翻譯v (1) Intellectual Property, very broadly, means the legal rights which results from Intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic works. vv (2) Countries have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to give statutory expression to moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and the right of the public in access to those creations. v The second is to promote, as a deliberate act of government policy, creativity and the dissemination and application of its results and to encourage fair-trading which world contribute to economic and social developmentv (3)The Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), concluded in Stockholm on July 14, 1967 provides that “Intellectual Property shall include rights relating to:v -Literary, artistic and scientific works,v -Performances of performing artists, phonograms, and broadcasts.v -Inventions in all fields of human endeavor, v -Scientific discoveries, v - Industrial designs,v -Trademarks,service marks,and v commercial names and designations, v -Protection against unfair competition v - All other rights resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields.” 簡答v 1.What is Intellectual Property?v 智力成果的創造人依法享有的對其智力成果的權利和工商業活動中商業標記所有人對其商業標記的權利的總稱-吳漢東vv 2.What does Intellectual Property include?v 版權與鄰接權，專利權（發明、實用新型、外觀設計）和科學發現有關的權利，商標權、商號權和其他商業標記有關的權利，與防止不正當競爭有關的權利。v 3.What are the sources of Intellectual Property?v 我國知識產權的淵源一般有憲法、法律、行政法規和規章、司法解釋以及國際公約與條約等等。v v 4 What are the characters of Intellectual Property?v 知識產權一般具有無形性、專有性、地域性、時間性以及可復制性等特征。翻譯v (1) Registered trademarks are those that have been approved and registered by the Trademark Office, including commodity trademarks, service trademarks, collective marks and certification marks; v 經商標局核準注冊的商標為注冊商標，包括商品商標、服務商標和集體商標、證明商標；vv (2) With respect to the commodities that the state has designated as requiring the use of a registered trademark, an application for trademark registration must be filed; the commodities may not be sold on the market before the registration is granted. v 國家規定必須使用注冊商標的商品，必須申請商標注冊，未經核準注冊的，不得在市場銷售。v (3) When an application has been made to register a trademark that is in conformity with the relevant provisions of this Law, the Trademark Office shall make a preliminary examination and approval of that trademark and shall publicly announce it v 申請注冊的商標，凡符合本法有關規定的，由商標局初步審定，予以公告。v Any person may file an opposition to a trademark which has been given preliminary examination and approval within three months from the day it was publicly announced. If no opposition is filed after the period of public announcement expires, registration shall be granted, a trademark registration certificate shall be issued and the trademark shall be publicly announced. v 對初步審定的商標，自公告之日起三個月內，任何人均可以提出異議。公告期滿無異議的，予以核準注冊，發給商標注冊證，并予公告vv (4) It follows from the marks basic function of distinguishing the goods of its owner from those of others that he must be able to object to the use of confusingly similar marks for identical goods in order to prevent consumers and the public in general from being misled. This is the essence of exclusive right afforded to the trademark owner by registration. v 專有權的產生源于商標的一個基本功能，即它能夠區別某人的商品與其他所有者的商品從而使商品所有者能阻止容易混淆的相似商標在相同商品上使用以避免誤導消費者和公眾。這正是商標所有者通過商標注冊所享有專有權的本質簡答v 1. What is trademarks composition? v 任何能夠將自然人、法人或者其他組織的商品與他人的商品區別開的可視性標志，包括文字、圖形、字母、數字、三維標志和顏色組合，以及上述要素的組合，均可以作為商標申請注冊。v 商標法第八條 v 2. What is trademarks classification?v 使用對象：商品商標、服務商標；v 構成要素：文字商標、圖形商標、組合商標、v 字母商標、數字商標、顏色組合商標v 知名程度：普通商標、馳名商標v 特殊商標：v 用途：聯合商標、防御商標；v 使用者：集體商標，證明商標 v 3. What are the procedures of trademark registration?申請形式審查公告異議復審訴訟核準注冊授權（公告）v 4. How do we understand trademark right?v 商標權是商標注冊人對其注冊商標所享有的權利，包括使用權和禁用權。v 所謂商標的使用權，既商標注冊人自己對商標的使用，也包括許可他人使用的權利。v 所謂商標的禁用權，既商標權人有權禁止他人在同一類或者類似商品上使用與其注冊商標相同或者近似的商標。v 5. How do we understand the distinctive feature 0f trademark?v 商標顯著性是指商標所具有的標示企業商品或服務出處并使之區別于其他企業之商品或服務的屬性。v 根據商標固有顯著性的不同，將商標做強商標（strong mark）和弱商標（weak mark）的區分，只有強商標才能獲得聯邦注冊。顯著性可以從固有顯著性和獲得顯著性兩個角度來理解，固有顯著性即只有商標本身具有顯著性；當商標所有人證明其商標已取得第二含義（secondary meaning），該商標也可能獲得在主注冊簿（Principal Register）上的注冊，這體現了商標的獲得顯著性。翻譯v (1) copyright protection also includes moral rights, which involve the right to claim the authorship of a work, and the right to oppose changes to it that could harm the creators reputation. v 版權保護還包括精神權利，涉及表明作者身份的權利，以及反對對作品進行有可能有損于創作者聲譽的修改的權利。v (2) The field of copyright and the related rights has expanded enormously with the technological progress of the last several decades, which has brought new ways of spreading creations by such forms of worldwide communication as satellite broadcast and compact discs. v 過去幾十年中，隨著技術的進步，版權以及相關權利領域大大地拓寬了其范圍。這種技術進步通過諸如衛星廣播和光盤之類的全世界通信手段，為傳播創作作品提供了新的途徑。v (3) many owners of creative works do not have the means to pursue the legal and administrative enforcement of copyright, especially given the increasingly worldwide use of literary, musical and performance rights. As a result, the establishment of collective management organization and societies is a growing trend in many counties. 許多創作作品中的所有人無法實施版權保護的法律和行政手段，特別是文學、音樂和表演的權利越來越多地在世界范圍內被使用。因此，在許多國家成立集體管理組織或者協會已經成為一種發展趨勢。 v (4) Copyright protection extends only to expressions, not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such. The principle has been confirmed by the agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual property (TRIPS Agreement) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as well as the WIPO Copyright treaty.版權的保護僅延伸至表達方式,不包括思想、程序 、操作方法或者數學概念等。該原則已經在關于與貿易有關的知識產權協議（世界貿易組織的( WTO )TRIPS協定）,以及世界知識產權組織版權條約等相關協定中得以確定簡答v 1.How do you understand “copyright”?v 著作權（在我國，與版權是同一概念）是指作者及其他著作權人依法對文學、藝術、科學作品所享有的獨占權利，包括著作人身權利和著作財產權。v 2.What is the kind of works (objects of copyright)?本法所稱的作品，包括以下列形式創作的文學、藝術和自然科學、社會科學、工程技術等作品:（一）文字作品；（二）口述作品；（三）音樂、戲劇、曲藝、舞蹈、雜技藝術作品；（四）美術、建筑作品；（五）攝影作品；（六）電影作品和以類似攝制電影的方法創作的作品；（七）工程設計圖、產品設計圖、地圖、示意圖等圖形作品和模型作品；（八）計算機軟件； （九）法律、行政法規規定的其他作品。-著作權法第三v 3.What is the area of works excluded?v 依法禁止出版、傳播的作品，不受本法保護。v 著作權人行使著作權，不得違反憲法和法律，不得損害公共利益。 v v -著作權法第四條本法不適用于：（一）法律、法規，國家機關的決議、決定、命令和其他具有立法、行政、司法性質的文件，及其官方正式譯文；（二）時事新聞；（三）歷法、通用數表、通用表格和公式。 v -著作權法第五條v 4.What is the content of copyright ?v 我國著作權法規定，著作權包括兩類具體的權利。即著作人身權(又稱精神權利)和著作財產權(又稱經濟權益)。v 與著作權有關的權益，即著作鄰接權等權利是基于表演者、錄音制作者和廣播電視組織進行傳播作品而對其表演活動、錄音制品和廣播電視節目享有的權利。所以，著作鄰接權不在著作權的內容范圍內。v 著作人身權包括發表權、署名權、修改權和保護作品完整權。著作財產權包括復制權、表演權、播放權、展覽權、發行權、攝制電影、電視、錄像權、改編權、翻譯權、注釋權、編輯權(匯編權)、出租權、整理權。v 5.What is the period of copyright protection?v 我國著作權的保護期限，是指著作權受法律保護的時間界限或者說是著作權的有效期限。在著作權的期限內，作品的著作權受法律保護；著作權期限屆滿，就喪失著作權，該作品便進入公共領域，不再受法律保護。我國對著作人身權和著作財產權保護期分別加以規定。著作人身權中的署名權、修改權和保護作品完整權永久受到法律保護。發表權的保護期與著作權中的財產權利的保護期相同。著作財產權的保護期是有限制的，其著作財產權的保護期為作者有生之年加死亡后50年。法人、非法人單位的作品，著作權（署名權除外）由法人或者非法人單位享有的職務作品，其發表、使用權和獲得報酬權的保護期為50年。翻譯v (1)Patent protection means that the invention cannot be commercially made, used, distribution, or sold without the patent owners consent .v 專利保護是指未經專利權人的同意，不得對發明進行商業性制造、使用、經銷、或者銷售。v (2) An invention must ,in general, fulfill the following conditions to be protected by a patent. It must be of practical applicability; It must show an element of novelty, that is, some new characteristic, which is not known in the body of existing knowledge in its technical field. 一般地說，發明必須符合以下條件才能受到專利保護。 發明必須具有實際使用價值，并必須具有新穎性內容。即必須具有在其所屬技術領域已有知識的總和中不為人所知的一些新特征。The invention must show an inventive step, which could not deduced by a person with average knowledge of technical field, finally its subject must accepted as “patentable” under law. In many countries, scientific theories, mathematical methods, plant or animals varieties, discoveries of natural substances, commercial methods for medical treatment are generally not patentable發明必須具有同一技術領域中具有中等知識水平的人所不能演繹出的創造性。最后，發明的主題必須是根據法律規定“可獲專利”的。在許多國家，科學理論，數學方法，植物或者動物品種，自然物質的發現，商業方法或治療方法一般不能獲得專利權。3.The first step in securing a patent is the filing of a patent application. The patent application generally contains the title of the invention, as well as an indication of its technical field. In order to better describe the invention, visual materials such as drawing, plans, or diagrams usually accompany such descriptions. The application also contains various “claims”, that is , information which determines the extent of protection granted by the patent. 獲得專利的第一個步驟是填寫專利申請文件。專利申請一般包括發明的名稱，以及其所屬的技術領域。為了更好地說明專利，諸如圖例、設計、圖解等可視性材料也常常被引用在說明書中。專利申請文件中還有各種權利要求書，它的作用是決定授權專利的保護范圍。簡答v 1.How do you understand “patent”?v 專利是一項發明創造，即發明、實用新型或外觀設計向國家專利局提出專利申請，經依法審查合格后，向專利申請人授予的在規定的時間內對該項發明創造享有的專有權。專利具有獨占與公開兩層含義。 所謂獨占，又稱壟斷，是法律授予技術發明人在一定時期內享有獨占使用的權利。所謂公開，是指技術發明人作為對法律授予其獨占權的回報而將其技術公之于眾，使社會公眾可以通過正常的渠道獲得有關專利技術的信息。v 2.What are objects of patent right?v 專利權的客體，也稱為專利法保護的對象，是指依法應授予專利的發明創造。根據我國專利法第2條的規定，專利