替在語境中的含義。中的含義。8. 望文生義原則望文生義原則告訴我們：告訴我們：9.無中生有無中生有原則原則 干擾項往往是生活的基本常識和普遍接受的觀點，但在原文中并無相關的信息支持點，這種選項的設置往往與問題的設問毫不相干。 此外，干擾項也可能就是與所閱讀的文章內容沒有任何聯系。 example: in the first

31、 case, when we dont tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. in the process, we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect. q：the author thinks that keeping silent about the uncharged item is equal to_. a. lying b. stealing c.

32、cheating d. advertising9.無中生有無中生有原則原則practice: .last week, jang released her new album dream of asia. the leading track on the cd is our dream, a duet( 二重奏；二重唱)dedicated to the beijing olympics. q：the underlined part “dedicated to” probably means_ a. especially intended for b. devoted to c. showing

33、her personal charm to d. making great progress in 不可用自己的生活常識，經歷或大家普遍接受的觀點去代替作者在文中的陳述。9.無中生有無中生有原則原則告訴我們：告訴我們： 這種干擾法常用于考查文章有關細節的題目中，即選項中表達的意思正誤并存正誤并存，或者或者干擾項所表達的意思根本就沒有錯誤，只是內容不完整、不全面罷了，嚴格起來講，后面這個情況在沒有最佳答案項的情況下可以被選作正確答案。10.魚目混珠魚目混珠原則原則 example：（高考真題29passage b） “kim,” began bill williams, “i am very p

34、leased with the quality of your work. i have nothing but praise for your devotion and your hard work. my only concern is that you are not active enough in putting forward your suggestions. and i dont need a yes-man.” 7. from the passage we can learn that _ . a. kim has been invited to take charge of

35、 the staff meetings b. the manager appreciates those who just do that he tells them to do c. the manager is pleased with kims hard work and his suggestions d. kim is likely to have a higher salary if he can pass the assessment10.魚目混珠魚目混珠原則原則11.擴擴縮范圍縮范圍原則原則 英語英語文章為了表達的準確、嚴密，很文章為了表達的準確、嚴密，很注意對范圍的限定，有時

36、通過加上注意對范圍的限定，有時通過加上almost allalmost all，nearlynearly，moremore thanthan，normallynormally，usuallyusually等詞對文意加以限制，等詞對文意加以限制，“擴縮范圍擴縮范圍”干擾法就是通過干擾法就是通過改變或去改變或去掉限制性詞語，將信息中的范圍、程度、掉限制性詞語，將信息中的范圍、程度、色彩等改變，從而導致錯誤。色彩等改變，從而導致錯誤。 more and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual to work. in the early 1990s, many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on friday. this became known as “dress-down friday” o