目錄

07年6月英語六級考試真題1

07年12月英語六級考試真題16

08年6月英語六級考試真題30

08年12月英語六級考試真題45

09年6月英語六級考試真題59

09年12月英語六級考試真題75

10年6月英語六級考試真題90

10年12月英語六級考試真題104

11年6月英語六級考試真題119

11年12月英語六級考試真題134

12年6月英語六級考試真題151

2007年6月英語六級考試真題

PartIWriting(30minutes)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledShouldOneExpecta

RewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.

L有人做好事期望得到回報；2.有人認為應該像雷鋒那樣做好事不圖回報；3.我的觀點。

ShouldOneExpectaRewardWhenDoingaGoodDeed?

PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestions

onAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-4,mark

Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N(forNO)ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions5-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

SevenStepstoaMoreFulfillingJob

Manypeopletodayfindthemselvesinunfulfillingworksituations.Infact,oneinfourworkersis

dissatisfiedwiththeircurrentjob,accordingtotherecent"Plansfor2004〃survey.Theircareerpathmaybe

financiallyrewarding,butitdoesn'tmeettheiremotional,socialorcreativeneeds.They'restuck,unhappy,

andhavenoideawhattodoaboutit,exceptmovetoanotherjob.

MaryLynMiller,veterancareerconsultantandfounderoftheLifeandCareerClinic,saysthatwhen

mostpeopleareunhappyabouttheirwork,theirfirstthoughtistogetadifferentjob.Instead,Miller

suggestslookingatthepossibilityofadifferentlife.Throughherbook,8MythsofMakingaLiving,aswell

asworkshops,seminarsandpersonalcoachingandconsulting,shehashelpedthousandsofdissatisfied

workersreassesslifeandwork.

LikethewayofZen,whichincludesunderstandingofoneselfasonereallyis,Millerencouragesjob

seekersandthosedissatisfiedwithworkorlifetoexaminetheirbeliefsaboutworkandrecognizethat〃in

manycasesyourbeliefsarewhatbroughtyoutowhereyouaretoday?Youmayhavebeenraisedtothink

thatwomenwerebestatnurturingandcaringand,therefore,shouldbeteachersandnurses.Sothat's

whatyoudid.Or,perhapsyouwerebroughtuptobelievethatyoushoulddowhatyourfatherdid,soyou

havetakenoverthefamilybusiness,orbecomeadentist“justlikedad."Ifthissoundsfamiliar,itsprobably

timetolookatthenewpossibilitiesforyourfuture.

Millerdevelopeda7-stepprocesstohelppotentialjobseekersassesstheircurrentsituationand

beliefs,identifytheirrealpassion,andstartonajourneythatallowsthemtopursuetheirpassionthrough

work.

Step1:Willingnesstodosomethingdifferent.

Breakingthecycleofdoingwhatyouhavealwaysdoneisoneofthemostdifficulttasksforjobseekers.

Manyfinditdifficulttosteerawayfromacareerpathormakeachange,evenifitdoesn'tfeelright.Miller

urgesjobseekerstoopentheirmindstootherpossibilitiesbeyondwhattheyarecurrentlydoing.

Step2:Commitmenttobeingwhoyouare,notwhoorwhatsomeonewantsyoutobe.

Lookatthe\giftsandtalentsyouhaveandmakeacommitmenttopursuethosethingsthatyoulove

most.Ifyoulovethesocialaspectsofyourjob,butarestuckinsideanofficeor"chainedtoyourdesk”most

ofthetime,vowtofollowyourinstinctandinvestigatealternativecareersandworkthatallowyoumore

timetointeractwithothers.Dawnworkedasamanagerforalargeretailclothingstoreforseveralyears.

Thoughshehadadvancedwithinthecompany,shefeltfrustratedandlongedtobeinvolvedwithnature

andtheoutdoors.Shedecidedtogotoschoolnightsandweekendstopursuehertruepassionbyearning

hermaster'sdegreeinforestry.Shenowworksinthebiotechforestrydivisionofamajorpapercompany.

Step3:Self-definition

Millersuggeststhatoncejobseekersknowwhotheyare,theyneedtoknowhowtosellthemselves.

“Inthejobmarket,youareaproduct.Andjustlikeaproduct,youmostknowthefeaturesandbenefitsthat

youhavetoofferapotentialclient,oremployer/'Examinetheskillsandknowledgethatyouhaveidentify

howtheycanapplytoyourdesiredoccupation.Yourqualitieswillexhibittoemployerswhytheyshould

hireyouoverothercandidates.

Step4:Attainalevelofself-honoring.

Self-honoringorself-lovemayseemlikeanoddstepforjobhunters,butbeingabletoacceptyourself,

withoutjudgment,helpseliminateinsecuritiesandwillmakeyoumoreself-assured.Byacceptingwhoyou

are-allyouremotions,hopesanddreams,yourpersonality,andyouruniquewayofbeing-you'llproject

moreconfidencewhennetworkingandtalkingwithpotentialemployers.Thepowerofself-honoringcan

helptobreakallthefalsehoodsyouwereprogrammedtobelieve-thosethatmadeyoufeelthatyouwere

notgoodenough,orstrongenough,orintelligentenoughtodowhatyoutrulydesire.

Step5:Vision.

Millersuggeststhatjobseekersdevelopavisionthatembracestheanswerto“WhatdoIreallywant

todo?”oneshouldcreateasolidstatementinadozenorsosentencesthatdescribeindetailhowtheysee

theirliferelatedtowork.Forinstance,thesecretarywholongstobeanactressdescribesalifethatallows

hertoexpressherloveofShakespeareonstage.Arealestateagent,attractedtohiscurrentjobbecause

herlovesfixingupoldhomes,describesbuyingpropertiesthatneedalittletenderlovingcaretomake

themmoresaleable.

Step6:Appropriaterisk.

Somephilosophersbelievethatthewaytoenlightenmentcomesthroughfacingobstaclesand

difficulties.Oncepeoplediscovertheirpassion,manyaretooscaredtodoanythingaboutit.Instead,they

donothing.Withthisstep,jobseekersshouldassesswhattheyarewillingtogiveup,orrisk,inpursuitof

theirdream.Foroneworkingmom,thatmeanttakingnightclassestolearnnewcomputer-aideddesign

skills,whilestillearningasalaryandkeepingherdayjob.Forsomeoneelse,itmaymeanquittinghisorher

job,takingoutloanandgoingbacktoschoolfulltime.You'llmoveonestepclosertoyouridealworklifeif

youidentifyhowmuchriskyouarewillingtotakeandthesacrificesyouarewillingtomake.

Step7:Action.

Someteachersofphilosophydescribeactioninthisway,“Ifonewantstogettothetopofamountain,

justsittingatthefootthinkingaboutitwillnotbringonethere.Itisbymakingtheeffortofclimbingupthe

mountain,stepbystep,thateventuallythesummitisreached.77Alltoooften,itisthelackofactionthat

ultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheirideals.Creatingaplanandtakingitonestepatatimecan

leadtonewanddifferentjobopportunities.Job-huntingtasksgainaddedmeaningasyousensetheir

importanceinyourquestforamoremeaningfulworklife.Theplancanincluderesearchingindustriesand

occupations,talkingtopeoplewhoareinyourdesiredareaofwork,takingclasses,oracceptingvolunteer

workinyourtargetedfield.

Eachofthesestepswillleadyouonajourneytoahappierandmorerewardingworklife.Afterall,itis

thejourney,notthedestination,thatismostimportant.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡1上作答。

1.Accordingtotherecent“Plansfor2004"survey,mostpeopleareunhappywiththeircurrentjobs.

2.MaryLynMiller'sjobistoadvisepeopleontheirlifeandcareer.

3.MaryLynMillerherselfwasoncequitedissatisfiedwithherownwork.

4.Manypeoplefinditdifficulttomakeuptheirmindswhethertochangetheircareerpath.

5.AccordingtoMaryLynMiller,peopleconsideringchangingtheircareersshouldcommitthemselvesto

thepursuitof.

6.Inthejobmarket,jobseekersneedtoknowhowtosellthemselveslike.

7.Duringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self-honoringorself-lovemayhelpajobseekertoshow

8.MaryLynMillersuggeststhatajobseekerdevelopavisionthatanswersthequestion〃'

9.Manypeoplearetooscaredtopursuetheirdreamsbecausetheyareunwillingto.

10.Whatultimatelyholdspeoplebackfromattainingtheiridealsis.

PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

11.A)Surfingthenet.D)Shorterworkhours.

B)Watchingatalkshow.16.A)Shewasexhaustedfromhertrip.

C)Packingabirthdaygift.B)Shemissedthecomfortsofhome.

D)Shoppingatajewelrystore.C)ShewasimpressedbyMexicanfood.

12.A)Heenjoysfindingfaultwithexams.D)ShewillnotgotoMexicoagain.

B)Heissureofhissuccessintheexam.17.A)Cheerherselfupabit.

C)Hedoesn'tknowifhecandowellintheB)Findamoresuitablejob.

exam.C)Seekprofessionaladvice.

D)HeusedtogetstraightA'sintheexamsD)Takeapsychologycourse.

hetook.18.A)Hedressesmoreformallynow.

13.A)ThemanisgenerouswithhisgoodB)Whathewearsdoesnotmatchhis

commentsonpeople.position.

B)ThewomanisunsureiftherewillbeC)Hehasignoredhisfriendssince

peaceintheworld.graduation.

C)ThewomanisdoubtfulaboutnewspaperD)Hefailedtodowellatcollege.

stories.Questions19to22arebasedonthe

D)Themanisquiteoptimisticabouthumanconversationyouhavejustheard.

nature.19.A)Togosightseeing.

14.A)Studyforsomeprofession.B)Tohavemeetings.

B)Attendamedicalschool.C)Topromoteanewchampagne.

C)Stayinbusiness.D)Tojoininatrainingprogram.

D)Sellhisshop.20.A)Itcanreducethenumberofpassenger

15.A)Moremoney.complaints.

B)Fairtreatment.B)Itcanmakeairtravelmoreentertaining.

C)Acollegeeducation.C)Itcancutdowntheexpensesforair

travel.Questions23to25arebasedonthe

D)Itcanlessenthediscomfortcausedbyairconversationyouhavejustheard.

travel.23.A)Atafair.

21.A)Tookbalancedmealswithchampagne.B)Atacafeteria.

B)Atevegetablesandfruitonly.C)Inacomputerlab.

C)Refrainedfromfishormeat.D)Inashoppingmall.

D)Avoidedeatingrichfood.24.A)Thelatestcomputertechnology.

22.A)ManyofthemfounditdifficulttoB)Theorganizingofanexhibition.

exerciseonaplane.C)Thepurchasingofsomeequipment.

B)ManyofthemwereconcernedwiththeirD)Thedramaticchangesinthejobmarket.

well-being.25.A)Datacollection.

C)NotmanyofthemchosetodowhatsheB)Trainingconsultancy.

did.C)Corporatemanagement.

D)NotmanyofthemunderstoodtheD)Informationprocessing.

program.

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.

PassageOneQuestions29to31arebasedonthepassage

Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

youhavejustheard.29.A)Michael/sparentsgotdivorced.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。B)KarenwasadoptedbyRayAnderson.

26.A)Improvethemselves.C)Karen'smotherdiedinacaraccident.

B)Getridofemptydreams.D)Atruckdriverlosthislifeinacollision.

C)Followtheculturaltradition.30.A)Heranaredlightandcollidedwitha

D)Attemptsomethingimpossible.truck.

27.A)ByfindingsufficientsupportforB)Hesacrificedhislifetosaveababygirl.

implementation.C)Hewaskilledinstantlyinaburningcar.

B)BytakingintoaccounttheirownabilityD)HegotmarriedtoKaren'smother.

tochange.31.A)Thereportedheroturnedouttobehis

C)Byconstantlykeepinginmindtheirfather.

ultimategoals.B)Hedidnotunderstandhisfathertilltoo

D)Bymakingdetailedplansandcarryinglate.

themout.C)Suchmisfortuneshouldhavefallenon

28.A)Toshowpeoplehowtogettheirliveshim.

backtonormal.D)Itremindedhimofhismiserable

B)Toshowhowdifficultitisforpeopletochildhood.

loseweight.

C)ToremindpeopletocheckthecaloriesPassageThree

onfoodbags.Questions32to35arebasedonthepassage

D)Toillustratehoweasilypeopleabandonyouhavejustheard.

theirgoals.32.A)Germany.

B)Japan.

PassageTwoC)TheU.S.

D)TheU.K.C)Tohelpthemmaintaintheirliving

33.A)Bydoingoddjobsatweekends.standard.

B)Byworkinglonghourseveryday.D)Topreventthemfromholdingasecond

C)Byputtinginmorehourseachweek.job.

D)Bytakingshortervacationseachyear.35.A)Changetheirjobs.

34.A)TocombatcompetitionandraiseB)Earnmoremoney.

productivity.C)Reducetheirworkinghours.

B)ToprovidethemwithmorejobD)Strengthenthegovernment'srole.

opportunities.

SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

Nursing,asatypicallyfemaleprofession,mustdealconstantlywiththefalseimpressionthatnurses

aretheretowaitonthephysician.Asnurses,weare(36)toprovidenursingcareonly.Wedonot

haveanylegalormoral(37)toanyphysician.Weprovidehealthteaching,(38)physical

aswellasemotionalproblems,(39)patient-relatedservices,andmakeallofournursing

decisionsbaseduponwhatisbestorsuitableforthepatient.If,inany(40),wefeelthata

physician/sorderis(41)orunsafe,wehavealegal(42)toquestionthatorderorrefuse

tocarryitout.

Nursingisnotanine-to-fivejobwitheveryweekendoff.Allnursesareawareofthatbeforetheyenter

theprofession.Theemotionalandphysicalstress.However,thatoccursduetooddworkinghoursisa(43)

reasonforalotofthecareerdissatisfaction.(44).Thatdisturbsour

personallives,disruptsoursleepingandeatinghabits,andisolatesusfromeverythingexceptjob-related

friendsandactivities.

Thequalityofnursingcareisbeingaffecteddramaticallybythesesituations.(45)

.Consumersofmedicallyrelatedserviceshaveevidentlynotbeenaffectedenough

yettodemandchangesinourmedicalsystem.Butiftrendscontinueaspredicted,(46).

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)

SectionA

Questions47to51arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Googleisaworld-famouscompany,withitsheadquartersinMountainView,California.Itwassetupin

aSiliconValleygaragein1998,andinflated(“彭月長)withtheInternetbubble.Evenwheneverything

arounditcollapsedthecompanykeptoninflating.Google'ssearchengineissowidespreadacrossthe

worldthatsearchbecameGoogle,andgooglebecameaverb.Theworldfellinlovewiththeeffective,

fascinatinglyfasttechnology.

GoogleowesmuchofitssuccesstothebrillianceofS.BrinandL.Page,butalsotoaseriesoffortunate

events.ItwasPagewho,atStanfordin1996,initiatedtheacademicprojectthateventuallybecame

Google'ssearchengine.Brin,whohadmetPageatastudentorientationayearearlier,joinedtheproject

earlyon.TheywerebothPh.D.candidateswhentheydevisedthesearchenginewhichwasbetterthanthe

restand,withoutanymarketing,spreadbywordofmouthfromearlyadoptersto,eventually,your

grandmother.

Theirbreakthrough,simplyput,wasthatwhentheirsearchenginecrawledtheWeb,itdidmorethan

justlookforwordmatches,italsotallied（統計）andrankedahostofothercriticalfactorslikehowwebsites

linktooneanother.Thatdeliveredfarbetterresultsthananythingelse.BrinandPagemeanttoname

theircreationGoogol（themathematicaltermforthenumber1followedby100zeroes）,butsomeone

misspelledthewordsoitstuckasGoogle.Theyraisedmoneyfromprescient（有先見之明的）professors

andventurecapitalists,andmovedoffcampustoturnGoogleintobusiness.Perhapstheirbiggeststrokeof

luckcameearlyonwhentheytriedtoselltheirtechnologytoothersearchengines,butnoonemettheir

price,andtheybuiltitupontheirown.

Thenextbreakthroughcamein2000,whenGooglefiguredouthowtomakemoneywithitsinvention.

Ithadlotsofusers,butalmostnoonewaspaying.Thesolutionturnedouttobeadvertising,andit'snotan

exaggerationtosaythatGoogleisnowessentiallyanadvertisingcompany,giventhatthat'sthesourceof

nearlyallitsrevenue.Todayitisagiantadvertisingcompany,worth$100billion.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

47.Apartfromaseriesoffortunateevents,whatisitthathasmadeGooglesosuccessful?

48.Google'ssearchengineoriginatedfromstartedbyL.Page.

49.HowdidGoogle'ssearchenginespreadallovertheworld?

50.BrinandPagedecidedtosetuptheirownbusinessbecausenoonewould.

51.TherevenueoftheGooglecompanyislargelygeneratedfrom.

SectionB

PassageOne

Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Youheartherefrainallthetime:theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn'tfeelgood.

Whydoesn'tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttothe

appearancein1958of7加eat（富裕的）SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.

TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehuman

condition.Formostofhistory,''hunger,sickness,andcold"threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.

“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours/AfterWorldWarII,thedreadof

anotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2

percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.

ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companies

conditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn'treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwas

artificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroff

wasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas"anecessary

evil."

It'softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.

Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningful

period,mostpeople'sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincome

rose14.3percent,to$43,200.peoplefeel“squeezed“becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon'tsatisfytheir

risingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.

Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartof

theirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey've

become“thedisposableAmerican,“asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.

Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalof

widespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(烏托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.

Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreates

newcomplaintsandcontradictions.

Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthe

questforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluence

liberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthe

promiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthat

haveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(月巴胖癥).Statisticalindicatorsof

happinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.

Shouldwebesurprised?Notreally.We'vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:thepursuitofaffluencedoes

notalwaysendwithhappiness.

注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?

A)Whystatisticsdon'ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.

B)Whyaffluencedoesn'tguaranteehappiness.

C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.

D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.

53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause.

A)publicspendinghasn'tbeencutdownasexpected

B)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevil

C)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepression

D)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety

54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?

A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.

B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.

C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.

D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.

55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?

A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.

B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.

C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.

D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.

56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?

A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.

B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.

C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.

D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.

PassageTwo

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthewoman,which

dominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsawomanwhowithdrawsquietlytothe

background,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutiful

daughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsin

modestyanddelicacy;she"treadssoftly(謹言’慎行)intheworld,“elevatingfemininebeautyandgraceto

anartform.

Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic

(語言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential//women,s,,forms,andevenusingthefew

strongformsthatareknowas"men's."This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoan

outcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen'slanguage.Indeed,wedidn'thear

about"men'slanguage"untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls'appropriationofformsnormallyreserved

forboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption“ofwomen'slanguage—whichof

courseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality-andthissentimentiscrystallizedby

nationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.

YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighly

deferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhave

beenexpectedto"growinto"—afterall,itisassignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,

anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone'ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwell

imaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—ina

fashionanalogoustolittlegirls'useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk"or"mothertalk“inrole

play.

ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange-of

socialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe//masculization,/ofgirls.In

someinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthat

isverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe"masculine."KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirls

nowadaysareusingmoreassertiv