1、初中英語語法一名詞I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名.地名.人名，團體.機構名稱可數名詞不可數名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質名詞II. 名詞的數：1. 規則名詞的復數形式：名詞的復數形式，一般在單數形式后面加-s或-es。現將構成方法與讀音規則列表如下：規則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esthief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-

2、wives加-sbelief-beliefs, , roof-roofs, 4以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, 5以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, 6以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, 7以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, zoo

3、-zoos2. 不規則名詞復數：英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規則的，現歸納如下：規則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, 2單復數相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, 3只有復數形式trousers, clothes, glasses, 4一些集體名詞總是用作復數people, police, cattle5部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作復數（成員）class, family, group, government, population, team, public, par

4、ty6表示“某國人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復數同形Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, FrenchwomenIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的用法：表示時間todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然現象the ea

5、rths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book有時也用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students 二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（t

6、he）。I. 不定冠詞的用法：1第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out5用于固定詞組中a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, 6用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big

7、 one.7用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon。3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數詞和形

8、容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派名詞前the United States, , the French9在逢十的復數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代in the 1990s10用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.三代詞：I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her

9、, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some

10、/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either四形容詞和副詞I. 形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構成的復合不定代詞時nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible結尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后the best book a

11、vailable, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空間、時間、單位連用時a bridge 50 meters long5成對的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語一般后置a man difficult to get on withII. 副詞副詞的分類：1時間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5頻度副詞always, often, freque

12、ntly, seldom, never2地點副詞here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑問副詞how, where, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比

13、較級和最高級的構成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節和一些雙音節詞前加more 和most。1 可以修飾比較級的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, any,。2. 表示一方隨另一方變化時用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.3 用比較級來表達最高級的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.4. 表示倍數的比較級有如下幾種句型：Our school is t

14、hree times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 5. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介詞常見介詞有in、on、at 、since、 from、 after、to 、besides、except等，同學們在日常學習中應留心。六動詞I. 動詞的時態：1. 動詞的時態一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時態的構成形式列

15、表如下：現在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked2. 現在完成時與一般過去時的區別：1) 現在完成時表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現在有聯系，強調的是對現在造成的影響或結果，它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“已經

16、”等詞。簡言之，利用過去，說明現在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已經看過，且了解這本書的內容)2) 一般過去時只表示過去發生的動作或狀態，和現在無關，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過”，“了”等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關現在。如：I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現在無關）3. 一般將來時的表達方式：將來時用法例句1will/shall+動詞原形表示將來發生的動作或存在的狀態My sister will be te

17、n next year.2be going to+動詞原形含有“打算，計劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 進行時表示將來go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發生的動作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語I was abo

18、ut to leave when the bell rang.5be to + 動詞原形表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現在時表示將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現在時表示將來The meeting starts at five oclock.七情態動詞II. 情態動詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測：以must為例。must + do(be)是推測現在存在的一般狀態進行；must + be doing 推測可能正在進行的事情；must +have done是推測可

19、能已經發生過的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”語氣強，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及cant語氣強，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。Th

20、e weather in that city could be cold now.（推測某事本來可能發生，但實際上沒有發生）Can he be in the office now? No, he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強，常用于疑問和否定句中)八非謂語動詞I. 非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構成：非謂語形式構成特征和作用時態和語態否定式復合結構不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非謂語前加notfor sb. to do st

21、h.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語分詞現在分詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語過去分詞done動名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesbs doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語九定語從句I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔當一個成分，并與先行詞保持數的一致。關系詞先行詞從句成

22、分例句備注關系代詞who人主語Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時，常可以省略，但介詞提前時后面關系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingwhose人，物定語The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that人，物主語，賓語A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop st

23、ar (that) I want to see very much.which物主語，賓語The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人，物主語，賓語He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做賓語一般不省略關系副詞when時間時間狀語I will never forget the day when w

24、e met there.可用on whichwhere地點地點狀語This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因狀語I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which十名詞性從句 有主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句，這里僅探討賓語從句和同位語從句。種類作用例句賓語從句在復合句中做賓語，相當于名詞He asked me which team could win the game.同位語從句放在名詞之后(news, problem, idea, sugg

25、estion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具體內容You have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.十一。狀語從句種類連接詞注意點時間狀語when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardlywhen, no soonerthan, the moment, the minute, immediately, directl

26、y, instantly主句表示將來意義時，從句須用一般現在時；while引導的從句中動詞一般是延續性的；until用在肯定句中主句動詞是延續性的，而否定句中主句動詞為短暫性的。地點狀語where, wherever原因狀語because, as, since, now thatbecause語氣最強，since較弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。條件狀語if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that從句中動詞時態不可用將來時，常用一般時代替目的狀語so that, in order that, for fear thats

27、o that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情態動詞結果狀語sothat, suchthat讓步狀語though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, wheneveras在讓步狀語從句中常用倒裝形式；although和though用正常語序，可和yet連用，但不可和but

28、連用十二。倒裝句種類倒裝條件例句完全倒裝here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副詞開頭的句子表示強調Out rushed the children.表示地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句首Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.部分倒裝never, hardly, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意義的副詞放于句首Hardly did I know what had happened.only和修飾的狀語放于句首Only then did he realize t

29、he importance of English.not onlybut also連接并列的句子，前倒后不倒Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.as引導的讓步狀語Child as he is, he has learned a lot.用于表示祝愿的祈使句中May you be in good health!十三。虛擬語氣類別用法例句If引導的條件從句與現在事實相反從句動詞：過去式（be用were）主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形If he were here, he would

30、 help us.與過去事實相反從句動詞：had+過去分詞主句動詞：should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞If I had been free, I would have visited you.與將來事實相反從句動詞：過去式 / should+動詞原形 / were+不定式主句動詞：should/would/could/might+動詞原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.其它狀語從句as if引導的狀語從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式They are talking as if they ha

31、d been friends for years.in order that / so that引導的狀語從句中動詞用can / could / may / might / would等+動詞原形Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.賓語從句demand, suggest, order, insist后接的從句中動詞為should+動詞原形He suggested that we not change our mind.wish后的從句中分別用過去式，過去完成式和should/would+動詞原形表示與現在，過去和將來情況相反I wis

32、h I could be a pop singer.其它句型中It is time that句型中動詞用過去式或should+動詞原形Its high time that we left.would rather所接的從句中動詞用過去式或者過去完成式I would rather you stayed at home now.If only句型中動詞常用過去式或者過去完成式，表示強烈的愿望If only our dream had come true!這就像我們身處喧囂的鬧市，卻在渴望山清水秀的僻靜之地。心若靜，何處都是水云間，都是世外桃源，都是僻靜之所，心若浮躁，不管你居所何處，都難寧靜。其實

33、，很多人懼怕喧囂，卻又怕極了孤獨，人實在是矛盾的載體。然而，人的最高境界，就是孤獨。受得了孤獨，忍得了寂寞，扛得住壓力，才能成為生活的強者，才不會因為生活的暗礁而失去對美好事物的追求。常常喜歡靜坐，沒有人打擾，一個人，也有一個人的宿醉。面對這喧囂塵世，安靜下來的時光，才是最貼近心底的那一抹溫柔，時光如水，靜靜流淌。即便獨自矗立夜色，不說話，也很美。這恬淡時光，忘卻白日的傷感，撿起平淡，將靈魂在寧靜的夜色里放空。回頭看看曾經走過的路，每一個腳印，都是豐富而厚重的，是對未來的希望，是對生活的虔誠。我們都是生活里的平凡之人，不管一天中多么努力，多么辛苦，老天總是會給你時不時的開個玩笑，可能有些玩笑，來的有點猛，有點不知所措，但是又怎么樣呢？你要知道，人的能力和智慧是無窮的。面對生活的暗礁，我們只能用坦然的心態去接受它，然后盡量去改變它，讓它激起生命的浪花。即使改變不了，只要努力了，就不言后悔。有時候，難過了，想哭就哭出來，哭又不是罪，哭完了繼續努力，總有一天，時間會告訴你，你的眼淚是不會白流的。沒有苦難的人生，它一定是不完美的。生命里，沒有一帆風順，總有一些看不見的暗礁等著你，既然注定要撞上，那就