1、-范文最新推薦- 禮貌原則在跨文化交際中的體現_英語論文 摘要禮貌是各文化、各社會所共有的普遍現象。本文首先介紹了前人定義的禮貌原則，然后列舉若干日常生活中的典型例證，展現在日常生活中中西方禮貌原則的體現，試圖分析中西方禮貌原則的差異。本文更注重從貶己尊人、稱謂語、招呼用語方面探討中西方禮貌用語的差異。然后，從思維模式和文化價值觀這兩個角度探討出現如此差異的原因，以期對現代跨文化交流提供幫助。關鍵詞禮貌原則跨文化交流差異文化原因 外 文 摘 要TitleBrief Analysis of Politeness Principle InCross-cultural ExchangesAbstra

2、ctPoliteness is a universal principle, for it can be observed in all cultures and societies. This paper first introduces the previous study of the politeness principle, and then lists several typical examples in our daily life to show the embodiments of politeness principle. It attempts to analyze t

3、he differences of the difference between Chinese and western politeness principles. The study aims to find out the differences from the aspects of Self Denigration, appellation and greeting, and explore the factors which bring about the differences from the aspects of thinking patterns and cultural

4、values. I hope this paper will do some help to cross-cultural communication. Keywordspoliteness principlecross-cultural exchangedifference 1.2 Research DesignThis paper mainly deals with the embodiments of the politeness principles, attempting to find out the differences between Chinese and western

5、principles. Methodologically speaking, this study utilizes the method of looking up the related documents to gain relatively abundant first-hand materials.Based on the literature review of the study on the politeness principles, this paper attempts to compare the differences between Chinese and west

6、ern principles through the examples of embodiments of the principles. Then, this paper will explore the reasons for the differences from the aspects of thinking patterns and cultural values.2Literature Review2.1 Previous Study of Politeness PrincipleAt the end of the 1950s, John Langshaw Austin, a B

7、ritish philosopher, creates the Speech Act Theory, which consists of locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Searle, a philosopher of the United States, advanced Austin’s theory. He improved the speech act theory into a theory which explains human verbal communication from t

8、he research of isolated words. Lakoff thinks in some types of verbal communication, politeness occupies the upper hand on the validity of the decision session. He points out that courtesy is governed by three rules: not to impose; give people choices; friendly treatment. Later on the three rules wer

9、e further explained by putting forward two principles of Pragmatic competence: clearness and politeness. The principle of clearness mainly aims at the information, which is mostly equivalent to the principle of cooperation proposed by Herbert Paul Grice. While the politeness principle of Lakoff cons

10、ists of the following three rules: 1.rigidity: not to impose, keep the distance; 2. hesitation, give the audience choices; 3. equality or friendship as comrades. She also thinks that although politeness principles differ from cultures, the basic natures of them are the same. In fact, Lakoff’s

11、theory is the specific explanation and reflection of Negative Politeness Strategy proposed by Brown and Levinson. Another philosopher of the United States Grice proposed the theory of Conversational Cooperative Principle, which includes four categories of maxims: amount, quality, relationship, manne

12、r. These rules represent the social norms. In his opinion, there is a tacit mutual understanding between the speaker and the listener. They cooperate with each other and comply with the basic principles in order to ensure the effectiveness of verbal communication. Failure in complying with the princ

13、iples would lead to failure in the communications. In spite of the different wording, Grice’s theory is basically recognized by the pragmatics field. On the basis of this, Leech, a British linguist, defines politeness as regulative factor in order to maintain “the social equilibrium and

14、friendly relation” in interaction. (Leech, 1983: 82) 2.2 The Definition of the Politeness PrincipleLeech pides the politeness principle into six maxims, each of which has two sub-maxims as follows:()Tact Maxim (in impositives and commissives)(a)Minimize cost to other(b)Maximize benefit to othe

15、r()Generosity Maxim (in impositives and commissives)(a)Minimize benefit to self(b)Maximize cost to self()Approbation Maxim (in expressives and assertives)(a)Minimize dispraise of other(b)Maximize praise of other()Modesty Maxim (in expressives and assertives)(a)Minimize praise of self(b)Maximize disp

16、raise of self()Agreement Maxim (in assertives)(a)Minimize disagreement between self and other(b)Maximize agreement between self and other()Sympathy Maxim (in assertives)(a)Minimize antipathy between self and other(b)Maximize sympathy between self and other(Leech, 1983: 132)Leech’s theory expla

17、ins that sometimes people deliberately violate the cooperative principle for the sake of politeness, which is largely made up for the deficiencies of the cooperative principle. It can be said that the politeness principle with a higher level of regulation can not only maintain the equal status of th

18、e two sides in the conversation, but also promote the friendly relations between them.Gu Yueguo sums up five politeness maxims related to Chinese linguistic culture:()Self Denigration MaximChinese courtesy is characterized by "self-deprecating" and "modesty". When it comes to one himself or his own things, he should be self-deprecating and modest; when it comes to the listener or his things , the speaker should "praise" and "