1. In the 100 elements available to us, about three quarters can be classified as metals. And, about half of these are of at least some industrial or commercial importance. Metals, be they pure or alloy, can be further defined as being ferrous or nonferrous in make up. Ferrous alloys are those in which the base or primary metal is iron, manganese, chromium. All other metallic materials automatically fall into the non-ferrous category(范疇).在人類可獲得的一百多種元素中，約四分之三是金屬。而這些金屬中又大約有一半至少在工業(yè)或商業(yè)上具有一定的重要性。所有的金屬，不管是純金屬還是合金，都能根據(jù)成分進(jìn)一步分成黑色金屬或有色金屬。黑色金屬主要是以鐵、錳、鉻為主要成分的合金，其余金屬材料自然都屬于有色金屬的范疇。2. Direct reduction offers a number of advantages including low investment expenditure and the use of cheap primary energy instead of coke. Consequently, this technique offers may developing countries the possibility of building up a national steel industry. In fact, direct reduction combined with electric arc furnace must in future be considered among the important steel production techniques alongside the blast furnace and oxygen converter technique.直接還原法具有一些優(yōu)點(diǎn)，包括低投資成本和使用廉價(jià)的原始的能源代替焦炭，所以這種技術(shù)為許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供了建設(shè)國(guó)家鋼鐵工業(yè)的可能性。事實(shí)上，與電弧爐結(jié)合，直接還原在今后與高爐和吹氧轉(zhuǎn)爐技術(shù)一樣一定會(huì)成為重要的鋼鐵生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。3. In September 2004, the National Cancer Institute announced an initiative to bring new blood to an old and desperate fight. Called the NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in cancer, the initiative will wager 144.3 million over the next 5 years that nanotechnology will open entirely new and effective strategies for diagnosing and treating cancer. Its a well-funded sign that expectations for nanotech solutions to cancer extend to the highest governmental levels, and it comes at a time when the battle against the disease seems to be at a standstill. Unlike death rates for heart disease and stroke, which have declined drastically, cancer mortality hasnt changed since the 1950s.2004年9月， 美國(guó)國(guó)家癌癥研究所宣布了一項(xiàng)重大舉措，給這場(chǎng)古老而頑強(qiáng)的抗癌之戰(zhàn)注入了新的活力。這個(gè)被稱為國(guó)家癌癥研究所癌癥納米技術(shù)聯(lián)盟的行動(dòng)將在未來(lái)5年投資1.443億美元促使納米技術(shù)開(kāi)辟一個(gè)全新、有效的診斷及治療癌癥的途徑。這是一個(gè)資金雄厚的標(biāo)志，也顯示人們對(duì)納米技術(shù)治療癌癥的關(guān)注程度已經(jīng)上升到最高層的政府層面。在抗擊癌癥之戰(zhàn)幾乎陷入停頓之時(shí)，它來(lái)的正是時(shí)候。與近來(lái)死亡率處于下降趨勢(shì)的心臟病和中風(fēng)不同，自從20世紀(jì)50年代起，癌癥的死亡率就一直居高不下。4. THE European Central Bank (ECB) decided a year ago to hold this weeks monetary-policy meeting in Barcelona, but the timing turned out to be perfect. Spain is in the crosshairs of the markets, not least because of budgetary overruns by regional governments such as Catalonias. And the contrasting economic fortunes of beaten-up Spain, where the jobless rate has reached 24%, and resilient Germany, where it is below 6%, exemplify the difficulty of finding the right monetary policy in a currency union of 17 members.歐洲中央銀行（ECB）早在一年前就決定了將于本周在巴塞羅那召開(kāi)貨幣政策會(huì)議，現(xiàn)今看來(lái)，會(huì)議召開(kāi)的恰是時(shí)候。現(xiàn)在的西班牙正處在市場(chǎng)的風(fēng)口浪尖，特別是因?yàn)榧犹┝_尼亞等自治區(qū)政府的預(yù)算超支才導(dǎo)致了西班牙到了這般田地。同德國(guó)相比，西班牙經(jīng)濟(jì)死氣沉沉，失業(yè)率飆升至24%；德國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)步反彈，失業(yè)率則低于6%。如此鮮明的對(duì)比恰也印證了，在這個(gè)由17名成員組成的貨幣區(qū)內(nèi)制定出一項(xiàng)正確的貨幣政策確實(shí)不易。5. This study investigates the potential differences between American and Jordanian undergraduate students apology strategies. It attempts to bridge the existing gap in the literature since there are only few studies which discuss Jordanian apology strategies and fewer that compare them to their American counterparts. Not only do the authors tabulate and compare the strategies used by the two groups, as well as the male and female respondents in each group, but they also examine the potential differences in the use of these strategies.本研究調(diào)查了美國(guó)大學(xué)生和約旦大學(xué)生道歉策略潛在的不同，鑒于討論約旦人道歉策略的文獻(xiàn)幾乎沒(méi)有，而且將之與美國(guó)大學(xué)生道歉策略進(jìn)行對(duì)比的文獻(xiàn)也為數(shù)不多，本研究試圖縮小這一差距。作者不僅用表列出了兩組研究對(duì)象所使用的道歉策略，對(duì)組間和組內(nèi)男女調(diào)查對(duì)象進(jìn)行了對(duì)比，還考察了這些策略使用上潛在的差異。6. Yetthereareclearlysomeveryrealissuesthatneedtoberesolved.Likeanynewproductenteringthefoodchain,geneticallymodifiedfoodsmustbesubjectedtorigoroustesting.In wealthycountries,thedebateaboutbiotechistemperedbythefactthatwehavearicharray offoodstochoosefrom-andasupplythatfarexceedsourneeds.Indevelopingcountries desperatetofeedfast-growingandunderfedpopulations;theissueissimplerandmuchmoreurgent:Dothebenefits ofbiotechoutweightherisks?但是，顯然還有一些非常現(xiàn)實(shí)的問(wèn)題需要解決。就像任何一種要進(jìn)入食物鏈的新食品一樣，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品必須經(jīng)過(guò)嚴(yán)格的檢驗(yàn)。在富裕的國(guó)家里，由于有大量豐富的食品可供選擇，而且供應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)需求，所以關(guān)于生物技術(shù)的爭(zhēng)論相對(duì)緩和一些。在迫切想要養(yǎng)活其迅速增長(zhǎng)而又吃不飽的人口的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，問(wèn)題比較簡(jiǎn)單，也更加緊迫：生物技術(shù)的好處是否大于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呢?7. Thestatisticsonpopulationgrowthandhungeraredisturbing.Lastyeartheworldspopulationreached6billion.Andby2050,theUNestimates,itwillprobablynear9billion.Almostallthatgrowthwilloccurindevelopingcountries.Atthesametime,theworldsavailablecultivable landperpersonisdeclining.Arablelandhasdeclinedsteadilysince1960andwilldeceaseby halfoverthenext50years,accordingtotheInternationalServicefortheAcquisitionof Agri-BiotechApplications(ISAAA).關(guān)于人口增長(zhǎng)和饑餓的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字讀來(lái)令人感到不安。去年，世界人口達(dá)到了60億。聯(lián)合國(guó)預(yù)測(cè)，到2050年，這個(gè)數(shù)字很可能將接近90億，而增加的人口幾乎都來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家。與此同時(shí)，世界人均耕地正在減少。國(guó)際農(nóng)業(yè)生物技術(shù)應(yīng)用服務(wù)中心(ISAAA)稱，自1960年以來(lái)，耕地面積一直持續(xù)下降，并將在今后50年減少一半。8. By the beginning of last century a substantial body of evidence had been accumulated in support of the idea that the chemical elements consist of atoms.到上世紀(jì)初，已積累了大量的證據(jù)來(lái)支持這樣的觀點(diǎn)：化學(xué)元素是由原子構(gòu)成的。The new ship was designed in accordance with the most modern technology and built with particularly advanced techniques. The whole process of design was checked by computer to ensure that the high strength requirements against underwater explosions were met.新的艦船是按照最現(xiàn)代化的技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)，并采用特別先進(jìn)的方法建造的。整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)的檢查，以保證滿足防止水下爆炸所需要的高強(qiáng)度要求。9. Over the past sixty years the blast furnace process has made tremendous progress and attained remarkable performances. Nevertheless, the blast furnace is today strongly challenged by some new processes which should respond to the objectives of producing metallic iron directly from ore fines and from non coking coals without polluting the environment. These new processes are mainly direct reduction and smelting reduction.在過(guò)去的60多年里，高爐工藝取得了巨大的進(jìn)步并獲得了顯著的成就。然而，如今高爐正受到一些新工藝的強(qiáng)烈挑戰(zhàn)，這些新工藝應(yīng)對(duì)了（實(shí)現(xiàn)了）在不污染環(huán)境的條件下從礦粉和非焦煤中直接生產(chǎn)鐵的要求（目標(biāo)）。這些新工藝主要包括直接還原和熔融還原。* Between 1993 and 1997 the researchers questioned 20,000 healthy British men and women about their lifestyles. They also tested every participants blood to measure vitamin Cintake, anindicatorof how much fruit and vegetables people ate.Then they assigned the participants -aged45-79 - a score of between 0 and 4, giving one point for each of the healthy behaviors.After allowing for age and other factors that could affect the likelihood of dying, the researchers determined people with a score of 0 were four times as likely to have died, particularly from cardiovascular disease. The researchers, who tracked deaths among the participants until 2006, also said a person with a health score of 0 had the same risk of dying as someone with a health score of 4 who was 14 years older.The lifestyle change with the biggest benefit was giving up smoking, which led to an 80 percent improvement in health, the study found. This was followed by eating fruits and vegetables.Moderate drinking and keeping active brought the same benefits, Kay-Tee Khaw and colleagues at the University of Cambridge and the Medical Research Council said.Armed with this information, public-health officials should now be in a better position to encourage behavior changes likely to improve the health ofmiddle-aged and older people, the researchers wrote.1993年至1997年間，研究人員對(duì)英國(guó)2萬(wàn)名身體健康的男性和女性的生活習(xí)慣進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，他們還檢測(cè)了每名研究對(duì)象血液中的維生素C含量。維生素C能夠衡量人們的水果和蔬菜攝入量。之后，研究人員給每位研究對(duì)象打分，分值范圍為0分到4分，每一種健康習(xí)慣得1分。研究對(duì)象的年齡在45歲至79歲之間。在綜合考慮年齡及其它可能影響壽命的因素后，研究人員得出結(jié)論：得分為0分的研究對(duì)象死亡的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為其他人的四倍，這些人尤其容易死于心血管疾病。此外，健康得分為0分的研究對(duì)象的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與比他們大14歲、健康得分為4分的人相同。研究人員對(duì)研究對(duì)象死亡情況的調(diào)查一直持續(xù)到2006年。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，最有益于健康的生活方式的改變是戒煙，戒煙后的健康狀況能改善80%。其次是吃水果和蔬菜。劍橋大學(xué)及醫(yī)學(xué)研究學(xué)會(huì)的Kay-Tee Khaw及其同事們稱，適度飲酒和鍛煉身體帶來(lái)的益處相同。10. Scientists have discovered how to edit DNA to repair broken genes to cure incurable diseases -and potentially extend human lifespan. Until now, it has not been possible to alter genes in the brain, heart, liver and eyes - the root of many debilitating illnesses. Since the cells in these vital organs tend not to divide, it is difficult to gain access to make changes. However, researchers at the Salk Institute claim to have landed on the holy grail of gene editing, which can delicately and smoothly cut through DNA. So far the technique, called HITI, has been used to successfully restore blindness in lab mice. Lead researcher Professor Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte insists that is nothing compared to the changes the technique could have in the decades to come. “We are very excited by the technology we discovere